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Glossary

superlative form of adjectives: comparison to a higher (or in the case of least lower) degree when there are more than two agents involved: He is the tallest of us. The periphrastic way of forming the superlative is with the help of most: He is the most sophisticated man I have ever met.

S(urface)-structure: postmovement structure containing the traces of movedconstituents.

syntax: the study of sentence structure

tense: a syntactic category with the help of which we can locate an event or situation in time. In syntactic representation information about tense can be found within the vP appearing directly under the IP in the form of -s, -ed or the zero tense morpheme.

that-relative: a relative clause that is introduced by the complementiser that: The cat that I found yesterday.

thematic category: categories with lexical content: verbs, nouns, adjectives,prepositions.

thematic hierarchy: the hierarchy of the assignment of thematic roles. Agents are higher than experiencers, which in turn are higher than themes. The theta-roles lower on the hierarchy have to be assigned first (if present).

thematic role: see theta-role.

theme: one of the thematic roles where the argument is not affected by the action described by the verb e.g. in Peter saw John nothing directly happens to John as a result of being seen. In terms of the UTAH the theme thetarole is assigned to the specifier position of the VP.

there-construction: see existential there-construction.

Theta Criterion: – a -role must be assigned to one and only one argument

– an argument must bear one and only one -role.

theta-grid: that part of a predicate’s lexical entry which informs us about whattheta-roles the predicate has.

theta-marking: the assignment of theta-roles.

theta role: the semantic role of the participants as required by the predicate. E.g. verbs define what kind of semantic relationship is to be established between the verb itself and the arguments of the verb, and arguments are selected accordingly. The verb kick calls for an agent subject, so its subject position cannot be occupied by e.g. my CD-player.

Theta Theory: a module of GB accounting for how verbs assign theta-roles to their arguments.

three-place predicate: a predicate with three arguments, e.g. give. to-infinitive: an infinitive appearing with to, a non-finite verb-form.

topic: an element appearing in front of the subject with a special interpretation (something like ‘as far as topic is concerned’). Topics have either already been mentioned before in a conversation or can be interpreted as easily accessible due to the context.

topicalisation: a process which moves an element interpreted as a topic to the front of the sentence.

451

Glossary

trace: moved constituents leave traces in the position where they have been moved from. Once a trace is present in a structure, no other constituent canland in the position occupied by it.

transitive verb: a verb with a nominal complement, e.g. read, buy. The agentive subject occupies the specifier position of vP, the theme object occupies the specifier position of VP.

tree diagram: a representation of grammatical structure containing nodes connected by branches.

two-place predicate: a predicate with two arguments, e.g. write.

unaccusative verb: a verb taking one argument to which it assigns a themetheta-role in the specifier position of a VP. They may also optionally take a location or path argument expressed by a PP. Some of the unaccusative verbs in English are arrive, appear, sit, they are typically verbs of movement or location. Unaccusative verbs can appear in theexistential there construction or locative inversion structures. They do not take objects of any kind, see also cognate object.

underspecification: a feature can have values which are not determined. [±F] is supposed to be such a feature in the classification of word categories. The categories with underspecified features are the following: aspectual auxiliaries [–N, +V], measure nouns [+N, –V], post-determiners [+N, +V], the non-thematic, non-functional uses of the prepositions of and by [–N, –V]

ungradable adjective: an adjective that has no comparative and superlative forms. The absence of these forms is due to semantic reasons. E.g. polar, atomic

Uniform Theta-role Assignment Hypothesis (UTAH): a -role is assigned in the same structural position in all structures in which it is present.

unpronounced: see phonologically empty

verb: a word used to describe an event or situation that can appear in one of the five verb forms. Feature composition: [–N, +V, –F].

verb forms: base form, past tense form, the third person singular present form, the perfective (same as passive) form and the progressive form.

verb phrase (VP): a phrase headed by a verb. It is in the VP together with the vp(s) that the basic argument structure of the clause is formed, thus, thetarole assignment takes place here. The specifier position of the VP is occupied by the constituent bearing the theme/patient theta role. In passive structures this constituent has to move from the specifier position of the verb to the specifier position of IP in order to get Case. A VP can have different types of complements such as a DP, CP, IP, PP.

verb–particle construction: a structure where the particle appearing together with the verb does not function as a preposition, which forms a unit with its DP complement. Rather, the particle seems to form a unit with the verb. Several differences between verb–particle constructions and prepositional verb structures follow from this, e.g. a preposition can be moved together with its DP complement, a particle cannot: in this hut, he lived for ten years/*off this hat, he took in an instant.

452

Glossary

[±V]: one of the three basic binary features on which all categories can be defined. With the help of these features we can explain why we have the categories that we do and also describe how these categories are related. With the help of the three binary features we can predict what kinds of categories are possible in human language, we can give an exclusive list of them. Since we want to define verbs and nouns as polar opposites the abstract binary features [±N] and [±V] were introduced, though obviously they do not mean noun and verb and are used to define other categories besides nouns and verbs. The categories with [±V] feature are the following: a. thematic: verbs, prepositions; b. functional: inflections,degree adverbs, aspectual auxiliaries; unspecified for the [F] value:aspectual auxiliaries, post-determiners.

voice: a distinction between active voice and passive voice. It applies only to sentences containing transitive verbs.

voiced sound: a sound produced with the vibration of the vocal cords, e.g. d, z, g. voiceless/unvoiced sound: a sound produced without the vibration of the vocal cords,

e.g. t, s, k.

VP adverb: an adverb which modifies the meaning of the verb, e.g. always, already, never.

VP-Internal Subject Hypothesis: the hypothesis according to which subjects are notbase-generated in the specifier position of IP but move there from within the vP or VP where they are selected and theta-marked by the verb (see also canonical subject position). The movement of the DP is case-motivated.

VP: see Verb Phrase

vP (pronounced: little vP): a phrase headed by a light verb taking a VP complement hosting agent or experiencer arguments in itsspecifier position. For a list of elements that can appear in vp see light verb.

vP-shell: vP-projection(s) on VP: if the event structure of the verb is complex, the structural representation of the verb will be complex, too. The number of vP-shells surrounding the VP core depends on the theta-role of thearguments. If there is an agent or an experiencer selected by the verb one vP-projection is needed. If both an agent and an experiencer are present there are two vPs, the lower hosting the experiencer.

whether: though in certain cases whether is interchangeable with if, which is acomplementiser, whether cannot be regarded as such since it does not impose selectional restrictions on the finiteness of the clause following it. Both I wonder whether to invite him and I wonder whether I should invite him are grammatical. Rather, whether is assumed to occupy the specifier position of CP similarly to wh-elements. An argument in favour of this approach is that whether also introduces only interrogative clauses.

wh-movement: the movement of a wh-element to the beginning of the clause. This movement is obligatory in English.

wh-question: a question containing a wh-element. It cannot be answered with yes or no.

453

Glossary

wh-relative: a relative clause introduced not by a complementiser but a wh- element: The girl [whom I invited].

wh-element: question word. Question words often but not always begin with these letters, e.g. where, what, when, who, whom. The question word how is also considered a wh-element. Whether, although a word beginning with wh is not considered to be a wh-element in this sense.

word category: a set of expressions that share certain linguistic features, a grouping of words that cluster together, e.g. noun, verb. See also functional category, thematic category.

X-bar theory: a module of GB containing three very simple rules to describe the structure of the expressions of a language. See also specifier rule, complement rule, adjunct rule.

yes–no question: a question that can be answered either with yes or no, formed either by inverting the auxiliary with the subject as in Would you like to go to the cinema? or the insertion of dummy do as in Did you enjoy the performance?.

zero inflectional morpheme: as the morphology of the English language is rather impoverished very often we have no visible markers of person andnumber agreement on the verb (the exception being the third person singular -s morpheme in the present tense). In the other cases theinflection is assumed to be present in an invisible form. The zero inflectional morpheme is one without phonological realisation but it has syntactic functions to fulfil in the structure.

zero level projection: the head of a phrase, X in an XP.

zero relative: a relative clause that could be but is not introduced by an overt

complementiser: The man [- I told you about yesterday].

-role: see theta role.

454

Bibliography

Baker, Mark C. (1988): Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL.

Belletti, Adriana (1988): The Case of unaccusatives. Linguistic Inquiry 19.1. 1–35 Burzio, Luigi (1986): Italian Syntax. Reidel. Dordrecht.

Chomsky, Noam (1957): Syntactic Structures. Mouton. the Hague.

Chomsky, Noam (1970): Remarks on nominalistion. In R. Jacobs and P. S. Rosenbaum (eds.): Readings in English Transformational Grammar. Ginn and Co. Waltham, Mass.

Chomsky, Noam (1991): Some notes on economy of derivation and representation. In Robert Freidin (ed.): Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar. MIT Press. Cambridge, Mass. 417–545. First published in 1989 in MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 10. 43–74.

Chomsky, Noam and Howard Lasnik (1977): Filters and Control. Linguistic Inquiry 8. 425–504.

Chomsky, Noam and Howard Lasnik (1993): Principles and parameters theory. In J. Jacobs, AS. von Stechow, W. Sternefeld and T. Vennemann (eds.): Syntax: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research. de Gruyter. Berlin. 506– 69.

Haegeman, Liliane (1994) Introduction to Government and Binding Theory. 2nd edition. Blackwell. Oxford, England.

Jackendoff, Raymond (1977): X-Bar Syntax: A Study of Phrase Structure. MIT Press. Cambridge, Mass.

Jesperson, Otto (1965): A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles Part IV:

Morphology. George Allen and Unwin Ltd. London.

Pollock, Jean-Yves (1989): Verb movement, Universal Grammar and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry 20. 365–424.

Radford, Andrew (1988) Transformational Grammar. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England.

Radford, Andrew (2004): English Syntax: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England.

Rizzi, Luigi (1990): Relativized Minimality. MIT Press. Cambridge, Mass.

Stowell, Tim (1981): Origins of Phrase Structure. PhD. dissertation. MIT. Cambridge, Mass.

Stowell, Tim (1983): Subjects across categories. The Linguistic Review 2. 285–312.

Travis, Lisa (1984): Parameters and Effects of Word Order Variation. PhD. dissertation. MIT. Cambridge, Mass.

Webelhuth, Gert (1995) X-bar theory. In Gert Webelhuth (ed.): Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist Program. Blackwell. Oxford.

A.

adjacency 221

adjective 11, 13, 14, 17, 25, 28, 30–38, 39, 46–9, 53, 54, 74, 80, 105, 106, 108, 109, 144, 157, 160, 206, 223, 329, 330, 336, 337

comparative form of adjectives 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 46, 49, 54

positive form of adjectives 31 superlative form of adjectives 31,

32, 35, 38, 46, 49, 54 ungradable adjective 31, 32

adjective phrase (AP) 73, 79, 86, 88, 98, 105–108, 144, 155–58, 223, 224, 289, 297, 319–21

adjunct 95, 105–10, 114, 129, 141–46, 155, 170, 220–24, 247, 260, 286, 297, 299, 318

adjunct rule 95, 105

adjunction 105–10, 110, 114, 115, 129, 130, 144, 145, 165, 179, 181, 196, 204–206, 208, 212, 220–27, 247, 252, 253, 260–61, 289, 290, 297, 298, 300, 302

adverb 25, 30–38, 48, 54, 71, 98, 155, 156, 205–207, 220–23, 234, 252, 253, 260, 287, 288, 297, 298, 337 degree adverb 11, 14, 32, 34, 46,

47–49, 54, 273

sentential adverb 220, 253, 260, 261, 297

VP adverb 220, 221, 247, 252, 260, 261

Affix Lowering 248 agglutination 246

agreement 20, 21, 43, 75, 76, 143, 150, 180, 181, 238, 245, 246–51, 253, 258, 259, 265, 274, 277, 280–87, 291, 302, 303, 305, 320, 321, 326, 327, 336

aktionsart see lexical aspect

Index

ambiguity 44, 78, 89, 90, 143, 169, 170, 175, 176, 218, 226

anaphor 305, 333, 334, 335 anaphoric operator 295

antecedent 99, 100, 128, 148, 295, 324, 325, 333–36

AP see Adjective Phrase arbitrariness 4, 6, 335 arbitrary reference 334, 335

argument 15–30, 37, 40, 41, 53, 63, 65, 66, 74–79, 82, 97, 103, 104, 106, 110, 111, 113–20, 124, 128, 146, 160, 165, 168–203, 209–13, 221–25, 265, 269, 277, 319, 322– 25, 339

implicit argument 323 quasi-argument 186

aspect 21, 40, 165–68, 172, 196, 214, 215, 218, 220, 241, 245, 336, 340 grammatical aspect 167, 168

lexical aspect 167

perfect aspect 21, 22, 40, 52, 167, 196, 217–19, 241, 242

progressive aspect 21, 22, 38, 40, 52, 167, 217, 241, 242

asterisk 65

B.

Baker, Mark C. 117 barrier 315, 333

base form 22, 242, 248 Basque 176

Belletti, Adriana 184 binary features 12–15 binding 181, 281, 340

binding domain 333–35 binding principles 334 biner 334, 335

boundedness of movement 132 bracketed representation 18, 40, 63, 72 branch 71, 221

Index

Burzio, Luigi 178

Burzio©s Generalisation 178, 185, 189,

255

C.

canonical structural realisation principles 269

canonical subject position 151 Case 123, 257, 326

abstract Case 41, 76, 80, 81, 120– 24, 152–55, 159, 174, 177, 182– 90, 194, 197, 202–204, 210–14, 219, 221, 234, 237, 254–59, 265, 313–18, 322, 327–33, 337–39

accusative Case 41, 50, 76, 81, 120– 23, 152, 159, 171, 174, 178, 182– 86, 189, 194, 204, 212, 237, 255, 256, 258, 259, 312–18

Case position 121–23, 152, 159, 171, 182, 189, 202, 212–14, 224, 255, 257, 273, 326–28, 332, 333

morphological Case 122, 123 nominative Case 41, 50, 76, 120–

23, 171, 174, 181–84, 204, 237, 258, 259, 312, 317, 326, 327

partitive Case 184, 186

Case assigner 160, 221, 258, 313–17 Case avoidance principle 213

Case Filter 123, 124, 159, 177, 213, 254, 257, 273, 277, 317, 326, 327, 331, 333

Case Theory 120–24 category variable 95 chain 128

foot of a chain 128 head of a chain 128

Chinese 4 Choctaw 245

Chomsky, Noam 12, 115, 215, 286, 332, 474

clause 39–42, 48–51, 54, 55, 68, 70, 77, 79, 81, 85–89, 97–100, 107, 111, 121, 128–31, 165, 171, 174, 175, 183, 185, 196, 204, 205, 210– 13, 216, 219, 220, 224, 225, 228,

233–37, 250, 254–261, 265–67, 268–70, 274–302, 305, 311–36 conditional clause 272

declarative clause 19, 51, 209, 214, 265, 267–70, 273, 274, 279, 291 embedded clause 41, 64, 72, 121,

235, 250, 257, 267, 268, 274, 280–83, 285, 288, 298, 300, 302, 312, 326, 327

exceptional clause 270, 311–21, 333, 341

interrogative clause 19, 39, 51, 88, 111, 209, 214, 261, 265, 267, 270–88, 291–96, 303, 305

main clause 50, 121, 225, 235, 250, 268, 270, 281–86, 291, 298, 299, 302, 334

purpose clause 185, 186, 225–27, 299

coindexation 276, 277 comment 300

complement 100–103, 141–49 complement rule 95

complementary distribution 10, 34, 39, 40, 42, 45–47, 52, 146, 151, 154, 155, 182, 233, 249, 250, 272, 298, 300, 302, 304, 332, 333, 339

complementiser 11, 14, 18, 19, 39, 41, 47–49, 55, 85, 96, 122, 234, 235, 261, 265–70, 272, 274, 279–85, 291–93, 297–303, 311–16, 318, 326, 332, 338

complementiser phrase (CP) 73, 265– 305, 311–18, 319, 321, 326, 333

constituency test 86, 87, 91 constituent 71, 72, 83, 84, 87, 89–91,

95, 96, 97, 105, 110, 112, 115, 205, 265, 266, 290, 315

control 225, 226, 227, 322–36, 341 object control 226, 336

subject control 226, 227, 336 coordination 86, 87–90, 205, 266, 267,

283, 289, 290 coreference 324, 335 covert 270, 279, 282, 293

CP see Complementiser Phrase

457

Index

D.

dative alternate see dative construction dative construction 82, 201, 202 daughter 71, 74, 107, 110 Deep-structure 111–14, 124–27, 130,

159, 171, 179, 183, 213, 214, 234, 240, 255, 277, 322, 325, 326, 327

defining relative clause see restrictive relative clause

definiteness 44, 45, 145, 148 DegP 73

derived noun 27, 28, 337

determiner 11, 12, 14, 43–47, 53, 54, 66, 67, 72–74, 83, 92, 95, 96, 103– 106, 141–49, 151, 153–61, 237, 238, 268, 273, 274, 289, 337–40 central determiner 45, 156

definite determiner 44, 45, 149, 150, 151

indefinite determiner 44, 149, 150, 151

post-determiner 45, 54, 156, 157, 158

pre-determiner 156, 158–61 determiner phrase (DP) 73, 74, 79, 81,

83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 95, 96, 104, 113, 121–24, 141–61, 168, 169, 184–86, 201, 204, 205, 208, 210–14, 224, 237, 254, 269, 271, 274, 277, 288, 311, 320–39

distribution 8–10, 13, 14, 22, 27, 34, 40, 48, 66, 67, 72, 73, 83–85, 87, 90, 92, 98, 106, 115, 116, 120, 124, 141, 143, 155, 168, 220, 223, 236, 271, 273, 274, 288, 290, 299, 302, 304, 331–34, 337

do-insertion see do-support do-support 216, 217, 242–46, 252, 286 double object construction 82, 201,

202, 210, 214

Doubly Filled COMP Filter 285 DP see Determiner Phrase DP-movement 273

E.

echo question 275

ECM see Exceptional Case Marking E-language 2, 64, 65, 100 endocentric structure 97–100, 236 ergative language 176

event structure 165–68, 171–79, 192– 94, 199, 201, 211, 213, 265

Exceptional Case-marking (ECM) 316 existential there-construction 169, 171,

182–86, 214

exocentric structure 98, 100, 234, 236 extended projection 191–92, 196, 197 Extended Projection Principle 322,

327, 330

extraction site 124, 126, 127, 130 extraposition 112

F.

[±F] 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 25, 30, 33, 36, 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 101, 237, 268, 301, 321

finite clause 41, 42, 50, 75–77, 120– 22, 131, 182, 209, 219, 235–38, 258, 268, 273, 293, 312, 322, 325– 27, 331

finiteness 50, 51, 314 Finnish 4, 245, 303 focus 300–303

focus fronting 299–03, 305

force 19, 51, 165, 216, 265, 267, 270, 272, 274, 279

French 4

functional category 11, 12, 14, 15, 19, 39, 40–51, 150, 161, 301

G.

GB see Government and Binding Theory

general ordering requirements 288 generative grammar 3, 10, 25, 65, 188 genitive Case 121, 151, 154

German 4, 199

gerund 311, 336–41, 341 government 259, 314–17, 333, 336

Government and Binding Theory (GB) 1 grammar 1–3, 8, 9, 64, 65, 74, 81, 100– 103, 111, 113, 120, 186, 209, 235

458

Index

H.

Haegeman, Liliane 132, 320 head 100–103, 108–10, 141–49

Head Movement Constraint (HMC) 243, 244, 278, 330

heavy DP shift 224

HMC see Head Movement Constraint Hungarian 4, 21, 41, 76, 152, 180,

181, 251, 291

I.

idiosyncratic 102, 118, 209 I-language 2, 4, 5, 65, 100

immediate constituent 71, 72, 74, 75, 95, 96, 105

imperative 99, 100, 127, 148 infinitive 236, 311

inflection 11, 19, 20, 31, 32, 35, 38, 40–43, 46, 49, 52, 180, 205, 218, 223–24, 233–38, 257–61, 268, 277– 79, 301, 312, 313, 317, 321, 326, 327, 329

inflectional comparison 49 inflectional phrase (IP) 73, 233–61,

265–74, 277, 284, 286, 287, 294, 297–02, 305, 314–18, 319–21, 326– 28, 333, 338

IP see Inflectional Phrase

irregular 19, 22, 26, 31, 33, 34, 167, 215, 233, 235, 251

isomorphism 166, 177–79, 192, 193, 201, 213

I-to-C movement 277, 278, 287

J.

Jackendoff, Raymond 223

Japanese 4, 245, 279

Jesperson, Otto 172

K.

Korean 303

L.

landing site 124, 126–28, 130, 257, 258, 302, 330

language 1–5, 8, 10, 21, 63–65, 88, 90, 95–100, 113, 152, 176, 179, 196, 199, 236, 245, 251, 279, 284, 335

Lasnik, Howard 286, 332

lexical entry 6, 8, 16–19, 23–25, 28, 30, 37, 40, 42, 43, 47, 49, 51–54, 81, 102, 104, 116, 118, 237

lexicon 4–5, 8, 9, 33, 43, 101, 102, 110, 120, 125

light verb 172–81, 182, 184–204, 207, 210–12, 215, 217–19, 221, 222, 226, 233–35, 239, 244, 246–49, 255–57, 259, 265, 313–18, 326, 328, 329, 332, 337–40

abstract light verb 178, 185, 191, 192, 194, 195, 213

multiple light verb 194–97, 203 linguistics 1–3, 12

Locality Restriction on Theta-role Assignment 117, 120

Locality Restrictions on movement

130–32, 330

locative inversion 169, 175, 176

M.

Maltese 4

maximal projection 97, 101 mood 341

morpheme 7, 8, 20, 22, 31–33, 43, 49, 75, 151–55, 181, 183, 190, 194, 215–19, 233, 235, 238–42, 245–51, 265, 274, 278, 279, 303, 316, 317, 327, 329, 336, 340, 341

aspectual morpheme 218–20, 222, 233, 241, 242, 244, 246–48, 265, 326, 336, 340, 341

bound morpheme 181, 187, 190, 195, 204, 214, 240, 241, 245–52, 278–82, 326, 327

derivational morpheme 32, 33, 35, 43

free morpheme 238, 248, 252 inflectional morpheme 33, 43, 217,

246

productive morpheme 32–34

zero inflectional morpheme 249, 251

459

Index

morphology 31, 33, 43, 75, 76, 217 mother 71, 74, 107

Move 113, 111–14

movement 80–82, 87–90, 110–32, 148, 153, 166, 169, 171, 175, 179, 181, 184, 202–204, 207, 208, 211– 14, 221–24, 233, 238, 240, 243, 247, 248, 273, 276–80, 286, 295, 297–304, 305, 316, 318, 325–31

A movement 277 A©movement 277

multiple wh-question 276

N.

[±N] 12–15, 19, 25, 28, 30, 33, 36, 38–40, 47–55, 101, 237, 268, 301, 321

negative fronting 301–4, 305 node 71, 72, 108, 110, 251, 315

non-defining relative clause see nonrestrictive relative clause

non-finite clause 41, 42, 50, 76, 77, 121–23, 131, 209, 225, 235–37, 258, 266, 269, 270, 283, 293, 305,

311–41 non-referential 294, 295

noun 6, 11, 25–30, 141–49

compound noun 27, 108, 109, 129, 206

count noun 26, 45, 141

deverbal noun 27, 28, 172, 191, 198 mass noun 26, 45, 150

measure noun 53, 160, 161 plural noun 25–27, 143, 149

proper noun 26, 27, 66, 141, 147, 149

singular noun 25, 27, 143

noun phrase (NP) 73, 85, 86, 89, 103, 106–108, 141–51, 155, 157, 158, 161, 237, 268, 288–96, 294, 321, 337–39

NP-movement see DP-movement Null Case 332, 333, 340

number 20, 26, 44, 45, 76, 143, 150, 151, 238, 251, 274

O.

object 79–81, 82, 84, 87–91, 100, 110–13, 116, 117, 119, 121, 125– 28, 130, 159, 160, 170, 176–78, 184–94, 198, 201, 204, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213, 218, 221, 224, 225, 227, 236, 255, 256, 258, 259, 284, 286, 294, 305, 316, 318, 322, 324, 325, 328, 333, 335, 336

cognate object 170, 171, 198, 199, 214, 256

direct object 82, 201, 204

indirect object 79–81, 201, 202, 204 object position 80, 88, 111, 112, 116, 117, 121, 122, 126–28, 188,

273, 325, 327, 331 prepositional object 80

of-insertion 160 Old English 284

one-place predicate 16, 17, 22, 24, 116 operator 275, 276, 277, 283, 284, 285,

294, 295, 305

overt 75, 122, 182, 196, 199, 217, 241, 266, 269, 270, 279, 281, 282, 285, 286, 293, 318, 323, 324, 331–33

P.

particle 204–208, 279, 280 partitive construction 26 passive structure 81, 186–88

periphrastic comparison of adjectives

32

phonologically empty 99, 100, 127, 147, 154, 155, 158, 266, 269, 323, 325, 331

phonology 8, 23, 127, 153, 181, 285, 341

phrasal category 92

phrasal verb 204–9, 214, see also verb–particle construction

phrase 65–74, 90–93, 95–113, 142–45 pied-piping 293

pleonastic subject see expletive subject PP see Preposition Phrase

pragmatics 336

460

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