- •Contents
- •Preface to the first edition
- •Flagella
- •Cell walls and mucilages
- •Plastids
- •Mitochondria and peroxisomes
- •Division of chloroplasts and mitochondria
- •Storage products
- •Contractile vacuoles
- •Nutrition
- •Gene sequencing and algal systematics
- •Classification
- •Algae and the fossil record
- •REFERENCES
- •CYANOPHYCEAE
- •Morphology
- •Cell wall and gliding
- •Pili and twitching
- •Sheaths
- •Protoplasmic structure
- •Gas vacuoles
- •Pigments and photosynthesis
- •Akinetes
- •Heterocysts
- •Nitrogen fixation
- •Asexual reproduction
- •Growth and metabolism
- •Lack of feedback control of enzyme biosynthesis
- •Symbiosis
- •Extracellular associations
- •Ecology of cyanobacteria
- •Freshwater environment
- •Terrestrial environment
- •Adaption to silting and salinity
- •Cyanotoxins
- •Cyanobacteria and the quality of drinking water
- •Utilization of cyanobacteria as food
- •Cyanophages
- •Secretion of antibiotics and siderophores
- •Calcium carbonate deposition and fossil record
- •Chroococcales
- •Classification
- •Oscillatoriales
- •Nostocales
- •REFERENCES
- •REFERENCES
- •REFERENCES
- •RHODOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Cell walls
- •Chloroplasts and storage products
- •Pit connections
- •Calcification
- •Secretory cells
- •Iridescence
- •Epiphytes and parasites
- •Defense mechanisms of the red algae
- •Commercial utilization of red algal mucilages
- •Reproductive structures
- •Carpogonium
- •Spermatium
- •Fertilization
- •Meiosporangia and meiospores
- •Asexual spores
- •Spore motility
- •Classification
- •Cyanidiales
- •Porphyridiales
- •Bangiales
- •Acrochaetiales
- •Batrachospermales
- •Nemaliales
- •Corallinales
- •Gelidiales
- •Gracilariales
- •Ceramiales
- •REFERENCES
- •Cell structure
- •Phototaxis and eyespots
- •Asexual reproduction
- •Sexual reproduction
- •Classification
- •Position of flagella in cells
- •Flagellar roots
- •Multilayered structure
- •Occurrence of scales or a wall on the motile cells
- •Cell division
- •Superoxide dismutase
- •Prasinophyceae
- •Charophyceae
- •Classification
- •Klebsormidiales
- •Zygnematales
- •Coleochaetales
- •Charales
- •Ulvophyceae
- •Classification
- •Ulotrichales
- •Ulvales
- •Cladophorales
- •Dasycladales
- •Caulerpales
- •Siphonocladales
- •Chlorophyceae
- •Classification
- •Volvocales
- •Tetrasporales
- •Prasiolales
- •Chlorellales
- •Trebouxiales
- •Sphaeropleales
- •Chlorosarcinales
- •Chaetophorales
- •Oedogoniales
- •REFERENCES
- •REFERENCES
- •EUGLENOPHYCEAE
- •Nucleus and nuclear division
- •Eyespot, paraflagellar swelling, and phototaxis
- •Muciferous bodies and extracellular structures
- •Chloroplasts and storage products
- •Nutrition
- •Classification
- •Heteronematales
- •Eutreptiales
- •Euglenales
- •REFERENCES
- •DINOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Theca
- •Scales
- •Flagella
- •Pusule
- •Chloroplasts and pigments
- •Phototaxis and eyespots
- •Nucleus
- •Projectiles
- •Accumulation body
- •Resting spores or cysts or hypnospores and fossil Dinophyceae
- •Toxins
- •Dinoflagellates and oil and coal deposits
- •Bioluminescence
- •Rhythms
- •Heterotrophic dinoflagellates
- •Direct engulfment of prey
- •Peduncle feeding
- •Symbiotic dinoflagellates
- •Classification
- •Prorocentrales
- •Dinophysiales
- •Peridiniales
- •Gymnodiniales
- •REFERENCES
- •REFERENCES
- •Chlorarachniophyta
- •REFERENCES
- •CRYPTOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Ecology
- •Symbiotic associations
- •Classification
- •Goniomonadales
- •Cryptomonadales
- •Chroomonadales
- •REFERENCES
- •CHRYSOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Flagella and eyespot
- •Internal organelles
- •Extracellular deposits
- •Statospores
- •Nutrition
- •Ecology
- •Classification
- •Chromulinales
- •Parmales
- •Chrysomeridales
- •REFERENCES
- •SYNUROPHYCEAE
- •Classification
- •REFERENCES
- •EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCES
- •PINGUIOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCES
- •DICTYOCHOPHYCEAE
- •Classification
- •Rhizochromulinales
- •Pedinellales
- •Dictyocales
- •REFERENCES
- •PELAGOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCES
- •BOLIDOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCE
- •BACILLARIOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Cell wall
- •Cell division and the formation of the new wall
- •Extracellular mucilage, biolfouling, and gliding
- •Motility
- •Plastids and storage products
- •Resting spores and resting cells
- •Auxospores
- •Rhythmic phenomena
- •Physiology
- •Chemical defense against predation
- •Ecology
- •Marine environment
- •Freshwater environment
- •Fossil diatoms
- •Classification
- •Biddulphiales
- •Bacillariales
- •REFERENCES
- •RAPHIDOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCES
- •XANTHOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Cell wall
- •Chloroplasts and food reserves
- •Asexual reproduction
- •Sexual reproduction
- •Mischococcales
- •Tribonematales
- •Botrydiales
- •Vaucheriales
- •REFERENCES
- •PHAEOTHAMNIOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCES
- •PHAEOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Cell walls
- •Flagella and eyespot
- •Chloroplasts and photosynthesis
- •Phlorotannins and physodes
- •Life history
- •Classification
- •Dictyotales
- •Sphacelariales
- •Cutleriales
- •Desmarestiales
- •Ectocarpales
- •Laminariales
- •Fucales
- •REFERENCES
- •PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Flagella
- •Haptonema
- •Chloroplasts
- •Other cytoplasmic structures
- •Scales and coccoliths
- •Toxins
- •Classification
- •Prymnesiales
- •Pavlovales
- •REFERENCES
- •Toxic algae
- •Toxic algae and the end-Permian extinction
- •Cooling of the Earth, cloud condensation nuclei, and DMSP
- •Chemical defense mechanisms of algae
- •The Antarctic and Southern Ocean
- •The grand experiment
- •Antarctic lakes as a model for life on the planet Mars or Jupiter’s moon Europa
- •Ultraviolet radiation, the ozone hole, and sunscreens produced by algae
- •Hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen gas production by algae
- •REFERENCES
- •Glossary
- •Index
330 CHLOROPLAST E.R.: EVOLUTION OF TWO MEMBRANES
Fig. 9.12 Michael Melkonian Born October 4, 1948. Dr. Melkonian received a Diploma in Biology (1974) from the University of Hamburg. From 1978 to 1983, he was Wissenschaftlicher Assistent at the Botanisches Institut, University of Münster, and in 1983 Habilitation (Venia Legendi) in Botany and Privatdozent at the Botanisches Institut. From 1986 to 1988 he was a Heisenberg Fellow, German Research Foundation (DFG), at Münster. In 1988 he moved to the Institute of Botany at the University of Cologne where he is a full professor.
Chroomonadales
The remaining cyptophyte algae are placed in this order. Many, though not all, of these algae are blue-green in color due to the presence of the phycobiliproteins Cr-phycocyanin in the chloroplasts. Chroomonas (Fig. 9.9(e)) has an anterior vestibulum in the chloroplast. Chroomonas (Figs. 9.9(e), 9.10(a)) has an anterior vestibulum through which the two flagella emerge.
REFERENCES
Antia, N. J., Cheng, J. Y., Foyle, R. A. J., and Percival, E. (1979). Marine cryptomonad starch from autolysis of glycerol-grown Chroomonas salina. J. Phycol. 15:57–62.
Brett, S. J., and Wetherbee, R. (1996). Periplast development in Cryptophyceae. II. Development of the inner
periplast component in Rhinomonas pauea,
Proteomonas sulcata [haplomorph], Rhodomonas baltica, and Cryptomonas ovata. Protoplasma
192:40–8.
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2002). Nucleomorphs: enslaved algal nuclei. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 5:612–9.
Deane, J. A., Strachan, I. M., Saunders, G. W.,
Hill, D. R. A., and McFadden, G. I. (2002). Cryptomonad evolution: nuclear 18S rDNA phylogeny versus cell morphology and pigmentation. J. Phycol. 38:1236–44.
Dodge, J. D. (1969). The ultrastructure of Chroomonas mesostigmatica Butcher (Cryptophyceae). Arch. Mikrobiol. 69:266–80.
Douglas, S., Zauner, S., Fraunholz, M., et al. (2001). The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus. Nature 410:1091–6.
Gantt, E. (1971). Micromorphology of the periplast of Chroomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae). J. Phycol. 7:177–84.
Gantt, E. (1979). Phycobiliproteins of Cryptophyceae. In Biochemistry of Protozoa, ed. N. Levandowsky, and S. A. Hutner, pp. 121–37. New York: Academic Press.
Gantt, E., Edwards, M. R., and Provasoli, L. (1971). Chloroplast structure of the Cryptophyceae. Evidence for phycobiliproteins within the intrathylakoidal spaces. J. Cell Biol. 48:280–90.
Giroldo, D., and Vieira, A. A. H. (2002). An extracellular surface fucose-rich polysaccharide produced by a tropical strain of Cryptomonas obovata
(Cryptophyceae). J. Appl. Phycol. 14:185–91. Gustafson, D. E., Stoecker, D. K., Johnson, M. D., van
Heukelem, W. F., and Sneider, K. (2000). Cryptophyte algae are robbed of their organelles by the marine ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. Nature 405:1049–52.
Halldal, P. (1958). Action spectra of phototaxis and related problems in Volvocales: Ulva-gametes and Dinophyceae. Physiol. Plant. 11:118–53.
Heath, I. B., Greenwood, A. D., and Griffiths, H. B. (1970). The origin of flimmer in Saprolegnia,
Dictyuchus, Synura and Cryptomonas. J. Cell Sci. 7:445–61.
Hibberd, D. J. (1977). Observations on the ultrastructure of the cryptomonad endosymbiont of the red water ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK
57:45–61.
Hill, D. R. A., and Rowan, K. S. (1989). The biliproteins of the Cryptophyceae. Phycologia 28:455–3.
Hoef-Emden, K., and Melkonian, M. (2003). Revision of the genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): a combination of molecular phylogeny and morphology provides insights into a long-hidden dimorphism. Protist 154:371–409.
CRYPTOPHYTA 331
Hovasse, R., Mignot, J. P., and Joyon, L. (1967). Nouvelles observations sur les trichocystes des Cryptomonadines et les “R bodies” des particules kappa de Paramecium aurelia Killer. Prostistologica
3:241–55.
Kalff, J., and Welch, H. E. (1974). Phytoplankton production in Char Lake, a natural polar lake, Cornwallis Is., Northwest Territories. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31:621–36.
Knapp, C. W., deNoyelles, F., Graham, D. W., and Bergin, S. (2003). Physical and chemical conditions surrounding the diurnal vertical migration of Cryptomonas spp. (Cryptophyceae) in a seasonally stratified midwestern reservoir (USA). J. Phycol. 39:855–61.
Kugrens, P., and Lee, R. E. (1987). An ultrastructural survey of cryptomonad periplasts using quickfreezing freeze-fracture techniques. J. Phycol. 23:365–76.
Kugrens, P., and Lee, R. E. (1988). Ultrastructure of fertilization in a cryptomonad. J. Phycol. 24:385–93.
Kugrens, P., and Lee, R. E. (1991). Organization of cryptomonads. In The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates, ed. P. J. Patterson, and J. Larsen, pp. 219–33. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kugrens, P., Lee, R. E., and Kugrens, P. (1986). The occurrence and structure of flagellar scales in some freshwater cryptophytes. J. Phycol. 22:549–52.
Kugrens, P., Lee, R. E., and Andersen, R. A. (1987). Ultrastructural variations in cryptomonad flagella. J. Phycol. 23:511–18.
Kugrens, P., Lee, R. E., and Corliss, J. O. (1994). Ultrstructure, biogenesis, and functions of extrusive organelles in selected non-ciliate protists.
Protoplasma 181:164–90.
Lee, E. S., Lewitus, A. J., and Zimmer, R. K. (1999). Chemoreception in a marine cryptophyte: behavioral plasticity in response to amino acids and nitrate. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44:1571–4.
Lee, R. E., and Corliss, J. O. (1994). Ultrastructure, biogenesis, and functions of extrusive organelles in selected non-ciliate protists. Protoplasma 181:164–90.
Lee, R. E., and Kugrens, P. (1986). The occurrence and structure of flagellar scales in some freshwater cryptophytes. J. Phycol. 22:549–52.
Liaud, M-F., Brandt, U., Scherzinger, M., and Cerff, R. (1997). Evolutionary origin of cryptomonad microalgae. Two novel chloroplast/cytosol-specific GAPDH genes as potential markers of ancestral endosymbiont and host cell components. J. Mol. Evol. 44 (Suppl. 1): 528–37.
Loret, P., Pastoureaud, A., Bacher, C., and Delesalle, B. (2000). Phytoplankton composition and selective
feeding of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaitifera in the Takapoto lagoon (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia): in situ study using optical microscopy and HPLC pigment analysis. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 199:55–67.
Lucas, I. A. N. (1970a). Observations on the fine structure of the Cryptophyceae. I. The genus Cryptomonas. J. Phycol. 6:30–8.
Lucas, I. A. N. (1970b). Observations on the ultrastructure of representatives of the genera Hemiselmis and Chroomonas (Cryptophyceae) Br. Phycol. J. 5:29–37.
McFadden, G. I., Gilson, P. R., and Hill, D. R. A. (1994). Goniomonas: rRNA sequences indicate that this phagotrophic flagellate is a close relative of the host component of cryptomonads. Eur. J. Phycol. 29:29–32.
McKerracher, L., and Gibbs, S. P. (1982). Cell of nucleomorph division in the alga Cryptomonas. Can. J. Bot. 60:2440–52.
McKnight, D. M., Howes, B. L., Taylor, C. D., and Goehringer, D. D. (2000). Phytoplankton dynamics in a stably stratified Antarctic lake during winter conditions. J. Phycol. 36:852–61.
Maier, U-G., Hofmann, C. J. B., Eschbach, S., Wolters, J., and Igloi, G. (1991). Demonstration of nucleomorphencoded small subunit ribosomal RNA in cryptomonads. Mol. Gen. Genet. 230:155–60.
Marin, B., Klingberg, M., and Melkonian, N. (1998). Phylogenetic relationships among the Cryptophyta: analyses of nuclear-encoded SSU rRNA sequences support the monophyly of extant plastid-containing lineages. Protist 149:265–76.
Mignot, J. P. (1965). Etrude ultrastructurale de
Cyathomonas truncata From. (Flagellé Cryptomonadine). J. Microscopie 4:239–52.
Morrall, S., and Greenwood, A. D. (1982). Ultrastructure of nucleomorph division in species of Cryptophyceae and its evolutionary implications. J. Cell Sci.
54:311–28.
Nauwerk, A. (1968). Das Phytoplankton des Latnjajaure 1954–55. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 30:188–216.
Pechlauer, R. (1971). Factors that control the production rate and biomass of phytoplankton in highmountain lakes. Mitt. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 19:124–5.
Roberts, E. C., and Laybourn-Parry, J. (1999). Mixotrophic cryptophytes and their predators in the Dry Valley lakes of Antarctica. Freshwater Biol. 41:737–46.
Smith, W. O., and Barber, R. T. (1979). A carbon budget for the autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. J. Phycol. 15:27–33.
332 CHLOROPLAST E.R.: EVOLUTION OF TWO MEMBRANES
Spear-Bernstein, L., and Miller, K. R. (1984). Unique localization of the phycobiliprotein light-harvesting pigment in the Cryptophyceae. J. Phycol. 25:412–19.
Thinh, L-V. (1983). Effect of irradiance on the physiology and ultrastructure of the marine cryptomonad, Cryptomonas strain Lis (Cryptophyceae). Phycologia 22:7–11.
Urabe, J., Gurung, T. B., Yoshida, T., et al. (2000). Diel changes in phagotrophy by Cryptomonas in Lake Biwa. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45:1558–63.
Wright, R. T. (1964). Dynamics of a phytoplankton community in an ice-covered lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 9:163–78.