I know some rules. (Есть правила, которые знаю)

I don’t know some rules. (Есть правила, которых я не знаю)

I don’t know any rules. (Нет правил, которые я знаю)

(Нет правил, какие бы я знал, о каких бы правилах ни шла речь)

Have you given them anything to eat?

(Я не уверена, не утверждаю, что дал)

Have you given them something to eat?

(Уверена, что дал, только уточняю)

Если в отрицательных предложениях употребляется any, я отрицаю все целиком. I don’t like any sweets. Вообще не люблю никаких конфет. (I don’t like some sweets. Не люблю только некоторых)

В просьбах и предложениях чаще употребляется some. Could I have some coffee, please? Would you like some chocolates?

10. Use some or any. Be ready to translate.

1. __ students miss classes. 2. ___ student can make a mistake. 3. I’ve made ___ mistakes. 4. Have you got ___ problems? 5. ___ students of our department study French as a second language. 6. Take __ CD you like. 7. Ask the teacher for __ paper. I don’t have __ left. 8. We’ll meet again __ day. 9. You can come ___ day you like. 10. You’ve take __ false steps.

11. There isn’t __ explanation for this. __ pages are missing. – I didn’t take __ . 12. Luckily, we understand each other without __ words. 13. I’m thirsty. Do you have ___thing to drink? - Will you have __ tea? 14. Has __body taken my bag? 15. I haven’t learned ___ poems yet. 16. __one will have to water the flowers while we’re away. 17. Can I have __ cheese? 18. Put __ spices into the soup. – I can’t stand __ spices, you know. 19. I don’t think there is __ milk left. Could you buy ___? 20. Very few people, if __, still tell the truth.

21. What’s up? Have you forgotten __ words? 22. In __ case you are to be here by 11 p.m. 23. Have you got __ additional information? 24. Why are you smiling like that? Have you learned __thing? 25. I hardly made __ mistakes in the final test. 26. Would you like __ more juice? – I still have __ in my glass. 27. I can’t wait __ longer. So, I’ll have to go without saying good-bye to __people here. 28. __ of you can take part in the concert. __ help is always welcome. 29. I seldom see __ of my relatives. 30. Hardly __ water here is suitable for drinking without boiling.

No используется как определитель существительного (no + N). I’ve got no money today. There are no easy questions at exams.

Отрицательная частица not относится к глаголу (к оператору), после нее перед существительным требуется any или артикль. I don’t have any currency. There’s not a chance, I’m afraid.

Not any, not a создают впечатление усиления по сравнению с no. I have no friends. I don’t have any friends. I don’t have a friend!

Hardly, seldom, few, little, etc. вносят в предложение отрицательное значение.  Few people understand that, do they?

В английском предложении два отрицания употребляются, только если они относятся к разным глаголам. Nobody ever told me not to unlock that door. There are few things she doesn’t know.

Обычно после любого отрицательного слова используются неопределенные местоимения any, anything, anybody, anyone. Nobodyever tells meanythingimportant.

11. Choose between no and not (or n’t).

1. There is ___ a coin in my purse. 2. There’s ___ money in my pocket. 3. ___ everything is ready, or perhaps ___thing is. 4. ___ teacher approves of cribbing. 5. There are ___ students who do ___ crib. 6. I have ___ idea why there will be ___ party. 7. There was ___ a single star in the sky and ___ moon. 8. The question is ___ at all easy to answer. Possibly ___ one can answer it. 9. I’m ___ fool. You will ___ cheat me this way! 10. How much did it cost? - ___ a penny! - ___thing at all?! 11. He’s ___ coming. There’s ___ room for him, ___ even on top. 12. I see that ___ all the students are here. – Why?! ___one is missing.