- •Irony 133
- •Interjections and Exclamatory Words 140
- •Part iintroduction
- •I. General notes on style and Stylistics
- •2. Expressive means (em) and stylistic devices (sd)
- •3. General notes on functional styles of language
- •4. Varieties of language
- •5. A brief outline of the development of the english literary (standard) language
- •6. Meaning from a stylistic point of view
- •Part II stylistic classification of the english vocabulary
- •I. General considerations
- •In accordance with the already-mentioned division of language into literary and colloquial, we may represent the whole of the word-stock
- •2. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary a) Terms
- •B) Poetic and Highly Literary Words
- •C) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words
- •D) Barbarisms and Foreignisms
- •E) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words)
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary a) Slang
- •B) Jargonisms
- •C) Professionalisms
- •D) Dialectal words
- •E) Vulgar words or vulgarisms
- •F) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings)
- •Part ш phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices general notes
- •Onomatopoeia
- •Alliteration
- •Part IV lexical expressive means and stylistic devices a. Intentional mixing of the stylistic aspect of words
- •B. Interaction of different types of lexical meaning
- •1. Interaction of primary dictionary and contextually imposed meanings
- •Metaphor
- •Metonymy
- •2. Interaction of primary and derivative logical meanings Stylistic Devices Based on Polysemantic Effect, Zeugma and Pun
- •3. Interaction of logical and emotive meanings
- •Interjections and Exclamatory Words
- •The Epithet
- •Oxymoron
- •4. Interaction of logical and nominal meanings Antonomasia
- •C. Intensification of a certain feature of a thing or phenomenon
- •Periphrasis
- •Euphemism
- •Hyperbole
- •D. Peculiar use of set expressions
- •The Cliche
- •Proverbs and Sayings
- •Epigrams
- •Allusions
- •Decomposition of Set Phrases
- •Part V syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices a. General considerations
- •B. Problems concerning the composition of spans of utterance larger than the sentence
- •Supra-Phrasal Units
- •The Paragraph
- •C. Compositional patterns of syntactical arrangement
- •Stylistic Inversion
- •Detached Construction
- •Parallel Construction
- •Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction)
- •Repetition
- •Enumeration
- •Suspense
- •Climax (Gradation)
- •Antithesis
- •D. Particular ways of combining parts of the utterance (linkage)
- •Asyndeton
- •Polysyndeton
- •E. Particular use of colloquial constructions
- •Ellipsis
- •Break-in-the-Narrative (Appsiopesis)
- •Question-in-the-Narrative
- •Represented Speech
- •A) Uttered Represented Speech
- •B) Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech
- •F. Stylistic use of structural meaning
- •Rhetorical Questions
- •Litotes
- •Part VI functional styles of the english language
- •Introductory remarks
- •A. The belles-lettres style
- •1. Language of poetry
- •A) Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement Metre and Line
- •The Stanza
- •Free Verse and Accented Verse
- •B) Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse
- •2. Emotive prose
- •3. Language of the drama
- •B. Publicists style
- •1. Oratory and speeches
- •2. The essay
- •3. Journalistic articles
- •C. Newspaper style
- •1. Brief news items
- •2. Advertisements and announcements
- •3. The headline
- •4. The editorial
- •D. Scientific prose style
- •E. The style of official documents
- •Final remarks
PART I INTRODUCTION 6
I. GENERAL NOTES ON STYLE AND Stylistics 6
2. EXPRESSIVE MEANS (EM) AND STYLISTIC DEVICES (SD) 21
3. GENERAL NOTES ON FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF LANGUAGE 28
4. VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE 30
5. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LITERARY (STANDARD) LANGUAGE 36
6. MEANING FROM A STYLISTIC POINT OF VIEW 51
PART II STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 62
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 62
2. NEUTRAL, COMMON LITERARY AND COMMON COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 64
3. SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY 68
a) Terms 68
b) Poetic and Highly Literary Words 71
c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words 74
d) Barbarisms and Foreignisms 78
e) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words) 83
4. SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 95
a) Slang 95
b) Jargonisms 100
c) Professionalisms 103
d) Dialectal words 105
e) Vulgar words or vulgarisms 108
f) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings) 108
PART Ш PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 112
GENERAL NOTES 112
Onomatopoeia 113
Alliteration 114
Rhyme 116
Rhythm 117
PART IV LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 123
A. INTENTIONAL MIXING OF THE STYLISTIC ASPECT OF WORDS 123
B. INTERACTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEXICAL MEANING 125
1. INTERACTION OF PRIMARY DICTIONARY AND CONTEXTUALLY IMPOSED MEANINGS 126
Metaphor 126
Metonymy 131
Irony 133
3. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND EMOTIVE MEANINGS 139
Interjections and Exclamatory Words 140
The Epithet 143
Oxymoron 148
4. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND NOMINAL MEANINGS 149
Antonomasia 149
C. INTENSIFICATION OF A CERTAIN FEATURE OF A THING OR PHENOMENON 152
Simile 152
Periphrasis 154
Euphemism 158
Hyperbole 160
D. PECULIAR USE OF SET EXPRESSIONS 161
The Cliche 162
Proverbs and Sayings 165
Epigrams 167
Allusions 171
Decomposition of Set Phrases 173
PART V SYNTACTICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 174
A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 174
B. PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE COMPOSITION OF SPANS OF UTTERANCE LARGER THAN THE SENTENCE 176
Supra-Phrasal Units 177
The Paragraph 181
C. COMPOSITIONAL PATTERNS OF SYNTACTICAL ARRANGEMENT 184
Stylistic Inversion 186
Detached Construction 187
Parallel Construction 189
Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction) 191
Repetition 192
Enumeration 197
Suspense 198
Climax (Gradation) 200
Antithesis 202
D. PARTICULAR WAYS OF COMBINING PARTS OF THE UTTERANCE (LINKAGE) 205
Asyndeton 205
Polysyndeton 206
The Gap- Sentence Link 207
E. PARTICULAR USE OF COLLOQUIAL CONSTRUCTIONS 209
Ellipsis 211
Break-in-the-Narrative (Appsiopesis) 212
Question-in-the-Narrative 214
Represented Speech 215
a) Uttered Represented Speech 217
b) Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech 220
F. STYLISTIC USE OF STRUCTURAL MEANING 222
Rhetorical Questions 222
Litotes 224
PART VI FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 226
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 226
A. THE BELLES-LETTRES STYLE 227
1. LANGUAGE OF POETRY 229
a) Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement 230
Metre and Line 230
The Stanza 234
Free Verse and Accented Verse 237
b) Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse 240
2. EMOTIVE PROSE 246
3. LANGUAGE OF THE DRAMA 256
B. PUBLICISTS STYLE 262
1. ORATORY AND SPEECHES 262
2. THE ESSAY 267
3. JOURNALISTIC ARTICLES 269
C. NEWSPAPER STYLE 269
1. BRIEF NEWS ITEMS 272
2. ADVERTISEMENTS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS 275
3. THE HEADLINE 276
4. THE EDITORIAL 278
D. SCIENTIFIC PROSE STYLE 281
E. THE STYLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 285
FINAL REMARKS 291
. Introduction
1. General Notes on Style and Stylistics . . 7 ............ 9
2. Expressive Means (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD) .......... 25
3. General Notes on Functional Styles of Language ...... '. . . . 32
4. Varieties of Language ” t ................... 35
5. A Brief Outline of the Development of the English Literary (Standard)
Language t * t ^ t ......................... 41
6. Meaning from a Stylistic Point of View .............. 57
Part II. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary
1. General Considerations > t .................... 70
2. Neutral, Common Literary and Common Colloquial Vocabulary ... 72
3. Special Literary Vocabulary t .................. 76
a) Terms .. t .t .....: \ .-r ............... 76
b) Poetic and Highly Literary Words .............. 79
c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words ............ 83
d) Barbarisms and Foreignisms .................. 87
e) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words) ........... 92
4. Special Colloquial Vocabulary .................. 104
a) Slang t , t ........................ 104
b) Jargonisms , * , ........................ 109
c) Professionalisms , t , t .................... 113
d) Dialectal Words it t -. .^ ................... 116
e) Vulgar Words or Vulgarisms ............ .\. .... 118
f) Colloquial Coinages (Words and Meanings) ............ 119
Part III. Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
General Notes ............................ 123
Onomatopoeia ... t ........................ 124
Alliteration . e **......................... 126
Rhyme ; ...... %. ....................... 128
Rhythm , , . ” .......................... 129
Part IV. Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
A. Intentional Mixing of the Stylistic Aspect of. Words ... ...... 136
В. Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning ............ 138
1. Interaction of Primary Dictionary and Contextually Imposed Meanings 139
Metaphor ............................. 139
Metonymy t ........ ^ ............... \ ... 144
Irony , 5 ............................ 146
2. Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings ...... 148
Stylistic Devices Based on Polysemantics Effect, Zeugma and Pun .... 148
3. Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meanings ............ 153
Interjections and Exclamatory Words ............... 154
The Epithet ,,,*....................... 157
Oxymoron >“. “ “ ....................... 162
4. Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meanings ........... 164
Antonomasia ........................... 164
C. Intensification of a Certain Feature of a Thing or Phenomenon ...... 166
' Simile ............................... 167
/, • ^Periphrasis .I.....'..............'...-..... 169
!""' Euphemism ............................. 173
Hyperbole .............................. 176
D. Peculiar Use of Set Expressions .................... 177
The Cliche .............................. 177
Proverbs and Sayings .. :< ....................... 181
Epigrams .............................. 184
Quotations ............................. 186
Allusions .............................. 187
.Decomposition of Set Phrases .................... 189“
5 Part V. Syntactical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
General Considerations .......................... '191
ВГ Problems Concerning the Composition of Spans of Utterance Larger than the
Sentence .............................. 193
Supra-Phrasal Units ......................... 194
The Paragraph ........................... 198
C. Compositional Patterns of Syntactical Arrangement .......... 202
Stylistic Inversion .......................... 203
•j Detached Construction ....................... 205
/Parallel Construction ........................ 208
[Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction) .............. 209
Repetition ............................. 211
Enumeration . . . ......................... 216
Suspense. . ....... . ..................... 218
Climax (Gradation) ... \ ...................... 219
Antithesis .............................. 222
D. Particular Ways of Combining Parts of the Utterance (Linkage) . . . . ; 225
, Asyndeton ............................. 226
Polysyndeton . > .-,-......................... 226
The Gap-Sentence -Link . .^. .................... 227
E. Particular Use of Colloquial Constructions .............. 230
Ellipsis". .............................. 231
Break-in-the-Narrative(Aposiopesis) .................. 233
Question-in-the-Narrative . . . ................... 235
Represented Speech ......................... 236
a) Uttered Represented Speech ................... 238
b) Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech ............. 241
F. Stylistic Use of Structural Meaning ................. 244
Rhetorical Questions V * * . . ................... 244
Litotes ...............................
Part VI. Functional Styles of the English Language
Introductory Remarks ......................... 249
A. The belles-lettres Style ....................... 250
1. Language of Poetry ........................ 252
a) Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement ........ 252
Meter and Line ., ,• ..................... 252
The Stanza ...... §. .................... 258
Free Verse and Accented Verse '. ................ 261
b) Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse ............ 264
2. Emotive Prose .......................... 270
3. Language of the Drama .................... 281
В Publicists Style ........................... 287
1 Oratory and Speeches ^ ...................... 288
2. The Essay ............................ 293
3. Journalistic Articles ........................ 295
С Newspaper Style (written by V. L. Nayer) .............. 295
1. Brief News Items ........................ 298
2. Advertisements and Announcements ................ 301
3.' The Headline ........................... 302
4 The Editorial ........................... 305
D Scientific Prose Style ......................... 307
E. The Style of Official Documents ................... 312
Final Remarks ............*................. 319