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-indicates time variance in process

-e.g. shift change, day-night temp changes, etc.

5.Mixed Data

-indicates multimodal distributions caused by mixed material batches, alternate operators, etc.

-e.g. steel from scrap dealer, and from steelco is used.

6.Error

-readings are incorrect because of misreadings, transcription error, etc.

-e.g. a new operator measured the wrong dimension

3.1.7 Practice Problems

#1 Draw the detailed X, R, and s charts for the data below.