Seminar: The Sentence Check your knowledge

1. Comment on the terms:

simple S, composite S, compound S, complex S, subordination, coordination, syntactical connection, asyntactical connection, general negation, secondary negation, parallel subordination, consecutive subordination, homogeneous & heterogeneous subordination.

2. Give the definition of the S.

3. Speak on the classification of the S.

4. Speak on the 2 main types of the connection

5. Speak on the types of subordinate clauses

Rheme

The rheme names the new information or what's said about the theme. The rheme is the communicative center of the sentence.

Ex. The student is reading a book.

Here the theme is expressed by a subject-group and the rheme is a predicate group. But very often they do not coincide. The same sentence may reflect different judgments or may have different AVS.

Ex. A student is reading a book.

Here the starting information is the fact that somebody is reading a book, then the rheme is "a student".

In oral speech the rheme is identified by the logical stress we can make rhematic any member of the sentence. The ADV of the Sentence may also be called contextual. In written speech the context may help us to identify the rheme.

Ex. Mary has planted the flowers. I hope mother has already planted the flowers.

I am sure Mary has already planted the flowers.

Members of the sentence The subject

Sometimes the subject is expressed by any infinitive a gerund or their construction then it is placed position of the subject is filled in by the anticipatory it.

Ex. To speak good English is not very difficult.

Simple

Verbal

The Predicative Compound

Nominal

Verbal

Any verbal predicate denotes a quality or state. Simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb or by an analytical form, or by a set expression. Ex. She took care of her younger sister.

Compound verbal predicative consists of two parts: semi-auxiliary and the notional part. Depending on the character of the semi-auxiliary pat we differentiate.

1. The compound verbal modal predicate. The semi-auxiliary part may be expressed by a modal verb or an element of modal semantics (to be going, would like would rather can't help + gerund can't help but + infinitive) Ex.: We can't go there. I can't help laughing.

2. A compound verbal predicate. The semi-auxiliary part may be expressed by aspective semantic or by the verb "would", "used to" (expressing a repeated action in the past). Ex.: He began to read a book. They stopped talking. He would come to see us every Sunday. The ship went floating. He came running into the room, (come, go - have lost their lexical meaning).

3. A compound nominal predicate. The nominal part is expressed by any infinitive or by a gerund. It consists of the link-verb and a predicative. The link verbs: to be, to grow, to turn, to look, to become, to get.

The predication maybe expressed by any part of speech, but the finite form of the verb.

1. A compound nominal modal predicate (the link-verb is modified by a modal element). Ex.: The leaves turned yellow. The leaves may turn yellow soon.

2. Compound nominal aspective predicate (the link- verb is modified by an element of aspective semantics). Ex.: The leaves began to turn yellow.

3. Compound nominal modal aspective predicate (the link-verb is modified by both modal and aspective elements). Ex.: The leaves may begin to turn yellow.

Direct

The Object