Разделение изотопов урана
.pdf" > < ", + #$, # '$ ' * # > # .
> $ D12 # $ D21, # $# # "-# ' . * P , # ' $# D12 " %* % ', " # , ' D21 , ' D12* ' [35].
, +$ , URENCO '$ $ $# D21, -$ P ' ".
5.8. I#+$%HE;%
B P " DL (Department of Energy – DOE) -'$ 3 #$ % " > < " . ! -, > # DL % > < " - ' '% 200 500 F /" . # #P > < ": 10 0,5 [36].# P # ' # ' + # $ # # # # + , " # 1985 ". = # - > # ' -Š+ ' > ' # > .
* + " >- < " DL DOE #" ' > (US Enrichment Corporation
– USEC). I # URENCO > % , P " , -" # > < " , # 80- " #, Š % " > < ", # " , + , # , $ D21, ' ' $# '$ 325 F /".
101
6.:-%+=>%'*%/ >#$ - =@-# #+%
6.1.=@-# %$# ?+ # ' A
F* , # - P<- < – P > . " * ' " " # , " " >- < " , . . > + # ., > + " , > " + # , , ' # * %* " > " # " - # , # $ " . .
# # - ' " . # Q #P (? C). A 1970 ". < «L "» % ' -" " #$'. 1975 ".' " < # «A » «! » j . = ' > '% -
' ' > " |
*- |
'% 200 F /" [30]. & _+ < # |
- |
< > P " ( ), #$ - |
|
" ' _, $" * # %+ < #$- # ID, + '$" #- " * " > '% ' " " . A P " ' # + -400 " , " * " 80 % # > . 1990- "". _+ < ?j * ' + * %* , # #" – " , _+ < > " " + ,' " B + " " P " .
6.2. =@-# #+%# %@$A ' A > F?Q ' A = #**# =
= + # , + , " >- < + # , ' " ( ,# $# P ' # ) +> + # . F + '- # # + ' " -
102
, ' . -" #, + " -, # ' + , % -' > + # # '>-, + " " .
A * >+ # ' # . A . 25. -# # # > > .
. 25. , ! % (F– , P – , W – )
= ' . 25, -
|
+ %* |
, |
" |
|
|
* . M |
< |
, |
+ |
|
|
. 25, |
> |
||||
. A |
. 25, , *'% " |
||||
+ # # < # # # % . + . 25, % ' '
103
'> * *'% '- > # . A ' , #
. 25, . #$ ' - #. > " ' "' .
D " < * ' j , " - # ( . 26). ' ," , * + , " * + # , " " > ' j " . -" ' # .
= > P<<> + " + % -' %* % # " < , " ' " – " -. " " "% " + $ - . > < + , ' # P<< , -# * , + ' -P . 3 %-" " * U-235 600– > , + # > – 2000 [9]. ' P P " ' # ' # # P " + ," << # DL .
. 26. " ! % :
1 – " % & % % ;
2 – % " & "; 3 – "( " & "
|
|
= * |
+ > |
|
# " *Š " * |
'$ ' # $ -, ' " << . ! +
104
' + '- # < '$" P " + UF6 " -. = ' P > ' UF6, " , ' #( # % " ) + # " ', %* ' UF6. " , # P > " '$" , " << #, % ' '$" - " (< #).
7.A$%'*%# >#$ -, =@-# #+% %@$A
7.1.=''%H%*=G% =@# +,< >#$ - =@-# #+% %@$A
+ ', * * +: " << # , > + # , <--, P " # , , # . . - + # $ - " , * # (" , + ', , ) %* % ( #, # " # #, # - , #).
# # %, ' % # '- '%. = # $# # # % # *- # . 60- "". #– " " " " -%* ' # : -+ # ' % < (! ),' < ( ?) ; + # ' ## ' # % % " ' #- % ', % + '" * %* ; + ' ' ' " '$ + + Š # - , + # % % " ',' +Š # jŠ - * . ! '
. |
|
|
M # ' |
$' |
- |
- ' " |
Š # - |
|
-" # |
* , |
|
105 |
|
|
|
|
|
# # > ' * # # -" . # ' - ' " " " , ? ! -' # < < < # --" # #:
1)< > (P*Š AVLIS – Atomic Vapour Laser Isotope Separation);
2)!-? < > > -" < > > " #! (P # *Š MLIS – Molecular Laser Isotope Separation);
3)> +-
%* < > -# " ( CRISLA – Chemical Reaction by Isotope Selective Laser Activation).
! " # *" " .
7.2. $#+G%= ?+,# A #%>EF#'$= =@# + ; =@-# #+% %@$A
> ' # * # -:
,' *= '# #*$% + '$? : #>#+$= + ; =*$= =@-# #+% . '$ > # P<< >$ ' ([=($–1)<<1), P # -k ' ' ' " (n>>1) -:
k n >>1 |
(83) |
M # # - > |
|
> > > ' % + P<- < > $>>1. I " '$%
, " . %@*%# @=$=$, :+# ;%%. . 4 # ' # -
# P " P , > ## - >> > [37, 38].
> P " # ' +Š ,# P " # , -. . , , '$ - > # # #$, # .
106
> 4. D ' # # P " #
|
=-%G% ++,# >#$ -, |
|
|
|
=@# +,# >#$ -, |
|
|||
|
I " - |
106 107 |
> > ! - |
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
6 |
|
( = |
102 103 |
||
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
C << |
3·10 |
|
5 10 %) |
|
|
|||
|
( U235 |
– U238) |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
C > < " |
4,5·10 |
5 |
|
|
|
|||
|
( U235 |
– U238) |
|
! > - |
|
|
|||
> |
|
3 |
|
|
10 |
3 |
|||
10 |
|
|
# ? |
||||||
|
( B10 |
– B11) |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
( = 0,5 1 %) |
|
|
|
E |
10 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
( B10 |
– B11) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@> D+ '$? ,-#$? G# # / %@$A, # #
. " P ' +- # ( , U234, U235, U238 .), + , -
' ,
+ ' # # > # # ' " .
#'* +$=*$+,/ 'A ' B =@-# #+%, . . + ' *-> - '% ' . # - > # ' # P ( , .) -' # " * " '%' , ' , ' " Š. I + , , # -
.
+% # '= ?+ '$?. M # # % " # ' ' # # P<< '% -% # P Š" , +Š # –> # , P<< ' # # " * " . " , # # ## " , %* '
P " + < .
= ,/ ' * AE'* ; A# %-=. # - " > # + #, > #+ " ' ' > . I# ' + %# P . P + - ' ' + * # , , - # ' # .
107
#, # $ * # -$ , # #$" . , , > ' " # #$" - ' , + ', , %* :
1)P ' ' " " -"
" ( , + Š , " .), - # Š ' # ( P<< > -
, P " # . .) " > ;
2)+ ' " " -* 1 1 B -' ;
3), P ' Š+ ' " P-> .
I ' " % , *- # #$ $ . D Š P # #, # .
7.3.S$% +%@=G% ++,/ >#$ - =@-# #+% (AVLIS-$#<+ ;% )
D 1972 ". ' 1999 ". M A > ' -. I. . M (DL ) ' # # -#-#$# %, - > > P # AVLIS-" , # -+ % ' " " * -
U235 ( P " ), + " – Pu239, + " – Gd157, > – Zr91,
– Yb168 . . = # * -" " . -# * "-> # 72 , #– 24 . " # AVLIS-" # # - # ? > , K ! . '$ % " # + ,, , ! , " .
' " # # ,- < > > ' " % " P , > " ' ' P , # ' - * # , . . #- " # # - < > -
108
> , , # " P . + "+ * # , #+ $ " .
' # AVLIS-" '$ - %* :
–* , # -" UF6, + . = > # , # ' -jŠ # ( # ) P " #. " , Š # # - + UF6 " ' # << # < ' " - << $ ' > < ".
–# " ( ) + '$ % " , + ' > ,+ j .
–+ ' # ' % > . A - , ' U236, %* # "- * , > " > " " -, ' # " # ' # > % % ";
–= , # 'Š, , # + - ' - ;
–' + % < ;
P ' % + " * , $" ID.
! , " '-
+ # ' ' . --235 '$ (4 4,5) % (0,85 1) %, % # '$ - > > " , , , -' . , %* -" % -235 - . F" ' + #$,
. = P # " -235* " # > ID # '# # " * " .
- # " << " > + " # -235 234 236 ' + . Š # + # $ P " -# % AVLIS-. = P + # :
109
– " * -235, –-234 -236.
> # * " , P" " . - , > + ' "-232 -234, %* " '$ > ", + ' AVLIS-.
= ' , + # AVLIS-. * * # . P # #P " , + -
' * # , |
'. |
P " " |
> *- |
-, P %* -> .
!- < > + # ' * ' , * # %' - + # -" ' ' + #%* > ' + Š # - ' # # . A ' - Š # > . 27 [9].
. 27. 0- 0 & 0
+ " # '- % ' , $ # - , # % " * > " . -
110