unit01

Lead in

1.1sensitivity /%sens@"tIv@ti/ (n) the ability to understand other people’s feelings Without sensitivity to the needs of children you can’t be a good teacher.

sensitive (adj), sensitively (adv)

1.2brutally /"bru:t@li/ (adv) directly and clearly said or written about sth unpleasant I was brutally frank with him and told him that his new hairstyle made him look much older. brutality (n), brute (n), brutal (adj), brutish

(adj) These derivatives are more commonly used about physical violence.

1.3tactful /"t&ktfl/ (adj) careful not to say anything that will annoy or upset people

It wasn’t very tactful of you to ask Tom about Kate – she left him last week for his best friend.

tact (n), tactfully (adv)

1.4break out /%breIk "aUt/ (phr v) begin suddenly, usu. sth unpleasant such as an argument, a fight or warbreak out (n)

1.5get on with sth

/%get "Qn wID/ (phr v)

continue doing sth that you have started or start sth that you were about to do If there are no further questions, can you get on with the test please?

1.6 take the side of

/%teIk D@ "saId @v/ (phr)

feel or express support for sb in an argument or discussion When used with a name, this is more often take sides with sb, take sb’s side: Whenever there’s a disagreement, you always take Helen’s/her side.

1.21efficient /I"fISnt/ (adj) doing sth well without wasting

time, money or energy It’s not an efficient use of energy to have the heating on and the windows open.

efficiency (n), efficiently (adv)

1.22inventive /In"ventIv/ (adj)

able to think of new and interesting ideas I used to love spending weekends with my uncle, he was a very inventive man who made up all sorts of games for us to play. invention (n), inventor (n), inventiveness (n), invent (v), inventively (adv)

1.23 hardly (any) /"hA:dli/ (adv) almost no/not/none, etc. Hardly any of the survivors of the Titanic disaster were still alive at the start of this century.

Reading

1.24 relate (to) /rI"leIt/ (v)

be connected with sth Pete’s point is irrelevant because it doesn’t relate to the same issue.

relation (n) With people, the passive is used to mean belonging to the same family: According

to my grandfather, our family is related to a famous Army general.

relation (n), relative (n)

1.25 eliminate /I"lImIneIt/ (v) remove sth that you don’t need

Two suspects have been eliminated from the police investigation. elimination (n)

1.26body /"bQdi/ (n) organisation or group of people who work or act together for an official purpose

1.27justify /"dZVstIfaI/ (v)

show that sth is right or reasonable

My son really wanted to see Manchester United play, but I couldn’t justify spending that amount on a ticket for a football match. justification (n)

1.28 imply /Im"plaI/ (v)

suggest without saying so directly

Do you think Alan was implying that I’ll never be considered for the sales job? If so, I wish he would just say so and explain why.

Also: make it seem likely that sth is true or exists implication (n)

1.29 come up with

/%kVm "Vp wID/ (phr v) produce, usu. results or ideas

1.30 tedious /"ti:di@s/ (adj)

very boring tedium (n), tediously (adv)

1.31trait /treIt/ (n) particular quality that sth or

sb has, esp. personality My husband’s worst trait is his inability to make decisions.

1.32inherit /In"herIt/ (v)

be born with qualities or physical features that are similar to those of your parents or grandparents, etc.

Also: receive money or property, etc. after a person has died.

inheritance (n), inheritor (n)

1.33 counter-productive

/%kaUnt@ pr@"dVktIv/ (adj) achieving the opposite effect to what you had planned

Negotiations with the men who had taken the hostages proved counter-productive as they only increased their demands.

1.34strengthen /"streNT@n/ (v) make sth stronger strength (n), strong (adj), strongly (adv)

1.35self-image /%self "ImIdZ/ (n) idea you have of yourself, esp. your appearance or abilities

Finding the real you

1.36 psychometric

/%saIk@"metrIk/ (adj)

used to measure mental abilities and ways of thinking Many more firms use psychometric tests at interview these days to

measure candidates’ strengths and weaknesses.

1.37 recruitment /rI"kru:tm@nt/ (n) finding new people for a company or organisation After what felt like a disastrous interview, she was amazed when the recruitment officer called to invite her the job.

recruit (n, v) Recruit (v) has a general meaning but (new) recruit

(n) is more commonly a (new) member of the armed forces.

1.38assess /@"ses/ (v)

make a judgement about the nature or quality of sth

assessment (n), assessor (n)

1.39indicator /"IndIkeIt@(r)/ (n)

measurement or value that shows sth clearly These sales figures are a clear indicator of the company’s progress. indication (n), indicate (v), indicative (adj)

1.40 mushroom /"mVSrUm/ (v) rapidly grow or increase in number

Small shops are struggling with big out-of-town shopping centres mushrooming all over the country.

1.41combine /k@m"baIn/ (v) come together to form a single thing combination (n)

1.42virtually /"v3:Íu@li/ (adv) very nearly (but not quite)

It’s virtually impossible to keep

your eyes open when you sneeze.

virtual (adj)

1.43 dating agency

/"deItIN %eIÙ@nsi/ (n)

organisation that arranges meetings between single people who are looking for a relationship

1.44swear by /"swe@ baI/ (phr v) believe that sth can be relied upon to have a particular effect My grandmother swears by lemon and honey to cure a sore throat.

1.45will /wIl/ (n)

ability to control your thoughts and feelings to achieve what you want to do Jane had the will and the skills needed to succeed with her venture but she needed financial support to get things going. will (v)

1.46 be shipwrecked

/%bI "SIprekt/ (v)

be left somewhere after the ship in which you were sailing has sunk or been destroyed The crew of a British ship shipwrecked off the coast of Africa managed to swim to land. shipwreck (n), shipwrecked (adj)

1.47statistically /st@"tIstIkli/ (adv) according to information shown by numbers This drug has been statistically proven to work in 99% of cases. statistician (n), statistics (n pl), statistical (adj)

1.48appeal /@"pi:l/ (n)

quality that makes sb/sth attractive or interesting appeal (v), appealing (adj), appealingly (adv)

1.49premise /"premIs/ (n) idea that forms the basis for a

theory This philosophy is based on the premise that deep down we are all good. Most commonly used with the definite article. Do not confuse this with premises (n pl), the buildings that a company uses.

1.50mate /meIt/ (n)

partner, such as husband or wifemating (n), mate (v) The

derivatives are only used of animals.

1.51 subconscious

/sVb"kQnS@s/ (adj)

connected with feelings that we are not aware of but that change how we behave the/your subconscious (n), subconsciously (adv)

1.52 materialise /m@"tI@ri@laIz/ (v) start to exist as hoped or expected

The good weather that we had been promised failed to materialise.

materialisation (n)

1.53 vehicle /"vi:@kl/ (n)

sth that can be used to express your feelings or ideas, or as a way of achieving sth

1.54alienate /"eIli@neIt/ (v) make sb feel that they are not part of sth Despite belonging to the golf club for years, Ron was

alienated by all but a few members once he had gone bankrupt.

alienation (n)

1.55hi-tech /%haI "tek/ (adj)

using the most modern machines and equipment This can also be spelt high-tech.

1.56intimate /"IntIm@t/ (adj) private and personal If you’re referring to my divorce, I’m not prepared to discuss an intimate matter like that. intimacy (n), intimately (adv)

1.57anonymous /@"nQnIm@s/ (adj) sth which does not reveal who you are Don’t worry. Your comments will remain anonymous and your feedback will be handled in the strictest confidence. anonymity (n), anonymously (adv)

1.58compulsive /k@m"pVlsIv/ (adj) making you pay attention, because sth is so interesting and exciting

That new reality show is

compulsive viewing! I can’t turn it off! compulsion (n), compulsively (adv) compulsive can also have a negative meaning: a compulsive liar. Do not confuse this with compulsory, sth that you must do.

1.59 hooked on /"hUkt %Qn/ (adj) liking something so much that you want to do it as much as possible

Igor had been hooked on chess from a very young age and played every day.

1.60 aspect /"&spekt/ (n)

one of the parts of sth’s nature or character The only aspect of the job I never enjoyed was when customers had complaints.

1.61 mundane /mVn"deIn/ (adj) not interesting or exciting, often used to describe a job or how you feel about your life mundanity (n)

1.62frivolous /"frIv@l@s/ (adj) silly, not very important in the situation Sorry, I shouldn’t have made that suggestion about going by helicopter. I was being frivolous.

frivolity (n), frivolously (adv)

1.63diligently /"dIlIÙ@ntli/ (adv)

showing a lot of care and effort in your work Dot worked diligently all her life but never realised how much it was appreciated until the day of her leaving party.

diligence (n), diligent (adj)

1.64 blot /blQt/ (n)

spot or mark, often of ink blot (v)

1.65nostalgic /nQ"st&lÙIk/ (adj) causing you to think affectionately, or feeling affectionately about your past Visiting the town where I’d grown up 50 years earlier made me feel very nostalgic. nostalgia (n), nostalgically (adv)

1.66blazing /"bleIzIN/ (adj)

full of strong angry emotion, noisy

We had a blazing argument last night and we still aren’t speaking to each other. blaze (n, v)

1.67 row /raU/ (n)

noisy argument row (v)

1.68 account (for) /@"kaUnt/ (phr v) be or give an explanation for sth

Perhaps the bad weather accounted for the poor attendance at the festival.

1.69massive /"m&sIv/ (adj) very big There was a massive increase in applications for university places the year before tuition fees were due to be introduced. When referring to

people, massive generally has the negative meaning of extremely fat.massively (adv)

1.70decidedly /dI"saIdIdli/ (adv)

definitely and very obviously I was upset by her remark, which was decidedly hurtful. decided (adj)

1.71seduce /sI"dju:s/ (v) persuade sb to do sth that they would not normally do by making it seem attractive Kate left the company at the peak of her career, seduced by the idea of living in the country. Also means to persuade sb, in a pleasant and tempting way, to have sex with

them. seducer (n), seduction (n), seductive (adj), seductively (adv)

1.72insight /"InsaIt/ (n)

ability to understand people or situations accurately Often used with into sth. There was an excellent documentary on TV last night which gave a real insight into how the Romans lived from day to day. insightful (adj)

1.73 span /sp&n/ (v)

stretch across from one thing to another The second bridge to span the River Tejo in Lisbon was completed just in time for EXPO 98.

span (n)

1.74 gulf /gVlf/ (n)

big difference Mother Teresa’s work focused on reducing the gulf between the rich and the poor.

1.75 cult /kVlt/ (n)

sth fashionable or popular amongst a specific group of people with similar interests and tastes

1.76corporation /%kO:p@"reISn/ (n) large company or business

corporate (adj)

1.77predisposition

/%pri:dIsp@"zISn/ (n)

a tendency to behave or think in a particular way According to scientists women have a

predisposition to use the right hand side of their brain more than men do. predispose (v)

1.78intuitive /In"tju:@tIv/ (adj) able to understand sth without knowing the facts intuition (n), intuitively (adv)

1.79perceptive /p@"septIv/ (adj) able to notice things that are not obvious perception (n), perceptively (adv), perceive (v)

1.80 public relations

/%pVblIk rI"leISnz/ (n)

the business of giving information about a company or organisation to create a good impression

The company’s demand for compensation from one of the world’s poorest nations was described as ‘a public relations disaster’.

1.81 mutter /"mVt@(r)/ (v) talk quietly in a negative way

If you’ve got a problem with any of this, come out and say it. Don’t just sit there muttering. mutter (n), muttering (n)

1.82 darkly /"dA:kli/ (adv)

in a threatening or unpleasant waydarkness (n), dark (adj)

1.83agreeable /@"gri:@bl/ (adj) pleasant and easy to like

agreeably (adv)

1.84conscientious

/%kQnSi"@nS@s/ (adj)

careful and concerned to do things correctly Mark has contributed well in class and maintained a high standard in his homework. He is a most conscientious

pupil. conscientiousness (n), conscientiously (adv)

1.85downside /"daUnsaId/ (n) disadvantage or negative aspect of sth It’s much quicker by train, but the downside is that it’s much more expensive.

1.86get on /%get "Qn/ (phr v) succeed

1.87overly /"@Uv@li/ (adv)

too, excessively

1.88 prone (to sth, to do sth)

/pr@Un/ (adj)

likely to suffer from or do sth negative You’ll find that this car is far less prone to battery failure than that old thing you had before.

1.89 burn out /%b3:n "aUt/ (phr v) work so hard that you are unable to carry on Charlie has always worked too hard. He’ll be burnt out by 50. burnout (n)

1.90 all the same

/%O:l D@ "seIm/ (idm) despite this

1.91 sub-industry

/"sVb %Ind@stri/ (n)

business activity that has only started because another situation created the demand

1.92 cheat /Íi:t/ (v)

act in a dishonest way to get an advantage, especially in a game, exam, etc. cheat (n)

1.93 spring up /%sprIN "Vp/ (phr v) appear suddenly, begin to exist

After the Bruce Lee films were first shown in cinemas, kungfu clubs seemed to spring up everywhere overnight.

1.94 fake /feIk/ (v)

make sth false appear to be genuine, especially in order to cheat sb fake (n)

1.95miserable /"mIzr@bl/ (adj) making you feel, or feeling, very unhappy and uncomfortable

misery (n), miserably (adv)

1.96obsession /@b"seSn/ (n)

state of mind where sb thinks too much and too often about a particular thing or person in a way that is not normal obsess (v), obsessive (adj), obsessively (adv), obsessed (adj) Usually obsession/be obsessed with sth, obsess/be obsessive about sth: She

won’t stop talking about hair colour and make-up. She’s constantly obsessing about her appearance.

1.97 invade /In"veId/ (v)

enter somewhere in such large numbers that it causes a probleminvader (n), invasion (n), invasive (adj), invasively (adv)

1.98 wardrobe /"wO:dr@Ub/ (n) collection of clothes that sb wears

Maria assured me that it was common in her country to comment on what people wore, but I found her comments on my wardrobe intensely irritating. Also the item of furniture in which you hang clothes.

1.99 self-centred /%self "sent@d/ (adj) thinking only of yourself and not about the needs and feelings of others self-centredness (n)

1.100 navel gazing

/"neIvl %geIzIN/ (n)

thinking too much about a single issue and not doing anything practical about it or considering the wider situation Meaning literally to look at your navel, the small hollow or lump in your

stomach where the umbilical cord was cut.

1.101 disabuse (sb of sth)

/%dIs@"bju:z/ (v)

tell sb that what they think is true is in fact not true If you believe that there are sufficient funds

for your proposed project, let me disabuse you of that notion. We need a much cheaper alternative.

Formal

1.102 illusion /I"lu:Zn/ (n)

sth that seems to exist but does not illusionist (n), illusory (adj)

1.103 potential /p@"tenSl/ (n) the necessary qualities for sth to

develop or for sb to succeed at sth

Tim can imitate people brilliantly and has the potential to become a successful comedian. potential (adj), potentially (adv)

1.104 so be it /%s@U "bi: It/ (idm) used to show that you accept sth and will not try to or cannot change it

Vocabulary

1.105 withdrawn /wID"drO:n/ (adj) not wanting to speak to other people

1.106 self-reliant

/%self rI"laI@nt/ (adj)

able to do things by yourself rather than depending on other people

self-reliance (n)

Grammar

1.107 as a rule /@z @ "ru:l/ (phr) what usually happens I don’t normally drink coffee as a rule, but I really fancy one at the moment.

1.108 praise /preIz/ (n)

the act of expressing approval or admiration Mandy deserves a lot of praise for being first in her class.

praise (v)

1.109 outfit /"aUtfIt/ (n)

set of clothes that you wear together, usu. for a particular occasion or purpose Hundreds of pounds are spent on wedding outfits, and that’s not even for the bride and groom! It’s madness!

outfitter (n), outfit (v)

1.110 manual /"m&nju@l/ (n) book of instructions for how to do sth or use sth

1.111 put in /%pUt "In/ (phr v) spend, e.g. time or effort on sth

James had put in eight hours’ work a day on the garden all summer, but there was still a lot to do. input (n)

1.112 detest /dI"test/ (v)

hate detestation (n), detestable (adj), detestably (adv)

1.113 fund /fVnd/ (n)

money saved or made available for a specific purpose fund (v)

1.114 blossom /"blQs@m/ (n) flower on a tree or bush before the fruit appears blossom (v)

1.115 or so /%O: "s@U/ (idm) approximately, about Always used after the noun phrase to which it refers

1.116 as regards /@z rI"gA:dz/ (idm) referring to sth (or sb), often introducing an idea in a general way before you go on to talk

about it in more detail Our hotel in Athens is already booked. As regards travel arrangements, Jenny’s looking into the possibility of early morning flights from Heathrow.

1.117 laid-back /%leId "b&k/ (adj) relaxed, not worrying about anything

Listening

1.118 carried away (with sth)

/%k&rId @"weI/ (idm)

so excited by, or involved in, sth that you don’t, e.g. notice anything else that is happening around you

1.119 babble (on about sth)

/"b&bl/ (v)

talk quickly, hardly stoppingbabble (n)

1.120 a mixed bag

/@ %mIkst "b&g/ (n)

group of people or things that are very different. With people, this is more often used when the mixture is surprising. Referring to things rather than people, a mixed bag often means a mixture of good and bad things.

1.121 you could have knocked me down with a feather /j@ kUd @v %nQkt mi %daUn wID @ "feD@(r)/ (idm)

used to express surprise, usu. with a pleasant surprise rather than a nasty shock The only part of the idiom that changes is the object pronoun, which can be any person singular or plural (though me is more common). You does not change.

1.122 at a loose end

/@t @ %lu:s "end/ (phr)

not having anything to do and not knowing what you want to do

1.123 workwise /"w3:kwaIz/ (adv) concerning work, esp. to contrast with another area of your life

Workwise, things have been going well, but we’ve had a lot of problems with the house. The suffix -wise can be added to other nouns to mean concerning, e.g. musicwise, healthwise

1.124 inspired (by) /In"spaI@d/ (adj) given fresh ideas, confidence and enthusiasm (to do sth)

inspiration (n), inspire (v)

1.125 be taken aback

/%bi %teIkn @"b&k/ (idm)

be shocked and unable to speak for a moment More often used in the past simple.

1.126 chatter (away) /"tS&t@(r)/ (v) talk quickly and continuously about things that interest you but that may not be very important

chat (n), chatty (adj)

1.127 occupy yourself (with sth/in doing sth) /"Qkj@paI jO:%self/ (v) keep yourself busy doing sth To fill the empty days once Albert had died, Violet occupied herself with baking cakes and selling them for charity.

1.128 apprehensive

/%&prI"hensIv/ (adj)

nervous or worried that sth bad might happen apprehension (n), apprehensively (adv)

1.129 fine arts /%faIn "A:ts/ (n) collective term for painting, sculpture, and other visual arts (not music or dance)

1.130 mosaic /m@U"zeIIk/ (n) picture or pattern made by placing together small pieces of coloured stone, glass, etc. These fragments of Roman mosaic were discovered in the ruins of an old villa.

1.131 weird /wI@d/ (adj) strange weirdness (n), weirdly (adv)

1.132 abstract /"&bstr&kt/ (adj) representing things in symbols and shapes rather than realistically

The artist may refer to that collection of childish scribbles as abstract art, but frankly I don’t call it art at all. abstract (n), abstractly (adv)

1.133 scenario /sI"nA:ri@U/ (n) visual representation More commonly used to mean situation.

1.134 gloomy /"glu:mi/ (adj) sad or making you feel sad

gloom (n), gloominess (n), gloomily (adv)

1.135 finish up

/%fInIS "Vp/ (phr v)

end in a different way from how sth started or was planned Once a famous rock star, he finished up working in a pub.

/%get "@Uv@(r)/ (phr v) recover from an illness or sth

unpleasant I know it was a huge shock when Dave left, but you’ll get over it in time.

1.137 as luck would have it

/@z %lVk wUd "h&v It/ (idm)

(usu.) fortunately (if sth pleasant happens), (less often) unfortunately (if sth unpleasant happens)

1.138 paintballing

/"peInt%bO:lIN/ (n)

outdoor leisure activity in which you use a special type of gun to fire paint at your opponents, as if in a real battle go paintballing (v)

1.139 mega-star

/"meg@ %stA:(r)/ (n)

very famous person, esp. in pop music, films and sportmega-stardom (n)

1.140 diversification

/daI%v3:sIfI"keISn/ (n) development of a wider range of interests, skills or products

diversify (v)

1.141 wreck /rek/ (n)

vehicle (or building) that is in very bad condition wreck (v)

1.142 restore /rI"stO:(r)/ (v) repair sth so that it looks as good as it did originally restoration (n), restorer (n)

1.143 flaw /flO:/ (n) small mistake or fault in sth

Can be figurative: a flaw in your argument or literal: a flaw in the pattern of the carpet flawed (adj), flawless (adj), flawlessly (adv)

1.144 broaden your horizons

/%brO:dn jO: h@"raIz@nz/ (idm) extend the limits of your interests or knowledge The possessive adjective can change to any person, singular or plural.

1.145 outcome /"aUtkVm/ (n) the result or effect of an action or event We don’t yet know whether Granny’s hip operation

will be successful, but whatever the outcome, she’s going to move to a ground floor flat.

1.146 profitable /"prQfIt@bl/ (adj) making or likely to make moneyprofit (n), profitability (n), profitably (adv)

1.147 dejected /dI"dZektId/ (adj) unhappy esp. because you are disappointed about sth dejection (n), dejectedly (adv)

Speaking

1.148 as a matter of fact

/@z @ %m&t@r @v "f&kt/ (idm) used to introduce more details about sth you have said I’ve started going to a badminton club on Tuesdays. As a matter of fact, it starts in ten minutes and I was just about to go out. It can also contrast with what has just been said What makes you think I dislike Peter? As a matter of fact he’s one of my closest friends.

1.149 essential /I"senSl/ (adj) absolutely necessary It’s essential that you bring the wine before our guests arrive for dinner. essential (n), inessential (adj), essentially (adv)

1.150 as far as I’m concerned

/@z %fA:r @z "aIm k@n%s3:nd/ (phr) used to introduce your opinion about sth

Use of English

1.151 gene /dZi:n/ (n)

part of a cell which controls a particular quality in a living thinggenetics (n unc), genetic (adj), genetically (adv)

1.152 receptive (to) /rI"septIv/ (adj) willing to listen to or accept new ideas or suggestions She was delighted she had such a receptive audience for her first speech.

receptiveness (n)

1.153 alter /"O:lt@(r)/ (v) become or make sth different, modify If we alter the length of this dress, it would be more appropriate for the wedding.

alteration (n)

1.154 bring about

/%brIN @"baUt/ (phr v) cause The new tax law has

brought about a lot of criticism.

1.155 prospect /"prQspekt/ (n) the likely possibility that sth will happen The prospect of not having a summer holiday this year is unbearable! This can also be used to refer to sth that you

know or expect is going to happen, usu. with either a very positive

or negative emotion: Mary was delighted/horrified at the prospect of having the house to herself for two weeks while Dennis was away.

prospective (adj)

1.156 illustrate /"Il@streIt/ (v)

make the meaning of sth clearer by using examples To convince your audience, you could illustrate your points with some statistical data.

illustration (n), illustrative (adj)

1.157 (the) converse /"kQnv3:s/ (n) the opposite of a fact or statementconversely (adv)

1.158 Finnish /"fInIS/ (adj)

from Finland Finn (n), Finland (n)

1.159 outlook (on) /"aUtlUk/ (n) attitude to life and the world

Spending all Friday evening in Mick’s company, with his negative outlook on life, was not what Janet had planned.

1.160 susceptible (to)

/s@"sept@bl/ (adj)

likely to suffer from or be affected by an illness or injury

susceptibility (n, often n pl)

Vocabulary

1.161 with any luck

/%wID "eni %lVk/ (phr) if things turn out well

1.162 the luck of the draw

/D@2%lVk @v D@ "drO:/ (idm) decided by chance

1.163 take pot luck

/%teIk %pQt "lVk/ (idm)

make a choice hoping that it will be good, but without knowing much about it

1.164 be out of luck

/bi %aUt @v "lVk/ (phr)

not be able to have something that you normally could

1.165 beginner’s luck

/bI%gIn@z "lVk/ (n)

unexpected success when you do something new

1.166 push your luck

/%pUS jO: "lVk/ (idm)

take a greater risk than is sensible

1.167 no such luck

/%n@U %sVtS "lVk/ (phr)

used to show disappointment that sth you were hoping for did not happen

1.168 by a stroke of luck

/baI @ %str@Uk @v "lVk/ (phr) fortunately and unexpectedly

1.169 write-off /"raIt %Qf/ (n)

a vehicle that is so badly damaged in an accident that it is not worth repairing write sth off (phr v)

1.170 speeding /"spi:dIN/ (n) driving or riding a vehicle faster than the legal limit speed (n, v)

1.171 package holiday

/"p&kIdZ %hQl@deI/ (n)

a holiday organised by a company at a fixed price that includes the cost of travel, accommodation, etc.

1.172 modestly /"mQdIstli/ (adv) not talking much about your own abilities modesty (n), modest (adj)

Writing

1.173 highlight /"haIlaIt/ (v)

mark a part of sth to help you see it easily, usu. with a coloured pen or on screen highlighter (n)

1.174 reference /"refr@ns/ (n) letter written by sb who knows you, giving information about your character and abilities, especially to a new employer

1.175 tutorial /tju:"tO:ri@l/ (adj) referring to a regular meeting between a tutor and several students tutor (n), tutorial (n)

1.176 lose your temper

/%lu:z jO: "temp@(r)/ (idm) become angry and not be able to control your anger

1.177 resort /rI"zO:t/ (n)

place where a lot of people go on holiday, more specifically a particular hotel and its grounds, private beach, etc.

1.178 destination /%destI"neISn/ (n) place where sb is going or where sth is being sent

1.179 cool /ku:l/ (adj)

not excited or emotional even in difficult situations coolness (n), coolly (adv)

1.180 collected /k@"lektId/ (adj) in control of yourself The three adjectives cool, calm, and collected mean very similar things and are often used together

1.181 concern /k@n"s3:n/ (v) be of interest to, affect The

phrase To whom it may concern is commonly used in job references when the person writing it does not have the name of the person to whom they are writing.

concern (n)

1.182 bubbly /"bVbli/ (adj) lively, cheerful and talkative

1.183 down-to-earth

/%daUn tu "3:T/ (adj)

sensible and practical, in a way that is friendly and helpful

1.184 youth club /"ju:T %klVb/ (n) a club where young people (usu. teenagers) meet and take part in various activities

1.185 inclined (to do sth)

/In"klaInd/ (adj)

likely to do sth John’s not inclined to lie, so I’d believe him if I were you. inclination (n)

1.186 come in (useful)

/%kVm In "(ju:sfl)/ (phr v) be useful, often referring to a

specific job or situation I don’t normally carry much small change but it comes in useful for the coffee machine at college.

1.187 accomplished

/@"kVmplISt/ (adj)

very good at a particular skill an accomplished pianist If no skill is mentioned, this means having a lot of different skills: highly accomplished. accomplishment (n), accomplish (v)

1.188 lifeguard /"laIfgA:d/ (n) person at a swimming pool or on a beach whose responsibility is to rescue people who are in danger in the water

1.189 commonsense

/%kQm@n"sens/ (n)

ability to think about things in a practical way and make sensible decisions Can also be spelt as two words.

1.190 ensure /In"SU@(r)/ (v) make sure that sth happens, or that sth is definite

1.191 access /"&kses/ (n) opportunity to use sth Gillian was astonished to find that there was no Internet access in the hotel, even though it was mentioned in the advert. access (v)

1.192 brainstorm /"breInstO:m/ (v) think of as many ideas as possible for a specific purpose, usu. in

a short space of time (often in a group) brainstorming (n), brainstorm (n) brainstorm is

more correctly a term meaning a sudden inability to think clearly, but it is also now used as an alternative to brainstorming.

Review

1.193 passionate /"p&S@n@t/ (adj) having strong feelings of enthusiasm for sth or belief in sthpassion (n), passionately (adv)

1.194 entire /In"taI@(r)/ (adj) whole, including everything, everyone or every part The entire class stood up when the Principal walked into the room. Only used before nouns, to emphasise that the whole of sth is involved.entirety (n) entirely (adv)

1.195 waxwork /"w&ksw3:k/ (n) model of a person that is made of wax

1.196 competition

/%kQmp@"tISn/ (n)

situation in which organisations (or people) compete with each other to have the most, or for sth that not everyone can have

With the closure of the other Thai restaurant in town, business is thriving at Suree’s as there is no local competition. competitor (n), compete (v)

1.197 long-term /%lQN "t3:m/ (adj) lasting or having an effect over a long period of time

1.198 go swimmingly

/"swImINli/ (adv)

happen without any problems or difficulties There’s no need to worry, the arrangements for the wedding are going swimmingly and it should be a fantastic occasion.

Workbook

Reading

Better and better

1.199 still /stIl/ (adj)

not moving, calm and quiet

Please keep still while I brush your hair.

1.200 reflect (on) /rI"flekt/ (v) think carefully and deeply about sth Before I decide on such an important issue, I’ll need some time to reflect. reflection (n)

1.201 prod (sb into doing sth)

/prQd/ (v)

try to make sb do sth, esp. when they are unwilling prod (n)

1.202 non-committal attitude

/%nQn k@%mItl "&tItju:d/ (phr)

not giving an opinion; not showing which side of an argument you agree with Paul has a rather noncommital attitude to the problem. I don’t really know what he thinks.

1.203 pessimistic /%pesI "mIstIk/ (adj) expecting bad things to happen

I don’t know why Mike is so pessimistic about his exam results. He’s never failed an exam so far!

pessimism (n), pessimist (n), pessimistically (adv)

1.204 pretty /"prIti/ (adv)

quite, to some extent, fairly The boots were pretty expensive, but I bought them anyway.

1.205 spirits /"spIrIts/ (n pl) person’s feelings or state of mind

My spirits sank when I realised how much work I had to do.

1.206 pluck /plVk/ (v)

take hold of sth and remove it by pulling it She plucked the

banknotes from my grasp and ran away.

1.207 non-negotiable

/%nQn nI"g@US@bl/ (adj) that cannot be discussed or

changed Going to bed before nine is non-negotiable on weekdays. You can stay up until late only at the weekends. negotiation (n), negotiate (v), negotiable (adj)

1.208 mind /maInd/ (v)

be upset, annoyed or worried by sth I really don’t mind the rain – it’s the wind that I hate.

1.209 commute /k@"mju:t/ (v) travel regularly by bus, train, car, etc. between your place of work and your home commuter (n)

1.210 option /"QpSn/ (n) choice, sth that you can choose to have or do Students have the option to study a number of subjects, according to their preferences. optional (adj), optionally (adv)

1.211 alternative /O:l"t3:n@tIv/ (n) thing that you can choose to

do or have out of two or more possibilities You have two alternatives: either you come with us or you stay with Aunt Martha for the weekend. alternative (adj), alternatively (adv)

1.212 affirming /@"f3:mIN/ (adj) that strengthens an idea or belief

Making regular affirming statements about yourself can help you to improve your self-confidence.

affirm (v), affirmation (n), affirmative (adj), affirmatively (adv)

1.213 tackle /"t&kl/ (v)

make an effort to deal with a difficult problem or situation

The school is determined to tackle hooliganism.

1.214 lateral thought

/%l&t@r@l "TO:t/ (n)

way of solving problems by using your imagination to find new ways of looking at the problem

1.215 process /"pr@Uses/ (n) series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result

Learning a foreign language can be a slow process, but you should not give up. process (v)

1.216 martyr /"mA:t@(r)/ (n) person who works harder or suffers more than they need to, often in order to gain attention or sympathy Don’t be such a martyr! We can all help with the housework.

1.217 stamina /"st&mIn@/ (n)

the physical or mental strength that enables you to do sth difficult for long periods of time It takes a lot of stamina to run a marathon.

1.218 regime /reI"Zi:m/ (n) method or system of organising or managing sth I’m starting a new exercise regime. I’m going to

go running every day and go to the gym twice a week.

1.219 housemate /"haUsmeIt/ (n) person that you share a house with

1.220 chore /ÍO:(r)/ (n) task that you do regularly

Household chores such as doing the washing-up are really boring, but someone has to do them!

1.221 adopt /@"dQpt/ (v)

use a particular manner, way of speaking, expression, etc.

Adopting a more open-minded attitude helps parents understand their children better. adoption (n)

1.222 component

/k@m "p@Un@nt/ (n)

one of several parts of which sth is made Trust is a vital component of friendship. component (adj)

1.223 face up to

/%feIs "Vp t@/ (phr v)

accept and deal with sth that is difficult or unpleasant Brad quit his job and has to face up to the fact that he might not find a new one for some time.

1.224 poison /"pOIzn/ (v)

have a bad effect on sth His constant criticism poisoned their relationship and soon they did not even speak to each other. poison (n), poisonous (adj)

1.225 vital /"vaItl/ (adj)

necessary or essential vitally (adv)

1.226 tune into

/%tju:n "Int@/ (phr v)

become aware of It’s difficult to tune into what teenagers really need nowadays.

1.227 perspective /p@"spektIv/ (n) way of thinking about sth or attitude towards it The threat

of terrorism has put a whole new perspective on foreign travel for many people.

1.228 make up /%meIk "Vp/ (phr v) form sth Children under sixteen make up 20 per cent of the population.

1.229 resolute /"rez@lu:t/ (adj) having or showing great determination He was resolute that there would be no exceptions to the rule. resoluteness (n), resolutely (adv)

1.230 rationale (for/behind)

/%r&S@"nA:l/ (n)

principles or reasons which explain a particular decision, course of action, belief, etc. What is the rationale behind the new changes to the FCE exams? rationalism (n), rationalist (n), rationalise (v)

1.231 compelling /k@m"pelIN/ (adj) that makes you think sth

is definitely true There is compelling evidence that the factory has been polluting the nearby

river for years. compel (v), compellingly (adv)

1.232 work out /%w3:k "aUt/ (phr v) plan or think of sth, calculate sth

I can’t work out why she hasn’t phoned me. When a plan/idea etc. works out it is successful.

1.233 soul mate /"s@Ul %meIt/ (n) person that you have a special friendship with because you understand each other’s feelings and interests

1.234 pay off /%peI "Qf/ (phr v) be successful and bring good results I’m hoping all this hard work will pay off in the end.

1.235 sour /"saU@(r)/ (adj)

not cheerful, bad-tempered and unpleasant Her sour expression made it very clear that she wasn’t enjoying the evening. Also: having a bitter taste like the taste of a lemon or of fruit that is not ripe

1.236 bubble /"bVbl/ (n)

small amount of a feeling that sb wants to express His smile gave Kate a bubble of hope about the future. Also: a ball of air or gas in a liquid or a solid substance such as glass

1.237 look on the dark side

/%lUk Qn D@ "dA:k %saId/ (idm) be pessimistic about a situation, by thinking only of the disadvantages and not the advantages If you always look on the dark side of

a situation you will miss all the opportunities it can bring.

Opposite: look on the bright side.

1.238 contemplate

/"kQnt@mpleIt/ (v)

look at or consider thoughtfully

contemplation (n), contemplative (adj), contemplatively (adv)

1.239 dispense with

/dI"spens wID/ (phr v)

get rid of sth or stop using it because you no longer need it

With these new laser printers you can dispense with old-fashioned inkjet printers for ever.

1.240 reject /rI"Ùekt/ (v) refuse to accept or consider sth

Unfortunately, they rejected our offer to help although I really believe they needed it rejection (n)

1.241 fulfil /fUl"fIl/ (v)

do or have what is required or necessary You should always fulfil your promises to your children, otherwise they will lose faith in you. fulfilment (n), fulfilling (adj)

1.242 relieve /rI"li:v/ (v)

remove or reduce an unpleasant feeling or pain These pills relieve coughing caused by allergies. relief

(n)

1.243 initially /I"nIS@li/ (adv)

at the beginning, at first Initially, I thought Pam was his sister but then I found out they’re cousins.

initial (adj, n, v), initiate (v)

1.244 predictable /prI"dIkt@bl/ (adj) if sth is predictable, you know

in advance that it will happen or what it will be like The weather here in summer is very predictable

– it’s sunny virtually every day.

predict (v), prediction (n), predictability (n), unpredictable (adj), (un)predictably (adv)

1.245 reinforce /%ri:In"fO:s/ (v) make sth stronger The climate of political confusion has only reinforced the country’s economic decline. reinforcement (n)

1.246 insignificant

/%InsIg"nIfIk@nt/ (adj)

not big or valuable enough to be considered important I really don’t understand why you are making such a fuss over such an insignificant mistake! (in) significance (n), signify (v), significant (adj), (in)significantly (adv)

1.247 communicate

/k@"mju:nIkeIt/ (v)

make your ideas, feelings, thoughts, etc. known to other people so that they understand them communication (n), (un) communicative (adj)

Vocabulary

1.248 moody /"mu:di/ (adj)

having the way you are feeling at a particular time change quickly and often Paul is very moody – he can be really angry one minute and then perfectly calm the next.

mood (n)

1.249 consultation

/%kQns@l"teISn/ (n)

the act of discussing sth with sb before making a decision about it The decision was taken after close consultation with the local authorities. Also: a meeting with an expert, esp. a doctor, to get advice or treatment consult (v), consultant (n)

1.250 offend /@"fend/ (v) make sb feel upset because of

sth you say or do that is rude or embarrassing His rude comments offended her, but she tried not to show it. offence (n), offended (adj), offensive (adj), offensively (adv)

Grammar

1.251 for the sake of it

/f@ D@ "seIk @v %It/ (phr)

doing sth because you want to, not for any particular reason Don’t just get married for the sake of it; find someone you love first!

1.252 resort to /rI"zO:t t@/ (phr v) make use of sth, esp. sth bad, as a means of achieving sth, often because there is no other possible solution I believe there is no reason for parents to resort to violence, whatever the problem!

1.253 maintain /meIn"teIn/ (v) keep a building, a machine, etc. in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly

maintenance (n)