- •А.А. Атрошкина, к.Ф. Варламова,
- •Contents предисловие 4
- •Предисловие
- •Lesson 1. Energy
- •Active Vocabulary
- •I . Practise reading the words written below. You’ll come across them in text 1 a.
- •II. Put the words from the box into the correct columns below. Translate them into Russian.
- •III. Read text 1 a. Try to understand its content. Text 1 a. Energy
- •Post-Text Exercises
- •IV. Find the word with the similar meaning, according to the idea of text 1 a.
- •V. Connections: match a line in a with a line in b.
- •VI. Read and translate word combinations consisting of two or more components. See model. Read and translate the sentences from the text containing these word combinations.
- •VII. Answer the following questions.
- •VIII. Are the sentences True or False? Correct the false sentences.
- •Grammar Exercises (The Tenses: Active and Passive Voice. See appendix, gr. Ref., p. 97-99)
- •X. Find the correct sentences. Underline the predicates. Trans-late the sentences into Russian.
- •XI. Choose the correct tense form. Translate sentences into Russian, pay attention to the meaning of the word “time”.
- •XII. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense and voice.
- •XIII. Find active and passive forms of the verb in text 1 a. Write them out into two columns.
- •XIV. Read text 1 b. Find the answers in text 1 b to the following questions:
- •Text 1 b. Generators
- •XV. Make the plan of the given text.
- •XVI. Discuss the main points of your plan with a partner.
- •XVII. Skim over text 1c (See appendix, lang. Learn. Focus, p. 117). Give a better title for this text and prove your point of view. Text 1 c. Batteries
- •Lesson 2. Atomic energy
- •Active Vocabulary
- •I . Practise reading the words written below. You’ll come across them in text 2 a.
- •II. Put the words from the box into the correct columns below. Translate them into Russian.
- •III. Read text 2 a. Try to understand its content. Text 2 a. Atomic Energy
- •Post- Text Exercises
- •IV. Find the word with the similar meaning, according to the idea of text 2 a.
- •V. Connections: match a line in a with a line in b.
- •XI. Read the following sentences. Find the sentences in which the modal verb ‘must’ expresses supposition. Translate them into Russian.
- •XII. Find the sentences with modal verbs in text 2 a (passages 2 and 3). Change these modal verbs to their equivalents. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •XIII. Fill in blanks with the appropriate modal verb or its equivalent. Mind the tense.
- •XIV. A. Read the conversation. Choose the correct modal verb.
- •XV. Read text 2 b. Find the answers in text 2 b to the following questions:
- •Text 2 b. The Law of Energy Conservation
- •XVI. Read text 2 b using some more information about well known more physicists mentioned in the text.
- •1895 World War II 1913 1896 1931 1896-1912 1898 1946 1922 text 2 c. History of Radiography: X-rays, Gamma Rays
- •Gamma rays
- •Lesson 3. Electricity
- •Active Vocabulary
- •I. Practise reading the words written below. You’ll come across them in text 3a.
- •II. Put the words from the box into the correct columns. Translate them into Russian.
- •III. Read text 3a. Try to understand its content. Text 3 a. Electricity
- •IV. Find the word with the similar meaning, according to the idea of text 3 a.
- •Post-Text Exercises
- •V. Connections: match a line in a with a line in b.
- •VI. Match paragraphs with the appropriate summary.
- •VII. Answer the following questions.
- •VIII. Translate the parts of the sentences. Complete these sentences.
- •IX. Give a short report on the topic “The discovery of electricity and its usage today”. (Use text 3a).
- •X. Find the correct sentences. Underline the participles. Translate these sentences into Russian.
- •XII. Find the participles (passage 3) in text 3 a. Define the functions of the participles.
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to the Absolute Participle Construction. Underline “the doer” in the construction.
- •XIV. Form one sentence of each pair of sentences using the Absolute Participle Construction.
- •XV. Read text 3 b. Find the answers in text 3 b to the following questions:
- •Text 3 b. Transformers
- •XVI. Complete the sentences using the correct variant.
- •XVII. Make a short summary of the text (See appendix, lang. Learn. Focus, p.117-118).
- •XVIII. Read text 3 c.Describe the process of electric current flow in a vacuum in your own words. Text 3 c. Electric Current In a Vacuum
- •Lesson 4. Power transmission
- •Active Vocabulary
- •I. Practise reading the words written below. You’ll come across them in text 4 a.
- •II. Put the words from the box into the correct columns. Translate them into Russian.
- •III. Read text 4 a. Try to understand its content. Text 4 a. Power Transmission
- •Post-Text Exercises
- •IV. Find the word with the similar meaning according to the idea of text 4 a.
- •V. Connections: match a line in a with a line in b.
- •VI. Match each paragraph with the appropriate summary:
- •VII. Answer the following questions.
- •VIII. Translate the parts of the sentences. Complete these senten-ces.
- •X. Underline the gerund and define the forms of it in the examples given below. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •XI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms of the gerund. Define the functions of the gerund. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •XII. Find the gerund (paragraph 3) in text 4 a. Define the functions of the gerund.
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to the Gerundial Complex.
- •XIV. Use Participle I, Participle II or the Gerund of the verbs in brackets and translate the sentences.
- •XV. Translate the following sentences and define the non-finite forms of the verb.
- •XVI. Read text 4 b. Find the answers in text 4 b to the following questions:
- •Text 4 b. Electric Power Consumers and Power Systems
- •XVII. Complete the sentences using correct variant.
- •XVIII. Describe a power system and its operation.
- •XIX. Read text 4 c. Find in it the answer to the question that follows it. Text 4 c. Electric Power Interruptions
- •Lesson 5. Electronics
- •Active Vocabulary
- •I. Practise reading the words written below. You’ll come across them in text 5 a.
- •II. Put the words from the box into the correct columns below. Translate them into Russian.
- •III. Read text 5 a. Try to understand its content. Text 5 a. Electronic Elements
- •Post-Text Exercises
- •IV. Find the word with the similar meaning according to the idea of text 5a.
- •V. Connections: match a line in a with a line in b.
- •VI. Find in the text the Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •VII. Read and translate word combinations consisting of two or more components. See model. Read and translate the sentences from the text containing these word combinations.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions:
- •IX. Read the definitions below and guess what word is defined in each case.
- •X. Use the verb in parentheses in the correct form with the appropriate preposition. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •XI. Fill in the gaps in the sentences using the correct form of the word in parentheses:
- •XII. Look through text 5 a again. Give main points of each passage. Use “is / are about …”. See Model. Make an annotation of the text (See appendix, lang. Learn. Focus, p.118)
- •XVI. What forms of the Infinitives are used in the Infinitive Complexes given below – Complex Subject or Complex Object?
- •XVII. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the phrases from ex. 1.
- •XVIII. Read text 5 Band fill in the gaps with the words, in the box. Try to guess the meaning of the words from the context.
- •Text 5 b. Electronic Devices
- •XIX. Choose one of the titles to best match the text.
- •Lesson 6. Electronic devices: amplifiers, diodes, oscillators
- •Active Vocabulary
- •I. Practise reading the words written below. You’ll come across them in text 6 a.
- •II. Put the words from the box into the correct columns below. Translate them into Russian.
- •III. Read text 6 a. Try to understand its content. Text 6 a. Amplifiers
- •Post-Text Exercises
- •IV. Find the word with the similar meaning according to the idea of text 6a.
- •V. Complete the following. Use the words in the box to help you.
- •XVI. Fill in the correct word from the list below.
- •XVII. Discuss the main points of the text. Use this plan.
- •XVIII. Read text 6 c and complete these sentences using ideas from the text.
- •Text 6 c. Requirements For Oscillators
- •Additional reading the world of the atom
- •Natural radioactivity
- •How long does the radioactivity last?
- •Plants and the atom
- •Animals and the atom
- •Telemeters in the atomic laboratory
- •Atomic power for rockets
- •Atomic power for space travel
- •The first russian woman-scientist (1850 —1891)
- •James clerk maxwell (1831–1879)
- •The use of electromagnetic waves
- •A great invention of a russian scientist
- •Astronomy and radio
- •How can the efficiency of utilisation of solar energy be improved?
- •Solar energy
- •Electronics and technical progress
- •Mysterious devices or not
- •Lasers help science and industry
- •Atomic clock puzzles scientists
- •Development of robots
- •Electric fish
- •Machines aren’t free of errors
- •Automation and mechanization
- •Appendix
- •Страдательный залог – Passive Voice
- •Lesson 2 Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты – Model Verbs and Their Equivalents
- •Lesson 3
- •Формы причастия I
- •ПричастиеI переводится на русский язык
- •Функции причастия I
- •Причастие II Образование и формы причастия II
- •ПричастиеIi переводится на русский язык
- •Функции причастия II
- •Независимый причастный оборот (нпо)
- •Нпо переводится на русский язык:
- •Lesson 4
- •Формы герундия
- •Функции герундия. Способы его перевода
- •Герундиальный оборот
- •Lesson 5
- •Инфинитив
- •Формы инфинитива
- •Функции инфинитива. Способы его перевода.
- •Инфинитивный оборот
- •Инфинитив как часть сложного дополнения
- •Инфинитив в конструкции сложное дополнение употребляется:
- •Инфинитив как часть сложного подлежащего
- •Lesson 6 Простое предложение
- •Порядок слов в простом повествовательном предложении. Утвердительная форма
- •Отрицание в простом повествовательном предложении
- •Порядок слов в вопросительном предложении
- •1. Альтернативные и общие вопросы
- •2. Специальные вопросы
- •Построение специальных вопросов с предлогами
- •I вариант
- •II вариант
- •Irregular verbs
- •Language learning focus skimming
- •Writing a summary
- •Make sure you understand all the main points. Go through the article and underline the relevant information in each paragraph.
- •Writing an annotation
- •Библиографический список
- •Energy and electronics
- •654007, Г. Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42
Atomic power for rockets
The heart of a nuclear-rocket engine, of course, is the reactor that converts nuclear energy into heat.
The fuel of the reactor consists of a special kind of “isotope” of uranium, called Uranium-235. When properly bombarded with neutrons the uranium nuclei break up or “fission” into a pair of fragments and emit more neutrons in the process, thus keeping the reaction going.
The fission process releases energy and the excess energy is carried away by the neutrons and by gamma rays. Since all of the fragments and most of the neutrons and gamma rays are stopped within the reactor, the energy that is released by U-235 fission will heat the reactor.
For making a nuclear-rocket engine thermally efficient the reactor’s temperature must be as high as possible. The melting point of uranium, 2,070 degrees F., sets a theoretical limit. Graphite, which withstands much higher temperatures, is a very good material for the reactor’s “moderator”. So all present experimental reactors for nuclear-rocket engines are made of U-235 metal powder placed in graphite.
A cold gas, the hydrogen, enters several hundred narrow passages drilled through the graphite-uranium reactor core and is heated almost to the white-hot operating temperature. On coming from the passages, the hot gas expands through a nozzle in which it attains supersonic speed. The exhaust speed of the nuclear-rocket engine can probably reach 23,000 to 30,000 feet per second, which is twice as much as from a rocket engine using chemical combustion of hydrogen and oxygen.
Notes:
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таким образом продолжая реакцию
рабочая температура “белого кале-ния” |
Atomic power for space travel
Many scientists believe that nuclear engines prove to be the best as propulsion for the spaceships – ships that make extremely long voyages through the vast expanses of interplanetary space.
Atomic engines are relatively light in weight and are able to de-liver power for years without running out of fuel.
Up to now, thermical power has been used to drive rocket engines. This power is obtained by burning oxygen and hydrogen.
In both the chemical and the nuclear rocket engines it is the heat energy that expands the hydrogen gas and causes it to escape through the nozzle at high speed. In the first case it is the heat of the chemical burning of hydrogen and oxygen; in the second – the heat from the fissioning or splitting of atoms inside the reactor.
In an atomic engine designed for providing a large thrust, heat is generated by carefully controlled atomic fission in a reactor. This heat is used to heat hydrogen, which then thrusts out of the exhaust nozzle at a great speed to push the rocket.
Tremendous power is needed to drive a rocket or spaceship beyond the forces of the earth’s gravity. But when the ship is already deep in space, much smaller power supplies are necessary to propel the ship. Atomic power can provide both these propulsion requirements. Significant progress is being made on the use of nuclear energy as propulsion – getting ships into space and equipping them with power for travelling over long distances.
As the nuclear engines are lighter in weight and can operate for very long periods of time, atomic energy has made a great contribution to space research.
Notes:
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силовая установка наконечник, выпускное отверстие деление, расщепление давление, нагрузка |