English_for_Transportation_Technology

второй мировой войны. Интенсивность этого процесса возросла после распада социалистической системы в 1990-е гг.

Глобализация на транспорте содержит в себе общие международные факторы развития, но большее значение имеет фактор технический, поскольку он обеспечивает движение товаров и интернационализацию экономической деятельности. Глобализация приобретает общественное значение, поскольку расширяет географическую мобильность и сферу международного общения человеческой массы.

Плужников К. И. Глобализация производства и распределения международных транспортных услуг, 2006. http://economy-lib.com

Listening and speaking

Exercise 1. Before you listen to the speech about globalisation by Barak Obama on CNN try to predict what important issues he will mention. Choose from the list below.

1) technology

2) global workforce competition

3) immigration

4) how to tie the globalization

5) American workers

6) American market

7) educational system

8) leadership

Exercise 2. Watch the CNN video. Clap your hands when listen to the following words.

globalisation, competition, business, trade

Exercise 3. Make a plan of the Obama’s speech (listen again if necessary). In small groups decide about the principles of preparing a good public speech.

Exercise 4. Choose one of the topics given and deliver your own speech in the class

(about 2 minutes). Use the clichés from Appendix 3.

1)Global engineering workforce.

2)Russia in a global society: prospects of the development.

3)Developing countries: out of poverty.

Writing

Exercise 1. Read about mind mapping. Work in small groups and create a mind map to generate ideas about impacts of globalisation.

A mind map is a graph and nodes are in hierarchical order and direct relation to each other (see Figure 1).

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Figure 1. A mind map

Mind mapping are nowadays used by millions of people for brainstorming, note taking, document drafting, etc. Words in a mind map should specify the author’s expertise and fields of interest. In contrast to text documents, a mind map probably contains less stop and other irrelevant words.

The following pieces of advice may help you to create a good mind map.

•Use images as much as you ‘thought ball’ is thrown by your brain. can, instead of, or in addition

to the words.

•Allow your thoughts to

http://www.mind-mapping.co.uk

Exercise 2. Choose one of three topics given below and create your own mind map.

1)Different modes of transport: travel globally.

2)Globalisation in developed and advanced countries: challenges of sustainable future.

3)Differentiation or globalisation: pros and cons?

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Checklist

Assess your progress in this unit. Say which statements are true about you.

1)I can discuss pros and cons of globalisation.

2)My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit.

3)I can use clichés in my public speech.

4)I know how to draw a mind map.

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UNIT 4. HISTORY OF THE RAILWAY TRANSPORT

Start up

Exercise 1. Match the various types of engines (1–4) with the pictures (A–D).

A B

C D

1)water-powered engine,

2)wind-powered engine,

3)steam engine,

4)internal combustion engine (diesel, petrol, electric, jet).

Exercise 2. Read the following sentences and say which type of the engine is described.

1)In this engine fuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself and not in a furnace.

2)This engine is very economical; it doesn't need fuel to function. But it is dependent on the weather.

3)In this engine there is a furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood or coal and then lit. The fire heats the water in the boiler and when it boils, it turns into steam.

4)It was a wheel but a very small one. Long wide wooden blades were attached to it. The wheel was driven by the wind.

5)This engine is an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it and the current of a river turned it. It was used for irrigating fields.

6)This engine is lighter and smaller than a steam engine because it doesn't have a boiler. It is more powerful than a steam engine because it uses better-quality fuel: petrol or kerosene.

7)This engine is the most ecologically friendly one, because it doesn't pollute environment with exhausted gases.

8)This engine is now used in automobiles, diesel locomotives and motor ships.

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9) This engine is the most powerful, because the gases in it reach the temperature of over a thousand degrees.

Vocabulary

Exercise 1. Match the words in A with their translation in B.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct word or words and translate the sentences.

1)The invention of the [fuel; double-track railway; steam engine] aroused great interest; it was much spoken and written about.

2)The underground is a very convenient [means of transport; form of transport; vehicle] but it does not suit me because I live a long way from the station.

3)Airplanes are not able to [move; carry; pull] a lot in weight and are used mainly for transporting mail, people and valuable [goods; passengers; freight]. [Heavy; light; narrow] loads are usually transported by freight trains.

4)Electric train can be [driven; propelled; powered] either by electric locomotive or by motor cars.

5)The driver of the [steam locomotive; vehicle; electric car] may be fined by the police officer if he violates the traffic rules or drives under the influence of alcohol.

6)The first [electric; jet; steam] locomotives were not strong and they often broke down.

7)George M. Pullman not only [required; invented; replaced] the sleeping car, he also was the first to design and build the [restaurant car; wheel; steam engine].

8)There were many passengers at the airport on New Year’s Eve as many flights were

[delayed; required; prevented] because of the snowstorm.

9)As the railways now have a [standard gauge; narrow gauge; broad gauge], it is possible to travel over several lines without changing bogies.

Reading and Translation

Exercise 1. Translate the following passage into Russian. Use a dictionary. Then compare your translation with a partner’s to improve.

The Oldest Railway in Russia

The first Russian railway built by the Viennese engineer, Franz Anton Ritter von Gerstner, was a short experimental line of about 50km from St.Petersburg to Pavlovsk, established by Imperial decree of 21st March, 1836, with a 6ft gauge, the line opened throughout in 1839. The railway was experimental only in the sense that it was not clear at the time if either the line or the locomotives would be able to stand up to the Russian winter for Gerstner had always envisaged it as the first section of a much wider network linking Moscow and St.Petersburg and connecting the manufacturing centres of the country. Construction of the St.Petersburg-Moscow railway, begun in 1843, was entrusted to a Russian engineer. From the beginning the builders faced many hardships because of severe climatic and difficult

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geological conditions. The track was laid down through forests and marshes and many rivers were crossed. It should be noted that the line is virtually straight and level. 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built to make the line as straight as possible. There is a legend that the route of the railway was chosen by the tsar Nikolay I, who took the map and the ruler, drew a straight line between the two cities on the map and ordered this line to be the route of the railway. But the fact is that the construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work. This railroad connected the city with Moscow in 1851. St. Petersburg became a major Russian railroad junction, serving as the end port of the system of inland waterways which snaked their way through European Russia's north-western region.

Exercise 2. Render the following passage in English.

Начало строительства железных дорог в России

Официально считается, что строительство железных дорог в России началось тогда, когда была построена Царскосельская железная дорога, соединившая Петербург с Царским селом и Павловском. Однако в действительности первые железные дороги появились на горных заводах Алтая и Урала в конце XVIII – начале XIX вв. Они создавались для перевозки руды с рудников на перерабатывающие заводы. Самым примечательным здесь стало строительство в 1834 г. на Нижнетагильском заводе механиками Черепановыми железной дороги с первым в России паровозом. Начало широкого железнодорожного строительства в России было положено указом от 26 января 1857 г. В указе намечался план строительства железных дорог, которые бы связали столицу империи с центральными районами страны, с Поволжьем, с балтийскими и южными портами, а также с западной границей.

В целом железнодорожное строительство в Российской империи во второй половине XIX столетия шло очень успешно. Иностранцы, путешествуя по России, не уставали восхищаться удобством русских поездов, ничем не уступавших швейцарским или американским. «Путешествовать железной дорогой в России дешево и приятно: находящиеся на пути следования поездов первоклассные гостиницы и рестораны намного превосходят французские и немецкие; в вагонах-ресторанах подают роскошный обед. Железнодорожные станции весьма живописны и, в своем роде представляют собой произведение искусства» – писали многие западноевропейские путешественники. Не укрылось от западных наблюдателей и стратегическое значение железнодорожного строительства: оно, по их мнению, позволило соединить огромную страну, «отдаленные владения» с «мозгом и нервным центром гигантской империи».

http://www.rzdp.ru/engine/glossary/stroitelstvo_zheleznih_dorog.html

Speaking

Exercise 1. Speak about old trains. Give an answer to the following question in 5–6 sentences.

Do you like old trains? Why/Whynot?

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Checklist

Assess your progress in this unit. Say which statements are true about you.

1)I can speak about old train.

2)I can use past tenses and prepositions in my speech.

3)My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit.

4)I can use key words to discuss the history of railways with my groupmates.

UNIT 5. THE RAILWAY TRACK

Start up

Exercise 1. What is the main difference between the railway and all other modes of transport? Choose the most suitable answer from the list below:

a)The vehicles can reach high speeds.

b)The vehicles cannot leave the track.

c)The vehicles have wheels.

d)The vehicles use diesel engines.

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Exercise 2. a) Match the pictures (A–E) with the types of engineering structures (1–5).

A B

C D

1) a culvert

2) a viaduct

3) a tunnel

4) retaining wall

5) a flyover

E

b) Read the descriptions below (a–e) and match them with the types of engineering structures (1–5).

a)a bridge, road, or railway that crosses over another road or railway

b)a series of spans or arches used to carry a road or railway over a wide valley

c)a sewer used to allow water to pass underneath a road, railway, or embankment

d)an underground passageway

e)a structure constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil

Vocabulary

Exercise 1. Read the passage and fill in the gaps with a word from the list. Say what a bridge is and how bridges are classified.

A bridge is a 1 spanning and providing passage over a waterway, railway, or other 2. Beam bridges, the simplest type, are horizontal beams supported at each end by 3. When there is more than one span the intermediate supports are known as 4. Arch bridges are bridges with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Suspension bridges are suspended from 5. A cable-stayed bridge consists of one or more columns (referred to as pylons), with cables supporting the bridge deck. A frame-type bridge is a rigid frame structure in which the

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horizontal deck slab is made monolithic with the vertical abutment walls. A combined bridge consists of simple structures (beam + arch). Bridges can be designed for trains, pedestrians or road traffic. A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic.The four materials are used for bridges: wood, stone, steel, and 6.

Exercise 2. Match the words in A with their translation in B.

Exercise 3. Name the bridge types (А–F).

A B

C D

E F

Translation and rendering

Exercise 1. Translate the following passage into Russian. Use a dictionary. Then compare your translation with a partner’s to improve.

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