Курс лекций по лексикологии.

Преподаватель Беляева Е.П.

ПГУ 3 курс

Lexocology it’s subject and brunches. Word and it’s meaning.

L. is a branch of linguistic which deals with analysis of words.

Task is a systematic description of the vocabulary in respect to it’s origin. Development and use.

Plato’s work: words are names or labels for things.

Aristotle: the smallest significant unit of speech.

Modern linguists: Reference

Symbol Referent

The model is the result of attempts to find relations between words and things.

C.Ogden and I.Richards (this triangle)

Is represented by

meaning: an animal

kept as a pet

Name:”dog” is named by Referent: a real dog

Symbol- word

Referent- thing

Reference- meaning

We’re able to use a word when this triangle is formed in our brain, when we know what object (concept) this word denotes.

Выготский: “a word is a microcosm of human conscienceness”

Words are different.

H. Sweet distinguished between full words (words with an independent meaning and form words which are grammatical elements. (the sane Aristotel)

Tree if

Sing if

Blueof

Gentlyand

The words in 1-st column

Second- has no independent meaning proper. They are of structural function (they contribute to the meaning of the whole phrase when they are used in conjunction with other words)/ This division is not strict enough. Sometimes form words can receive full semantic status even if they are used in complete isolation.

Sometimes it’s easy to understand the meaning of a words and it’s parts.

S. Ullman distinguishes between transparent and opaque words.

washabletransparent

driver

gloveopaque

desk

T.words are always motivated.

O. words are conventional words.

This distinguish goes back to the Greeks.

Motivation is the relationship existing between the phonemes or morphemic composition ans structural pattern of a word on the one hand and it’s meaning oh the other hand.

3 types of M.: 1.phonetical

2.morphological

3.semantic

When there us a certain similarity between the sounds of a word and the sounds referred to by the meaning of a word – phonetical.

Звукоподражательные слова:

Bang

Whistle

Ding-dong …etc.

Morphological- it’s possible to guess the meaning of a word from it’s parts.

(in newly coined words)

Semantic motivation is based on the coexistence of direct and figurative meaning of the same word.

Foot- a lower part of smth; part of a body

The foot of the mountain.

Each word has a hard core of meaning which stable, but can’t be modified by the context within certain limits.

2 types of context: linguistic (verbal)

extralinguistic

L. the environment in which the word occurs as for the extra L. It consists of the entire cultural background against which we said this or that event.

The meaning of a word can change depending on the environment .

Instead of the term “word” some linguists prefer the terms “lexical unit”, “lexical item” or “lexeme”

“Word” causes much confusion because it’s used orthographically, grammatically and lexically.

No agreement between the scholars in terminology.

Lexicology presents a wide area of knowledge.

1. Historical lex-y deals with the historic change of words in the course of lang. development.

2. Comparative l. Studies closely relative languages from the point of view of their identity and differentiation.

3. Contrastive- both relative and unrelative lang-s. establishes differences and similarity.

4. Applied lex-y- translation, lexicography, pragmatics of speech.

Lexicology investigates various meaning relations existing in the lang., how the lexicon words to provide and support meaningfull communication.

Each word is a part of entire system land. vocabulary. Every item of a language stands closely with 2 other items. - the sintagmatic level

• the paradygmatic level.

On the sintagmatic level the semantic structure of a word is analysed in it’s linear relationships with neighbouring words.

On the paradigmatic level- relationship with other words in the vocabulary system: synonims

polysemantic words

antonyms