6.a way of performing a task that usually does not change each time the task is performed

7.a set of instructions that can be understood by a computer and perform a certain task or function

8.a store of facts and information held in a computer

9.a program that is used by a programmer to write other programs

10.the help offered to the user by a company who makes or sells a computer

Reading

Task 2. Read the texts and match them with the headings below.

1.XML is the basis for RDF and the Semantic Web

2.XML is modular

3.XML is license-free, platform-independent and well-supported

4.XML is new, but not that new

5.XML leads HTML to XHTML

a)_______________

Development of XML started in 1996 and it has been a W3C Recommendation since February 1998, which may make you suspect that this is rather immature technology. In fact, the technology isn't very new. Before XML there was SGML, developed in the early '80s, an ISO standard since 1986, and widely used for large documentation projects. The development of HTML started in 1990. The designers of XML simply took the best parts of SGML, guided by the experience with HTML, and produced something that is no less powerful than SGML, and vastly more regular and simple to use. Some evolutions, however, are hard to distinguish from revolutions... And it must be said that while SGML is mostly used for technical documentation and much less for other kinds of data, with XML it is exactly the opposite.

b) _______________

There is an important XML application that is a document format: W3C's XHTML, the successor to HTML. XHTML has many of the same elements

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as HTML. The syntax has been changed slightly to conform to the rules of XML. A format that is "XML-based" inherits the syntax from XML and restricts it in certain ways (e.g, XHTML allows "<p>", but not "<r>"); it also adds meaning to that syntax (XHTML says that "<p>" stands for "paragraph", and not for "price", "person", or anything else).

c) _______________

XML allows you to define a new document format by combining and reusing other formats. Since two formats developed independently may have elements or attributes with the same name, care must be taken when combining those formats (does "<p>" mean "paragraph" from this format or "person" from that one?). To eliminate name confusion when combining formats, XML provides a namespace mechanism. XSL and RDF are good examples of XML-based formats that use namespaces. XML Schema is designed to mirror this support for modularity at the level of defining XML document structures, by making it easy to combine two schemas to produce a third which covers a merged document structure.

d) _______________

W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF) is an XML text format that supports resource description and metadata applications, such as music playlists, photo collections, and bibliographies. For example, RDF might let you identify people in a Web photo album using information from a personal contact list; then your mail client could automatically start a message to those people stating that their photos are on the Web. Just as HTML integrated documents, images, menu systems, and forms applications to launch the original Web, RDF provides tools to integrate even more, to make the Web a little bit more into a Semantic Web. Just like people need to have agreement on the meanings of the words they employ in their communication, computers need mechanisms for agreeing on the meanings of terms in order to communicate effectively. Formal descriptions of terms in a certain area (shopping or manufacturing, for example) are called ontologies and are a necessary part of the Semantic Web. RDF, ontologies, and the representation of meaning so that computers can help people do work are all topics of the Semantic Web Activity.

e) _______________

By choosing XML as the basis for a project, you gain access to a large and growing community of tools (one of which may already do what you need!) and engineers experienced in the technology. Opting for XML is a bit like choosing SQL for databases: you still have to build your own database and

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your own programs and procedures that manipulate it, but there are many tools available and many people who can help you. And since XML is license-free, you can build your own software around it without paying anybody anything. The large and growing support means that you are also not tied to a single vendor. XML isn't always the best solution, but it is always worth considering.

Task 3. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) in relation to the information in the text. If you think a statement is false, change it to make it true.

1.XML is an immature technology.

2.SGML is a precursor of XML.

3.XML is hardly ever used for technical documentation.

4.Document format is the major application of HTML.

5.One should be careful when combining formats because of name confusion.

6.RDF stands for Research Description Framework.

7.There must be mechanisms to agree on the meaning of terms for computers to interact effectively.

8.You have to pay money to use XML.

Task 4. Look back at the text and find the English equivalents for:

1.новая технология (§ A)

2.преемник чего/кого-либо (§ B)

3.подчиняться/ соответствовать правилам чего-либо (§ B)

4.наследовать; перенять что-либо (§ B)

5.исключать путаницу по совпадению имен (§ C)

6.механизм пространства имен (§ C)

7.отражать/показывать поддержку модульности (§ C)

8.совмещенная структура документа (§ C)

9.структура/основа описания ресурсов (§ D)

10.использование метаданных (§ D)

11.запускать первоначальный Web (§ D)

12.применять/ употреблять в общении (§ D)

13.растущая группа инструментальных средств (§ E)

14.опытный/ сведущий в чем-либо (§ E)

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5.Part of the work of mainframe operating system is to support multiple programs and users.

6.The task in most cases is to facilitate interaction between a single user and a PC.

7.One of the most important functions of a computer is to process large amounts of data quickly.

8.The main reason for installing more memory is to allow the computer to process data faster.

9.The last step in computer program development is to complete the documentation for the program.

Task 6. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb: infinitive or –ing form.

1.Do not switch off without (close down) your PC.

2.You can find information on the Internet by (use) a search engine.

3.I would like (upgrade) my computer.

4.How old were you when you learn (use) a computer?

5.She had no difficulty (get) a job.

6.XML Schema is designed (mirror) the support for modularity by (make) it easy to combine two schemas to produce a third which covers a merged document structure.

7.You need not learn how to (program) in HTML before (design) webpages.

8.How do you make this machine (work)? – I’m not sure. Try (press) that button and see what happens.

9.Since two formats may have elements or attributes with the same name, care must be taken when (combine) those formats.

10.I look forward to (input) data by voice instead of (use) a keyboard.

11.Before (print) a document, the user should decide on the layout.

12.It would cost too much money to repair this printer. It is not worth (repair).

13.XML allows you to define a new document format by (combine) and (reuse) other formats.

14.The hard disk needs (repaire).

15.The speed of a microprocessor is important in (process) information.

16.CAD programs are very fast at (perform) drawing functions.

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Speaking

Task 7. You are planning to create webpages for a personal website. Work in pairs and discuss all pros and cons of using XML.

What features make a good website? You can discuss the following points:

1.Design

2.Navigation

3.Ease of use

4.Accuracy

5.Up to date

6.Helpful graphics

7.Compatibility

Translation

Task 8. Translate the text into English.

XML - это язык разметки, описывающий целый класс объектов данных, называемых XMLдокументами. Этот язык используется в качестве средства для описания грамматики других языков и контроля за правильностью составления документов. Т.е. сам по себе XML не содержит никаких тэгов, предназначенных для разметки, он просто определяет порядок их создания.

Таким образом, у разработчиков появляется уникальная возможность определять собственные команды, позволяющие им наиболее эффективно определять данные, содержащиеся в документе. Автор документа создает его структуру,

строит необходимые связи между элементами, используя те команды, которые удовлетворяют его требованиям, и добивается такого типа

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разметки, которое необходимо ему для выполнения операций просмотра, поиска, анализа документа.

Еще одним из очевидных достоинств XML является возможность использования его в качестве универсального языка запросов к хранилищам информации.

XML позволяет также осуществлять контроль за корректностью данных, хранящихся в документах, производить проверки иерархических соотношений внутри документа и устанавливать единый стандарт на структуру документов, содержимым которых могут быть самые различные данные. Это означает, что его можно использовать при построении сложных информационных систем, в которых очень важным является вопрос обмена информацией между различными приложениями, работающими в одной системе.

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Pairwork: Student A

Java Java is a high-level language which has been developed specifically for the Web and is well suited to networked applications. It is based on C++ and was originally developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1990s. Java is widely used for developing interactive applications for the Internet.

Ada Ada (named after Countess Ada Lovelace - one of the first programmers) was developed from the foundation of Pascal, and is primarily used in the defense industry for developing weapons systems and in industrial environments for controlling real-time systems and automation. Ada is very highly structured, which forces programmers to use a standard procedural approach for program design. This programming language is still primarily used in the defense industry, with its larger computer systems. Because of its highly structured approach, however, it is gaining popularity in other areas.

Logo It is an easy-to-use language designed for use in schools to encourage children to experiment with programming. Logo is flexible – that is, it can do maths, make lists, construct graphs, etc. Also, its drawing capabilities allow children to construct simple graphics programs.

LISP Stands for LISt Processor; LISP is designed to process nonnumeric data – that is, symbols such as characters or words. It is primarily used for artificial intelligence research and the development of expert systems. It is also used for some commercial applications, such as databases. LISP has not become very popular on microcomputers yet, but that may change as the hardware becomes increasingly sophisticated and thus better able to handle the processing demands of the language.

FORTRAN Stands for FORmula TRANslator; FORTRAN was designed by scientists in 1954 and is oriented toward manipulating formulas for scientific, mathematical, and engineering problem-solving applications. FORTRAN has gone through several stages of standardized revision since its creation, keeping it up-to-date with advances in programming techniques and hardware development.

HTML Stands for HyperText Markup Language; HTML is used to create hypertext documents that can be displayed on the Web. HTML codes control the use of fonts and images on a webpage and specify the links to

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other Internet sites. HTML files are viewed with a client program called a ‘browser’. It is a language that is all about the presentation of your information, not what the actual data is. You can, therefore, say that HTML is a presentation language.

Perl Its name comes from Practical Report and Extraction Language. It first appeared in 1987 as a Unix-based tool for producing reports but is now widely used for creating interactive webpages.

Delphi It is similar to Visual Basic. It is also a programming environment for developing programs for the Windows operating system. It has predefined objects that can be chosen from a toolbox. In Delphi, however, the code attached to the objects is written in a form of Pascal. You can think of Delphi as a kind of ‘Visual Pascal’. Like Visual Basic, it is often used for general purpose programs.

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Pairwork: Student B

Prolog Stands for PROgramming LOGic; Prolog is used to develop applications in the field of artificial intelligence. It is a popular tool for natural-language programming.

XML Stands for eXtensible Markup Language; XML is a metalanguge for creating webpages with meaningful data that can be used by a variety of programs. In fact, because XML is an extensible language, you don’t even have to have a browser to interpret the page. Applications can parse the XML document and read the information without any human intervention.

C++ C++ is an object-oriented superset of C which combines the best features of a structured high-level language and an assembly language – that is, it’s relatively easy to code and uses computer resources efficiently. C was originally designed to write systems software but is now considered a general-purpose language.

Visual Basic BASIC stands for Beginners’ All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code; Visual Basic is a simple-to-use language that has a graphical interface. It makes it particularly easy for an inexperienced programmer to create database programs. It is also used in educational and multimedia packages.

Pascal Pascal, named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal, was created in the late 1960s and early 1970s primarily to fill the need for a teaching vehicle that would encourage structured programming. It has algorithmic features designed for fast execution of the object program. It is often used in colleges and universities to teach programming. It is commonly used to write programs for a wide variety of applications, including programs for numeric scientific calculations, for business data processing, and for text editing, as well as to write various systems programs, including compilers.

COBOL Stands for Common Business-Oriented Language; it is used for business applications such as accounting, inventory control, payroll, and banking systems. Initially developed in 1959 by a panel of government and business experts, COBOL was designed around the needs of common business reporting. It has been around for a long number of years but is still an important transaction-processing language used to process the records of large organisations on mainframe computers.

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SQL Stands for Structured Query Language; it was introduced by Oracle Corp. in 1979. It is designed to instruct the computer to retrieve and manipulate database information and can be used to develop specific applications based on databases, such as database publishing and project management. It is also supports databases, which run on several computer systems. It allows various users on a LAN to access the same database at the same time.

JavaScript It is a scripting language. It is powerful and easy to use. Scripts are small programs that can be used to perform simple tasks or tie other programs together. JavaScript is designed for use inside webpages. It can enable a webpage to respond to a mouse click or input on a form. It can also provide a way of moving through webpages and produce simple animation.

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Visuals for Speaking

Unit 3. Focus on Speaking Task 9 (page 25)

Student A

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Unit 8. Focus on Speaking Task 9 (page 63)

Student A

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Unit 8. Focus on Speaking Task 9 (page 63)

Student B

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Unit 11. Focus on Speaking Task 14 (page 92) Student A

A.

B.

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Unit 11. Focus on Speaking Task 14 (page 92) Student B

A.

B.

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Progress Check 1

Units 1- 6

I. Choose the correct variant

1.The system analyst …… communicate the computer program requirements to the programmer.

2.Iteration is the process of a computer …… a command or statement again and again until a result is obtained.

3.Page-description language uses tags …… the layout of a document.

4.A program which processes images of documents is a …… .

a)document processing image program

b)process image document program

c)document image processing program

5.You …… be an expert in hardware to become a programmer.

6.A class is a template used …… multiple objects with similar features.

7.…… is a feature that allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions.

a) Polymorphism b) Encapsulation c) Inheritance

8. …… is a person who designs or modifies information systems to meet

9.The program produced after the source program has been converted into machine code is referred to as an …… .

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10.There are only three necessary control structures needed to write programs in structured programming. Which of the following does not belong here?

II.Read the text and fill in the gaps using the list of words below.

Object Oriented Programming

The object oriented programming 1) …… entails the development of active program units called objects, each of which contains 2) …… describing how that object should respond to various stimuli. These internal procedures are called 3) …… (or member functions in the C++ vernacular). The object oriented approach to a problem is to identify the objects involved and describe them and their associated methods as self-contained units. In turn, object oriented programming languages provide 4) …… for expressing these ideas.

To simplify the description of objects with similar yet different characteristics, most object oriented languages allow one class to encompass the properties of another trough a system as 5) …….

The existence of a variety of objects with similar yet different characteristics leads to a phenomenon reminiscent of 6) ……, which is the use of a single symbol, such as +, for representing different operations depending on the type of its operands. Suppose that an object oriented 7) …… package consists of a variety of objects, each representing a shape (circle, rectangle, triangle, etc.). A 8) …… image consists of a collection of these objects. Each object knows its size, location, and colour as well as how to respond to 9) …… telling it, for example, to move to a new location or to draw itself on the monitor screen. To draw an image, we merely send a ‘draw yourself’ message to each object in the image. However, the routine used to draw an object varies according to the 10) …… of the object – drawing a squire is not the same process as drawing a circle. This customized interpretation of a message is known as 11) ……; the message is said to be polymorphic.

Another 12) …… associated with object oriented programming is 13) ……, which refers to restricting access to an object’s internal 14) ……. To say that certain features of an object are encapsulated means that only the object itself is able to access them. Features that are encapsulated are

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said to be private. Features that are 15) …… from outside the object are said to be public.

III.Mark if the following definitions or explanations of the terms are correct (T) or not (F):

1.Structured programming is a programming technique that combines data, abstraction, inheritance, and dynamic type binding.

2.Object module is the program which is directly executable by the computer.

3.Assembly language is a human-readable representation of machinecode programs.

4.Inheritance is a key feature of object-oriented programming by which different objects can receive the same instructions but deal with them in different ways

5.Platform is a type of computer or program used as a standard for a particular computer system

6.Source program is a computer program written in a high-level language, designed to perform a specific function

7.Systems analyst is a person who designs or modifies information systems to meet users’ requirements. This includes investigating feasibility and cost-producing documentation and testing prototypes of the system.

8.Support is the help offered to a company by the user who makes or sells a computer

9.Selection is the control structure allowing choice among different directions

10.Flowchart is a kind of diagram used by programmers to show the logical steps in a program or by systems analysts to show logical steps in the design of a system

charts helped 10) …… understand the logic of their code.

V.Translate the text about object-oriented programming into Russian. You may use the dictionary if it is necessary.

Object-oriented programming (OOP)

One of the principal motivations for using OOP is to handle multimedia applications in which such diverse data types as sound and video can be packaged together into executable modules. Another is writing program code that’s more intuitive and reusable; in other words, code that shortens program-development time.

Perhaps the key feature of OOP is encapsulation – bundling data and program instructions into modules called ‘objects’. Many industry observers feel that the encapsulation feature of OOP is the natural tool for complex applications in which speech and images are integrated with text and graphics. With moving images and voice built into the objects themselves, program developers avoid the sticky problem of deciding how each separate type of data is to be integrated and synchronized into a working whole.

A second feature of OOP is inheritance. This allows OOP developers to define one class of objects and a specific instance of this class. Inheritance is a useful property in rapidly processing business data. For instance, consider a business that has a class called ‘Employees at the Dearborn Plant’ and a specific instance of this class, ‘Welders’. If employees at the Dearborn Plant are eligible for a specific benefits package,

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welders automatically qualify for the package. If a welder named John Smith is later relocated from Dearborn to Birmingham, Alabama, where a different benefits package is available, revision is simple. An icon representing John Smith – such as John Smith’s face – can be selected on the screen and dragged with a mouse to an icon representing the Birmingham plant. He then automatically ‘inherits’ the Birmingham benefit package.

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