Vocabulary
literally — дословно
overwhelming feeling — переполняющее чувство
familiarity — (зд.) «знакомость»
cathedral — собор
current — текущий
strange — странный
novelty — новизна
unclear — неясный, непонятный
familiar — знакомый
strangeness — странность
over one's lifetime — в течение жизни
perception — восприятие
inappropriateness — неуместность
to assert — утверждать
phenomenon — феномен, явление
nuance — нюанс
to report — сообщать, рассказывать
to occur — случаться
condition — состояние
wish fulfillment — исполнение желаний
mismatching — несоответствие
obviously — несомненно
Questions to the text.
1. What does the term deja vu' mean?
2. How do people who have experienced deja vu describe it?
3. Who introduced the term deja vu?
4. What is unique about deja vu?
5. What feelings are associated with the deja vu experience?
6. What does Anna Funkhouser think about deja vu?
7. How did Anna Funkhouser classify deja vu?
8. What age group is most likely to experience deja vu?
9. How some psychoanalysists explain deja vu?
10. How parapsychologists explain deja vu? * * *
Have you ever had deja vu? If yes, please, describe when it happened and how you felt. Ask your friends if they had deja vu. Ask them about their experience.
JOKES
* * *
Memory Problems
Patient to his psychiatrist: Doctor, I can't remember anything! I forgot
what happened yesterday. I forgot what my car looks like. I can't even
remember my own name.
Psychiatrist: How long have you had this problem?
Patient: What problem?
* * *
Memory Technique
Two elderly couples were enjoying friendly conversation when one of the
men asked the other, "Fred, how was the memory clinic you went to last
month?"
"Outstanding," Fred replied. "They taught us all the latest psychological techniques — visualization, association — it made a huge difference for me."
"That's great! What was the name of the clinic?"
Fred thought and thought, but couldn't remember. Then a smile
appeared on his face and he asked, "What do you call that red flower
with the long stem and thorns?"
"You mean a rose?"
"Yes, that's it!" He turned to his wife. "Rose, what was the name of that
clinic?"
INTERESTING FACTS
* * *
The adult human brain weighs about 1,300—1,400 g.
The adult human brain is about 2% of the total body weight.
The elephant brain weighs about 6,000 g.
The cat brain weighs about 30 g.
The average human brain is 140 mm wide.
The average human brain is 167 mm long.
The average human brain is 93 mm high.
The human brain has about 100,000,000,000 (100 billion) neurons.
The octopus brain has about 300 million neurons.
The total surface area of the cerebral cortex is about 2500 sq. cm.
* * *
The Pweor of the Hmuan Mnid
Aoccdrnig to rscheearch codnutced at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the Itteers in a wrod are tpyed, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and Isat Itteer be in the rghit oedrer. The rset can be a total mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey Iteter by istlef, butt the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig, hah?
Unit 5. HUMANISTIC APPROACH
Text A Humanistic approach and psychology of Carl Rogers
Text В Maslow's hierarchy of needs
HUMANISTIC APPROACH AND PSYCHOLOGY OF CARL ROGERS
The humanistic approach was developed in America in the early 1960's. It was also called the third force in psychology since it aimed to replace the two main approaches in the field — behaviourism and psy-choanalysis.
There are several factors which distinguish the humanistic approach from other approaches within psychology. They are the emphasis on subjective meaning, a rejection of determinism, and a concern for posi-tive growth rather than pathology. Most psychologists believe that be-behaviour can only be understood objectively (by an impartial observer), but the humanists argue that this results in concluding that an individ-ual is incapable of understanding their own behaviour. Instead, human-lists like Rogers argue that the meaning of behaviour is personal and sub-jective; they further argue that accepting this idea is not unscientific, because ultimately all individuals are subjective: what makes science re-liable is not that scientists are purely objective, but that the nature of observed events can be agreed upon by different observers. The humanistic approach aimed to investigate all the uniquely human aspects of existence such as love, hope, creativity and emphasized the importance of the individual's interaction with the environment.
Bugental, the first president of the American Associatioan for Humanistic Psychology described some of its fundamental assumptions. «First of all, a proper understanding of the human nature can be gained from studying humans, not animals. Second, psychology should study an individual case rather then the average group performance. Third, psychology should study internal as well as external behaviour and consider that individuals can show some degree of free will.
Carl Rogers was not the only one of the founders of the humanistic approach, but also the most influential therapist in the 20th century: a number of surveys, including several done after his death, found that more therapists cited Rogers as a major influence on their thinking and clinical practice than any other person in psychology (including Freud).
There are two fundamental ideas in the work of Rogers which are particularly important. First, Rogers talked about healthy development in terms of how the individual perceived their own being. A healthy individual will tend to see congruence between one's sense of who he or she is (self) and who the person feels he or she should be (ideal self). While no one tends to experience perfect congruence at all times, the relative degree of congruence is an indicator of health.
The second fundamental idea in the work of Rogers is his concept of the conditions for healthy growth, and the role of a therapist in fostering healthy growth. Through a process of what Rogers called a person-centered therapy, the therapist seeks to provide empathy, openness, and unconditional positive regard.