- •Your vocabulary
- •Ex. 2. To show that you understand the words given above, choose the best word to complete the following sentences. Add noun, verb or adverb endings if necessary.
- •Forms of business organizations. Setting up and running a business Text
- •Read dialogues 1, 2, 3. Give Russian equivalents to the underlined word combinations and
- •Dialogue l
- •Dialogue 2
- •Dialogue 3
- •Text a Partnerships in the Professions
- •Forms of Business Ownership Active vocabulary
- •Vocabulary and Grammar exercise to Topic “Forms of Business Ownership”
- •I. Переведите на русский язык предложения, содержащие местоимения it, one, that и those в разных значениях.
- •II. Замените выделенные курсивом русские слова в скобках их английскими эквивалентами.
- •III. А) Подберите определения к следующим словам: income, revenue, profit, gain, benefit. Обратите внимание, что на русский язык они часто переводятся как синонимы «прибыль» доход».
- •IV. Раскройте скобки и переведите на русский язык модальные глаголы. Establishing a Join-Stock Company
- •V.Среди следующих предложений выберите те, в которых говорится о недостатках достоинствах той или иной формы собственности.
- •VI. Подберите определения к следующим словам.
- •Lexical test
- •I. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Russian:
- •II. Find synonyms in part b) to the words in part a):
- •III. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:
- •Types of business
- •Founding a company
- •Texts for home reading cliches for resume
- •Types of business in the uk Active vocabulary
- •Questions to the text:
- •Forms of business in the usa Active vocabulary
- •Questions to the text:
- •Control work n 1
- •I. Слово с окончанием ”s”
- •Б) личное местоимение в именительном падеже (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) показывает, что следующее за ним слова – сказуемое
- •III. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
- •IV. Таблица производных слов от some, any, no
- •Времена группы simple
- •Структура специальных вопросов
- •1 Контрольная работа
- •Control work n 2
- •Употребление временных форм глагола в страдательном залоге
- •B) страдательный залог
- •II. Participle
- •Modal verbs
- •Grammar test
- •2 Контрольная работа
Texts for home reading cliches for resume
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I. The text is about … The text tells us about… The text deals with The text is concerned with II. At the beginning of the text the author describes smth that (which)… dwells on (the problem, the question of) informs us about… states that … underlines that … points out that … stresses that … mentions … comments upon smth … criticizes … suggests … introduces … III. Then the author passes on to the description of … analysis of … characteristics of … statement that … IV. After that (next) the author goes on to say about … pays attention to smth … develops the idea of … proves that … characterizes smth … gives the characteristics of … V. At the end of the text the author comes to the conclusion that … In conclusion the author recommends … decides … repeats … expresses …
Introductory words and phrases It is necessary (interesting) to note that … It is extremely important to underline that ... It is not surprising that … It is clear that… It is a well-known fact that… No wonder that … At first … then … In contrast to … Moreover … Thus … Besides … However… As a result … As for … |
Этот текст имеет дело с … Этот текст касается … Вначале текста автор описывает касается (проблемы, вопроса) сообщает нам о … утверждает что … подчеркивает что… указывает что … выделяет что … упоминает … комментирует … критикует… предлагает … вводит, представляет … затем автор переходит к описанию … анализу … характеристике … утверждению … После этого автор продолжает рассказывать уделяет внимание развивает идею … доказывает, что … характеризует … дает характеристику … В конце текста автор приходит к выводу, что … В заключение автор рекомендует … решает повторяет выражает …
Вводные слова и выражения Необходимо (интересно) отметить, что … Чрезвычайно важно подчеркнуть, что … Неудивительно, что … Ясно, что … Это очевидный (известный) факт, что … Неудивительно, что … Сначала … затем … В отличие от … Более того … Таким образом … Кроме того … Однако … В результате … Что касается …
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Read the following texts, answer the questions which help you to resume these texts.
Types of business in the uk Active vocabulary
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Sole trade |
Предпринимательство, частное предприятие с одним владельцем |
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Sole trader |
Предприниматель, владелец частного предприятия |
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A claim |
Требование |
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Personal possessions |
Личное имущество |
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Substantial loan |
Существенная ссуда |
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To be secured |
Быть гарантированным |
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To mortgage one’s property |
Закладывать собственность |
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A partnership deed |
Договор товарищества |
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To draw up |
Составлять |
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To cover |
Охватывать |
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Dissolution |
Роспуск |
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Jointly and severally liable |
Совместно и индивидуально ответственны |
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To seize |
Захватить |
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Scope |
Возможности |
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Factory premises |
Фабричные помещения |
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Legal entity |
Юридическое лицо |
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Transferable |
Передаваемый |
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Separate legal identity |
Юридический статус |
Most businesses in the United Kingdom operate in one of the following ways:
sole trader
partnership
corporation
The sole trader is the oldest form of business. There are many one-man owners, for example: a farmer, doctor, solicitor, estate agent, garage man, jobber, builder, hairdresser etc.
A sole trader is a person who owns his or her business. He runs the business alone, although he may employ many people to work for him in the business.
The profits of the business belong to the sole trader, but then so also do all the debts. If the business fails, the creditors have a claim against the sole trader’s personal possessions (house, car, etc.).
The ability to raise capital is limited. Often a sole trader will need a loan from the bank to start up the business. If the loan is substantial, the bank will often require the loan to be secured – the sole trader has to mortgage his or her property, to ensure that the loan is repaid in the event of the business failing. Other creditors may not be so lucky!
A partnership, otherwise known as a firm, is formed when two or more people get together with a view to making a profit. Although no formalities are required for a partnership deed is often drawn up to cover the rights and responsibilities of partners during the term of the partnership also on its dissolution. If there is no deed, the Partnership Act 1890 governs the legal relations between the partners, e.g. how the profits are to be shared. It also says that the partnership is dissolved when one partner leaves.
As in the case of the sole trader, the profits belong to the partners but so do the debts – the partners are said to be “jointly and severally liable”, which means that each partner is responsible for the whole of the firm’s debts. Again, their own personal property can be seized by creditors to pay for the debts if the business fails.
The scope to raise capital is greater than in the case of a sole trader, simply because there is more than one person contributing to the business capital. Lending institutions will still require loans to be secured if they are of a certain amount. However, there is more likely to be property owned by the firm which can be used for this purpose rather than partners mortgaging their own houses.
If the firm owns property, for example factory premises, the deeds to the property will be in the names of the partners, because the firm is not regarded in law as a separate legal entity (contrast this with corporations).
A corporation is a legal person, regarded by the law as a separate entity, “some association of members, the shares of which are transferable”. The most important characteristic of it is a corporation’s separate legal identity.