АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ ЗАОЧНОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ /

Варианты с 1-го по 5-й к Контрольному заданию № 1

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 1, 2, 5.

Tyumen

1. Tyumen, the first Russian town in Siberia, was Founded in 1586. It is situated on the banks of the Tura-river at the formal place of the Tatar settlement Tchingy-Tura. In 1581 it was captured by Ermak and Tyumen became the centre of the Russian colonisation in Siberia. It was called «the gate of Siberia». The first road in the early 17-th century was built to Tyumen. It was at that time when the famous Russian troikas with a couple of bells under the bow became the symbol

of Russia. Tyumen is also the first station of the Trans-Siberian Railway, built in the late 19-th century.

2. Ermak

   Nowadays Tyumen — is a cultural, industrial and educational centre of West Siberia with a highly developed industry. Its Machine-Building Plant, Electronic-Engineering Plant, Medical-Equipment Plant, Motor-Building Plant and others are well-known in Russia and abroad. There are also numerous Research Institutes, Oil and Gas Pipelines and Refineries. The introduction of new technologies and know-how in such branches of economy as wood-processing industry, chemical industry, food industry, textile industry allows Tyumen to be among the leaders on the domestic and foreign markets.

2. A great number of Higher Educational Establishments in Tyumen makes it possible to supply all the branches of regional economy with qua- lified and educated specialists. It also allows to provide the widest range of educational services to the neighbouring regions and many northern cities. It has two Universities, different Colleges; Agricultural, Medical, Military, Building Academies, the Juridical Institute, the International In­ stitute of Economy and Law, the Institute of Culture and Arts. Tyumen State University is the largest in the region, though it was founded only 35 years ago. Its graduates work in different branches of economy in our country and abroad.

2. There are many Museums, libraries. Theatres, five magnificent Houses of Culture. Tyumen has a splendid House for National Cultures, situated on the picturesque bank of the Tura river. Our Puppet Theatre is popular all over Russia and CIS. The Drama Theatre and Concert Hall, named after Yuri Gulyaev, are in the centre of the city. Many Famous singers and musicians come on their concert-tours to Tyumen making cultural entertainment a real holiday for the Tyumenians. Tyumen has a unique collection of masterpieces in its Picture Gallery. Many permanent Exhibitions of Siberian national arts and skills attract tourists attention nowadays.

5. Tyumen is famous for its places of interest: the Museum of History and Ethnography was founded in 1920 in the formal building of the municipal «Duma». Znamensky Church was built in the middle of the 18^th century, and it is still one of the most beautiful and famous churches in Russia. The Trinity Monastery is the first stone building in the town. From 1741 till nowadays it may serve as the memorial to the skills of the local builders and the mastership of its architect Matvey Maksimov. One may remember that all the efforts to destroy it in post-revolutionary time failed. The Blagoveschenskaya Church, made by Fyodor Tchaika and Kirill Shadrin, and a lot of wooden houses, bearing the Siberian architectural traditions, decorate our city.

5. The permanent multinational population of Tyumen is about 600 thousand. There are more than 125 nationalities in Tyumen who are working and living hand-in-hand with respect to their mutual historical and national traditions. Most of the Tyumen's streets in the historical centre are narrow. It makes the traffic heavy. Modern highways in the new residential districts, beautiful parks, public gardens, squares and historical memorials decorate the improving image of the ancient city. Many new stylish buildings are constructed by foreign workers. There are several stadiums, many gymnasiums, swimming-pools, the Sport Palace in Tyumen. Tyumenians are proud of their city and its history.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 1,3,4,6 выражения, оформленные окончанием -s, и пере-­ ведите их на русский язык, указав, какую функцию выполняет это окончание: слу­- жит показателем глаголов в 3 лице единственном числе в Present Simple; показа­- телем существительного во множественном числе; показателем существитель-­ ного в притяжательном падеже.

3. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 3, 4, 5 словосочетания, в которых определения выра-­ жены существительными, и переведите их.

4. Выпишите из абзацев 3, 5, 6 выражения, содержащие форму сравнения, и пере-­ ведите их на русский язык.

5. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,3,5 и переведите предложения с местоимениями «it» и«опе».

6. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 2, 5 и переведите предложения, содержащие форму гла-­ гола в Present Simple Passive и Past Simple Passive.

7. Поставьте общий и специальные вопросы к следующему предложению, указав видовременную форму глагола:

Many permanent Exhibitions of Siberian national arts and skills attract tourists' attention nowadays. 8. Прочитайте следующие предложения, перепишите и переведите письменно предложение, которое правильно передает содержание текста

1). Tyumen becomes the centre of the Russian colonization in Siberia in the early 17-th century. 2). The first road in the early 17-th century was built to Tyumen.

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 2.3,6.

Moscow

1. Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is situated in the centre of the European part of Russia on the Moskva-river between the Volga and the Oka rivers. Moscow has a population of about 9 mil­lion people. Its territory covers 1000 square kilometres. Moscow is more than eight centuries old:its foundation dates back to 1147. It is the largest city in the country and one of the most important industrial, political, cultural and scientific centres in the world.

2. Moscow is famous for its places of interest, such as: the Red Square, the Kremlin — the seat of the Russian government, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. One may remember that the Kremlin Georgicvsky Hall was for centuries the scene of Czarlst celebrations — espe­- cially of the military victories. It is here that prominent people are honoured and the most important assemblies

are held. Many beautiful monuments and parks, fashionable shops and modern hotels, theatres and churches decorate the city.

3. There are also many historical memorials and monuments, beautiful buildings and avenues

in Moscow. The monument of Yury Dolgoruky, the Founder of Moscow, stands opposite the Moscow City House of Officers. The «Ukraina» hotel overlooks the Moscow river. The Bolshoi Theatre attracts more and more people from all over the world for the mastery of its cast and beauty of the theatre. Tourists from our country and abroad come to see the famous Avenue dedicated to the heroes of the Cosmos, the Tri­umphal Arch, commemorating victory in the 1812 Waragainst Napo­leon.

4. The Lenin Hills give a fine view over the Moscow river. There stands the famous Moscow State University named after Lomonosov. The architecture of the ancient Monasteries and Churches is unique and has world fame. Many foreigners visit the Donskoy, the Novodevichy, the Andronnikov monasteries and admire the beauty of the Kuskov, the Ostankino, the Czaritsino architecture assem­blies.

5.Moscow is a motherland of Russian science and cul­- ture. There are more than 80 Higher Educational Establish-­ ments including 5 Universities. It has 64 professional The­ atres and 74 Museums. The Tretyakovsky Gallery, (the His­ torical Museum, the Museum of Painting Art named by Pushkin brought the world fame to the capital of Russia.

6.Moscow has multi-economic industry. Its main branch­ es are: machine-building and metal-processing industries. Th«re is a highly developed automo-­ bile -building industry with its gigantic Automobile- Plants «ZIL» and «Moskvitch». The construc-­ tion-materials, equipment-building, cotton-and-silk production industries are also developed in Moscow. Thousands of Moscow citizens work at the plants and enterprises of these industries. And new residential districts are built for them. Moscow preserves the beauty of its rich historical past and creates a new image of the modern nowadays.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 1.2,5,6 выражения, оформленные окончанием -s, и пере­ведите их, указав, какую функцию выполняет это окончание: служит показателем глаголов в 3 лице единственном числе в Present Simple; показателем существи­тельного во множественном числе; показателем существительного в притяжа­тельном падеже.

3. Выпишите из абзацев 3, 4, 6 словосочетания, в которых определения выражены существительными, и переведите их на русский язык.

3. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,3, 5 выражения, содержащие форму сравнения, и пе­- реведите их на русский язык.

5. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,6 предложения с местоимениями «it» и «опе» и пере­ ведите их.

6. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,6 и переведите предложения, содержащие форму гла­гола в Present Simple Passive и Past Simple Passive.

5. Поставьте общий и специальные вопросы к следующему предложению, указав видовременную форму глагола:

The monument of Yury Dolgoruky, the founder of Moscow, stands opposite the Moscow City House of Officers.

8. Прочитайте следующие предложения, перепишите и перепадите письменно предложение, которое правильно передает содержание текста:

1. Moscow is more than 850 years old.

2. Moscow foundation dates back to the eleventh century.

ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 1,4, 5.

Tobolsk

1. Tobolsk, the ancient Siberian capital, was founded in 1587. Long ago it was the main trade centre and the largest town in Siberia. Tobolsk was known as an inter­section station for the merchants, salesmen, ambassadors, travelers, explorers and discoverers, moving to the East. The famous white-stone Tobolsk Kremlin is Ihe only one in Siberia. The first schools and a theatre were built in Tobolsk. Besides, Tobolsk is a birthplace of book-printing in Siberia.

2. Nowadays, behind the walls of the most famous Tobolsk Kremlin onemay find new residential districts comprising kinder­gartens, schools, hospitals, public catering outlets. Modern House of Culture, central stadium and oilier sport and cultural facilities are situated there. More than 110 000 people live in this town now­adays. Unique architectural monuments and the rich

historical legacy of the town of Tobolsk, the formal centre of a huge Siberian Region, continue to attract intellectuals, scientists and tourists.

3. Tobolsk has several Special Educational Establishments and some branches and departments of Higher Educational Establishments, such as Tyumen State University and Omsk Polytcchnical Institute. A lot of specialists arc trained at their Faculties and Colleges lo meet the needs of its economy and industry. It has also a Pedagog­ical Institute with very qualified teachers and the constantly updating curriculum.

3. World-famous «Tobolsk Petrochemical Integrated Works», a joint stock company, contributes greatly to the prcservation of the antique legacy and construction of a new town. A great variety of products, current demands on the safety of production processes, coupled with the urgency of social problems, promote the expansion of the Integrated Works, including mutually profitable cooperation dealing with for­eign circles. The plant engages in foreign trade activity, including direct export transactions, barter deals and license transactions.

5. Tobolsk was the place for exiles. It happened so that many famous names are connected with this ancient Siberian town: the composer Alyabiov, the author of the poem «Ermak» K. Ryleev, the mathematician V. Bradis, the writer Chemishevsky were among them. It is well known that the chemist D. Mendeleev and «Decemberist» Batenkov were born in Tobolsk. One may be surprised to learn that the fairy-story teller Ershov was the director of Tobolsk Gymnasium.

5. Along with them there were such outstanding people who visited, lived or worked in

Tobolsk. They are: the first Russian portrait-painter Ivan Nikitin, famous for his portraits of Peter the First;Vasily Perov — the world-known «Troyka's» author; Vasily Kandinsky — the founder of abstract art. Tobolsk was visited and described by such world-famous persons as A, P. Chekhov, Nansen, Bremm, Surikov, Zhukovsky.

2. Выпишите из абзацев I,4,5, 6 выражения, оформленные окончанием -s, и переведите их на русский язык, указав, какую функцию выполняет это окончание: служит показателем глаголов в 3 лице единственном числе в Present Simple: показателем существительного во множественном числе; показателем существительного в притяжательном падеже.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 1,3,4 словосочетания, в которых определения выражены существительными, и переведите их.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 2, 3 выражения, содержащие форму сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

3. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,5 предложения с местоимениями «it» u «one» u переведите их.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 3, 5,6 и переведите предложения, содержащие форму глагола в Present Simple Passive и Past Simple Passive.

2. Поставьте общий и специальные вопросы к следующему предложению, указав видовременную форму глагола:More than 110 000 people live in this town nowadays.

8.Прочитайте следующие предложения, перепишите и переведите письменно предложение, которое правильно передает содержание текста:

1.Tobolsk Petrochemical Integrated Works contributes to the preservation of antique legacy.

2.The famous white-stone Tobolsk Kremlin contributes to the preservation of antique legacy.

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 1,2,6.

Surgut

1. Surgut was founded as a fortress at the end of the 16-th century according to the decree of Tsar Feodor Ioannovich. Since 1594 it has served as a stronghold of the Russian State, an advance post for all the pioneers. One may know, that they ventured out to make West and East Siberia into their home. But it also had another use — as a place for exiles.

2. The town's development was boosted In the 1960-s by the discovery of oil and natural gas deposits here. Nowadays Surgut is the industrial centre of Sredneye Priobye (the mid-stream Ob river area). It covers

21,000hectares and has a population of 260,000 people. Surgut is a

multiethnic town; it has a Russian orthodox church and a mosque. The

average age of the citizens is 30.

3. Surgut is both the industrial and the cultural centre of Sredneye

Prio­bye. Modern architecture and comfort are its distinguishing features. There are 46 High Schools, 80 Nursery Schools, 9 specialised Educational Estab­lishments, 19 Houses of Culture and Clubs in the town. Surgut University was opened in 1993. Built on the banks of the great Ob-river and located in the centre of Western Siberia, Surgut is the most important transport centre, an intersection point for air, automobile, rail and water routes. The two-kilometre railway bridge in Surgut is one of the longest in Russia.

4. Oil and gas production, transportation and natural gas conversion are the main industrial sectors in the town. There are more than 6,000 enterprises of all types. The major enterprises are: the joint-stock companies «Surgutneftegas», which produced 894,6 million tons of oil for the country’s economy and «Surgutgasprom», which transported via its pipelines over 1,200 billion cubic meters of natural gas.

5. The oil and gas industries are developed hand in hand with other industries: the town has two Power Stations with an aggregate capacity of 8,000 megawatts of electricity. One of these Stations – the Surgut GRES-1 put into use in 1972 – is the first over to make use of gassing-head gas. In 1984 there was opened GRES-2. The Station supplies electricity to the whole northern region and the industrial centres in the Urals.

6. The construction industry in Surgut is on of the best in Russia: its House Construction Plants are capable of producing annually one million cubic meters of reinforced concrete. The processing industry started developing about ten years ago. Now it has a Natural Gas Refinery and a Gas Condensate Stabilisation Plant. Reforms under way it the country gave a new impetus to the town’s development. Many foreign firms and joint ventures carry out projects in communications, hotel business, hydrocarbons processing, etc. Surgut both ancient and young confidently faces the future.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 3, 4, 6 выражения, оформленные окончанием – s, и переведите их, указав, какую функцию выполняет это окончание: служит показателем глаголов в 3 лице единственном числе в Present Simple; показателем существительного во множественном числе; показателем существительного в притяжательном падеже.

3. выпишите из абзацев 2, 3, 5, словосочетания, в которых определения выражены существительными, и переведите их.

4. Выпишите из абзацев 3, 4, 6, выражения, содержащие форму сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

5. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 2 предложения с местоимениями «it» и «one» и переведите их.

6. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 2, 3, 5 и переведите предложения, содержащие форму глаголов в Present Simple Passive и Past Simple Passive.

7. Поставьте общий и специальные вопросы к следующему предложению, указав видовременную форму глагола:

The processing industry started developing about ten years ago.

8. Прочитайте следующие предложения, перепишите и переведите письменно предложение, которое правильно передает содержание текста:

1. Surgut is an ancient Siberian town with a highly developed agriculture.

2. Surgut is famous for its construction industry, oil and gas industries and has two power- stations.

Варианты с 1-го по 5-й Контрольного задания № 2.

ВАРИАНТ 1

1. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 1, 2, 6.

Alfred Nobel

1. Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21,1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father made a strong position for himself in the engineering industry. His father invented the landmine and made a lot of money from government orders for it during the Crimean war, bul went bank­rupt soon after. The family returned to Sweden and in 1863 Alfred Nobel began his own study at explosives in his father's laboratory. He had never been to school or university, but was able to receive excellent education, studying privately. By the time he was twenty he had been an experienced chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, French and English.

2. Alfred Nobel had better luck in business and showed more financial sense. He was quick to see industrial openings for his scientific inventions and built up over 80 companies in 20 different countries. He combined the qualities of an original scientist with those of a forward -looking industrialist. But Nobel's main concern was never making scientific discoveries. Seldom happy, he was always searching for a meaning of life, and from his youth had taken a serious interest in literature and philosophy. He cared deeply about the whole of mankind, he was always generous to the poor.

3. The great Swedish inventor and industrialist was a man of many contrasts. He was a son of a bankrupt, but has become a millionaire. He was a scientist with a love of literature; being an industrialist he has managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. Patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. On inventing a new explosive — dynamite to improve the peace-time indus­- tries in mining and road-building, he saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men and suffered much.

3. World-famous for his works he was never personally well-known. For throughout his life he avoided publicity, but since his death his name has brought fame and glory to others. His world­ wide interests in explosives, in addition to large holdings in the Baku oil fields of Russia, brought him an immense fortune but required him lo travel almost constantly. Having not been ever mar­- ried, Alfred Nobel was a lover of mankind. Though he was essentially a pacifist and hoped that the destructive powers of his inventions will have to help bringing an end to wars, his view of mankind and nations was pessimistic.

3. He had spent much time and money working for this cause until his death in Italy in 1896. Generous in humanitarian and scientific philanthropies, he left the bulk of his fortune in trust to establish what came to be the most highly regarded of international rewards, the Nobel Prize. According to his well-known will he lefl money to provide prizes for оutstanding work in Physics,

Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace. And this is the best memorial to his inter­ests and ideals.

6. Thf Nobel Prize Distribution was begun on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of the death of the founder, whose will specified that awards should he annually made “to those who, during the preceding year, shall conferred the greatest benefit on mankind”. The sixth award for Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was set up in l968 by the bank of Sweden. Each award consists of a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money, the amount depending on the income of the foundation. The prizes are open to all, irrespective of nationality, race, creed or ideology and they can be awarded more than once to the same recipient.

2. Выпишите из 1,2,4,6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречаются Participle I, Participle 2 и функции определения.

3. Выпишите из 1, 4, 6 абзацев текста предложения, к которых сказуемое упо- требляется в форме настоящего или прошедшего времени страдательного залога изъ­- явительного наклонения (The Present Simple Passive, The Past Simple Passive).

4. Выпишите из 1, 4, 6 абзацев текста предложения, и которых есть модальные глаголы и их заменители.

5. Выпишите из 1, 4, 5 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречается гла­гол в форме Present Perfect, Past Perfect. Предложения переведите.

6. Выпишите из 3, 4 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть Герундий (Gerund) и Причастие I Перфектное (Participle I Perfect). Определите функцию в пред­ложении.

7. Ответьте письменно на вопрос:

Why do wе call Alfred Nobel “a man of many contrasts?”

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 1,4,6.

Andrey Sakharov

1. 

   Andrey Sakharov, the outstanding nuclear physicist, was born in Moscow, Russia on May 14.He was a son of a physicist and his exceptional scientific promise was recognised early.He won a doctorate at the age of 26 and was admitted as a full member of the Soviel Academy of Sciences at age 32. By that time he had worked for several years with Igor Tamm as a theoretical physicist to develop the Soviet Union's first hydrogen bomb. He has also devised with Tamm the theoretical basis for controlled thermonuclear fusion.

1. Having invented the deadly weapon, nevertheless, Andrey Sakharov was an outspoken advocate of human rights, civil liberties and reforms in the country. As a prominent Soviet scientist, he was accorded luxuries and honours. But in 1961 he went on record against the plan to test a lOO-megaton hydrogen bomb in the atmosphere, fearing the effects of widespread radioactive fallout. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace, but in 1975 the Soviet scientist had to overcome many obstacles in his way for world recognition and awards.

2. In 1968 Sakharov published in the West his essay «Progress, Co­existence and Intellectual Freedom», in which he called for nuclear arms reductions, predicted and endorsed the eventual integration communist and capitalist systems in a form of democratic socialism, and criticized the increasing repres­sion of Soviet dissidents. Being world-known as «a father of hydrogen bomb», now Andrey Sa­kharov is called «the human rights defender».

4. After marrying the human-rights activist Yelena G. Bonner in 1971, they continued their mutual work for human rights and against political repression. As a result Andrey Sakharov was isolated and became the target of official censure. In December 1979, with his denunciation of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and his call for a world boycott of the Moscow Olympic Games, he was silenced. He was not able to publish his works in his country, and did not have to meet with certain people, scientists, public figures.

5. A year later, the Soviet government stripped him of his honours and exiled him to the closed city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod). Soon after, Yelena Bonner was convicted of anti-Soviet activities and was likewise confined to Gorky. Andrey Sakharov has been very popular in our coun-­ try and abroad so many people were eager to meet with the prominent scientist and highly intellec­- tual person. In spite of all difficulties he continued to work and had managed to publish some of his notes abroad.

6. Michail S.Gorbachev in 1986 released Sakharov and Bonner from their exile and let them return to Moscow. Having been elected to the Congress of People's Deputies three years later, Sakharov had his honours restored. He saw many of the causes for which he had fought and suf-­ fered become official policy under Gorbachev. His last years Sakharov spent in deserved honour and intensive work after all of this ignorance and moral attacks from persons not understanding the great genius of his mind and humanitarian essence of his soul. Sakharov's memoirs, translated by Richard Lourie, were published in 1990.

2. Выпишите из 1, 2, 5, 6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречаются Participle I, Participle 2 в функции определения и переведите.

3. Выпишите из 1,2,4 абзацев текста предложения, в которых сказуемое упо-­ требляется в форме настоящего или прошедшего времени страдательного залога изъ-­ явительного наклонения (The Present Simple Passive, The Past Simple Passive). Предло-­ жения переведите.

4. Выпишите из 2, 4 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть модальные гла­- голы и их заменители.

5. Выпишите из 1, 5, 6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречается гла-­ гол в форме Present Perfect, Past Perfect. Предложения переведите.

6. Выпишите из 2, 4, 6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть Герундий (Gerund) и Причастие I Перфектное (Participle I Perfect). Определите их функции в предложении.

7. Ответьте письменно на вопрос:

For what merits Andrey Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1975?

ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 2, 4, 6.

Henry Ford

1. Henry Ford has spent most of his life making headlines, good, bad, but never indifferent. Celebrated as both a technological genius and a folk hero, Ford was the creative force behind an industry of unprecedented size and wealth that in only a few decades permanently changed the economic and social character of the United Stales, When a young Ford left his father's farm in 1879 for Detroit, only two out of eight Americans lived in cities, when he died at age 83, the pro­portion was five out of eight. Once Ford realised the tremendous part his Model T automobile had played in bringing about this change, he wanted nothing more than to reverse it, or at leasl to recapture the rural values of his boyhood. Henry Ford, then, is known to be a symbol of the transi­tion from an agricultural to an industrial.

2. Henry Ford was one of eight children in the family of a Detroit farmer, born on July 30, 1863. At age of 16 he walked to Detroit to find work in its machine shops. After returning to the farm three years later, he was acquainted with the internal-combustion engine and was able to build a small «farm locomotive». It was a tractor that used an old mowing machine for its chassis and a home-made steam engine for power. Ford moved back to Detroit nine years later as a mar­- ried man and a month later Ford was made chief engineer at the main Detroit Edison Company. By 1896 he had completed his first horseless carriage, the «Quadricycle», so called because the chassis of the four-horsepower vehicle was a buggy frame mounted on four bicycle wheels.

3. Unlike many other automotive inventors Ford had to sell his sell-powered vehicles to fi-­ nance work on his next models. In 1903 Ford was ready to market his automobile and the Ford Motor Company was incorporated with $ 28 000 in cash put up by ordinary citizens. In 1908,

having announced the birth of Model T, Ford proclaimed that he would build a motor-car for the great multitude. The motor age arrived owing mostly to Ford's vision of the car as the ordinary man's utility rather than as the rich man's luxury. Once only the rich had travelled freely around the country, now millions could go wherever they pleased. The model T was the chief instrument of one of the greatest and most rapid changes in the lives of the common people in history, and it effected this change in less than two decades.

4. It was Ford, who introduced in 1913-1911 a new system of labour organisation: his plant at Michigan was able to deliver parts, subassemblies and assemblies themselves built on subsidiary assembly lines with precise timing to a constantly moving main assembly line, where a complete chassis was turned out every 93 minutes. The minute subdivision of labour and the coordination of a multitude of operations produced huge gains in productivity.

4. In 1914 the Ford Motor Company announced that it would henceforth pay eligible work­- ers a minimum wage of $5 a day and would reduce the work day from nine hours to eight, there­- by converting the factory to a free — shift day. Overnight Ford became a world-wide celebrity. People either praised him as a great humanitarian or excoriated him as a mad socialist. He set the lowest prices for his Model T in order to capture the widest possible market and then met the price by volume and efficiency. Moreover each worker of his company could afford himself to have Model T.

4. The development of mass production techniques, which enabled the company eventually to turn out a Model T every 24 seconds; the frequent reductions in the price of the car made possible by economies of scale; and the payment of a living wage that raised workers above subsistence and made them potential customers for, among other things, automobiles — these innovations changed the very structure of society. Ford died at home on April 7, 1947, exactly 100 years after his father leaving Ireland for Michigan. Those, who worked with Ford used to say, that Ford had been «a genius business manager».

2. Выпишите из 1,2,4 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречаются Participle I, Participle 2 в функции определения и переведите.

3. Выпишите из 1, 2, 3 абзацев текста предложения, в которых сказуемое упо­требляется в форме настоящего или прошедшего времени страдательного залога изъ­явительного наклонения (The Present Simple Passive, The Past Simple Passive). Укажи­те время залога. Предложения переведите.

4. Выпишите из 2, 4, 5 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть модальные глаголы и их заменители.

5. Выпишите из 1,2,3 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречается гла­гол в форме Present Perfect, Past Perfect. Предложения переведите.

2. Выпишите из 2,3,6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть Герундий (Gerund) и Причастие I Перфектное (Participle I Perfect). Определите их функции в предложении.

7. Ответьте письменно на вопрос:

What allows us to consider Henry Ford be «a genius manager»?

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 3,4,5.

Ohlin Bertil

1. Ohlin Bertil (Gotthard) is known as еhe founder of the modern theory of the dynamics of trade. He was born in 1899 in Sweden and from his early childhood showed extraordinary capabil­- ities. Having finished school at age of fifteen, Bertil entered the University of Lund where he was specially interested in such subjects as economics, statistics and mathematics. Bertil has also graduated from the Stockholm University under Eli Heckscher where he took special interest in economics and business management. His interest in international trade developed early and he presented in 1922 a thesis on trade theory.

2. Ohlin studied for a period at both the University of Oxford and Harvard University. After ob­- taining his doctorate from Stockholm University in 1924, Ohlin became a professor at the University of Copenhagen. In 1933 Ohlin published a work that won him world publicity, «Interregional and International Trade», providing a theory of the basis of international trade. It is now known as Heck-­ scher — Ohlin theory and has become standard. It appeared also to be a basis for his later work on the effects of protection on real wages. As a member of the «Stockholm school» of economists, Ohlin developed, from the foundation laid by Knut Wicksell, a theoretical treatment of macroeconomic policy and the importance of aggregate demand which anticipated that of Keynes.

3. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory focuses on the two most important factors of production: la- bour and capital. Some countries are relatively well-endowed with capital; the typical worker may have plenty of machinery and equipment at his disposal. In such countries, wage rates generally are high. Products requiring much labour-such as textiles, sporting goods, and simple consumer electronics — tend as a result to be more expensive than in countries with plentiful labourand low- wage rates. On the other hand, goods requiring much capital and only a little labour (automobiles and chemicals, for example) abundant capital should generally be able to produce capital-inten-­ sive goods relatively inexpensively, exporting them in order to pay for imports of labour-intensive goods.

4. Despite its plausibility the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is frequently contradicted with the ac­- tual patterns of international trade. As an explanation of what countries actually export and import, it is much less accurate than the more obvious and straightforward natural resource theory. That is: countries having plentiful natural resources generally have a comparative advantage in prod­ucts using those resources. In the Heckscher-Ohlin theory it is not the absolute amount of capital that is important; rather, it is the amount of capital per worker.

5. A small country like Luxembourg has much less capital in total than India, but Luxembourg has more capital per worker. Accordingly, Ohlin theory predicts that Luxembourg will have to ex­port capital-intensive products to India and import labour-intensive products in return. The Unit­ed States should export capital-intensive goods and import labour intensive ones. But in reality U.S. exports are generally more labour-intensive than the type of products that the United States imports. This is known as Leontief Paradox.

6. By 1977 Ohlin had published many scientific papers on international trade and had investi­gated the nature of the world economical depression, had developed the capital market theory. And in 1977 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics, which he shared with James Meade. Ohlin served as head of the Liberal Party in Sweeden from 1944 to 1967, but he had only a brief stint in public office. He had been a member of the Riksdag — Swedish parlament — from 1938 to 1970 and a Minister of Commerce in Sweden's wartime government. He died in 1979 having been world recognised as a prominent scientist in the sphere of world economy and the Nobel Prize Awarder.

2. Выпишите из 2, 3, 4 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречаются Participle I, Participle 2 в функции определения и переведите.

3. Выпишите из 1,3, 5,6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых сказуемое упо­требляется в форме настоящего или прошедшего времени страдательного залога изъявительного наклонения (The Present Simple Passive, The Past Simple Passive). Ука­жите время залога. Предложения переведите.

4. Выпишите из 3, 5 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть модальные гла­голы и их заменители.

5. Выпишите из 1, 2, 6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречается гла­гол в форме Present Perfect, Past Perfect. Предложения переведите.

6. Выпишите из 1, 2, 6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть Герундий (Gerund) и Причастие 1 Перфектное (Participle I Perfect). Определите их функции в предложении.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопрос:

Why is Ohlin's theory frequently contradicted with the actual patterns of international trade?

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 1,4,5.

Sir Arthur Lewis

1. Sir William Arthur Lewis is known to be an outstanding British economist who was award­ed Nobel Prize for Economic Science in 1979. The main subject of his scientific research was world economy of the developing countries. Arthur Lewis has constructed an innovative model relating the terms of trade between less developed and more developed nations to their respective levels of labour productivity in agriculture. By the time he was awarded the Nobel Prize, he had published several scientific works on world economy, including The Principles of Economic Plan­ning, The Theory of Economic Growth, Development Planning, Tropical Development 1880— 1913 and Growth and Fluctuations 1870-1913.

2. Sir Arthur Lewis was born on January 23, 1915 in St. Lucia — the former British colony. So his later instant scientific interest in the «third world economy» could be easily explained. Lewis attended the London School of Economics and Political Sciences after winning a government schol-­ arship. Having graduated in 1937, Arthur Lewis received a Degree as a Bachelor of Commerce and in 1940 was able to become a Doctor of Economy there. He was a lecturer at the school from 1938 to 1947.

3. After moving in Manchester he worked as professor of economics at the University of Manches-­ ter from 1947 to 1958, principal of University College of the West Indies in 1959—1962 and profes­- sor at Princeton University from 1963 to 1983. Arthur Lewis served as adviser on economic develop­- ment to many international commissions and to several African, Asian, and Caribbean governments. He had helped to establish and later headed the Caribbean Development Bank.

4. Lewis has taken a special interest in the economy of the developing countries, their industrial relations, business organisation, agricultural production management, human-factor engineering. Although his scientific view of international trade was quite pessimistic. He suggested a «model of economic growth» worked-out for the developing countries. According to his model economy have to be divided into two segments: the agricultural (traditional) and industrial (modern).

5. Arthur Lewis has concluded that less developed countries might increases their revenues by investing money in agriculture. Having taken as a sample of his model two typical products: coffee and steel, Lewis concluded that coffee was a typical product for the South, steel was Northern product and food was a typical product for both sides.

6. Suppressing the fact that these countries should, at first, give special attention to the in-­ crease of agriculture efficiency rather than investing capital in industry, Lewis used this method in his historic economic theory. He was greatly interested in the history of world economy and made a very important contribution in it as far as the developing countries economy is concerned. He was highly appraised by the government for his merits and outstanding work as economist, scien-­ tist, economic adviser and in 1963 Sir Arthur Lewis was knighted.

2. Выпишите из 1,4,6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречаются Participle I, Participle 2 в функции определения и переведите.

3. Выпишите из 1,2.6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых сказуемое упо­требляется в форме настоящего или прошедшего времени страдательного залога изъ­явительного наклонения (The Present Simple Passive, The Past Simple Passive). Укажи­те время залога. Предложения переведите.

4. Выпишите из 2, 4. 5 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть модальные глаголы и их заменители.

5. Выпишите из 3,4,5 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречается гла­гол в форме Present Perfect, Past Perfect. Предложения переведите.

6. Выпишите из 2, 3. 5 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть Герундий (Gerund) и Причастие I Перфектное (Participle I Perfect). Определите их функции в предложении.

7.Ответьте письменно на вопрос:

What was the main subject of Sir Arthur Lewis scientific research in the sphere of world economy?

Варианты с 1-го по 5-й к Контрольному заданию № 3

ВАРИАНТ 1

1. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 5, 6.

Words and Expressions

the laissez-faire style стиль управления по принципу социального

of management невмешательства

paternal style of management патернализм, социальная ответственность

менеджера

intrinsic merit внутренние, личные достоинства

to meet competition конкурентоспособность на рынке in the market

standards for workers' стандарты рабочего городка communities

to persuade executives убедить руководителей, исполнительную власть

collective bargaining заключение коллективных договоров

welfare of the community благосостояние общества

Styles of Management

1. In the past two centuries managers of industry have taken, in general, two broadly different positions regarding management's social responsibilities. They are: «the laissez-faire» and the «paternal». The laissez faire style of management is characterized by a devotion to the rigorous of the free market. Such managers feel no obligation to their employees outside the workplace, since the primary aim of a firm has been the maximization of profit. The paternal style of management, however, assumes the firm has obligations to its workers outside the workplace and to the larger community.

1. The laissez-faire style of management represents a sort of combination of laissez-faire eco­ nomic theoiy and the Protestant ethic. In this view the owner or manager lias no responsibility for the welfare of the workers outside the immediate working situation and a person's situation in life is a reflection of his intrinsic merit in the eyes of God. The wages and other labour costs incurred by the firm are the result of competitive market conditions. In this view, then, the manager's respon­ sibility to his employees begins and ends with operating the firm in such an efficient manner that it is able to meet competition in the market place.

2. If all business managers similarly followed a policy of intelligent sell-interest, the broad social interests of society would be better served than by any other policy. Paternalism begins with ihe assumption that management has a social responsibility to the communities in which its plants has been located. It means social responsibility management should take. In the early part of the 19"' century, the industrialist and social reformer Robert Owen was the first manufacturer to back up words about management's social responsibilities with a program of action.

3. Owen was concerned with the social and economic conditions of workers and believed that liie economic success of an enterprise did not have lo depend upon exploitation of labour. In the mill town of New Lanark, Scot., Owen built workers' housing, schools, and a store that had been far superior to contemporary standards for workers' communities. The philosophy Robert Owen developed had been influential in the development of the cooperative movement in England.

4. When Henry Ford started the industrial world with his announcement of the $5-a-day wage in 1914, he followed it with steps designed to help workers make good use of their increasing affluence. The company already had a small legal department set up to help workers with the com­ plicated problem of home buying, and then Ford established what he called a sociology depart­ ment. It was staffed with social workers who made home visits to workers' families to provide ad­ vice and help on family problems.

5. The rise of unions in the mass production industries of the United States in the 1930s helped to persuade executives that a paternalistic approach to labour and community relations was no longer feasible one. Extensions of management's social responsibilities were now achieved through collective bargaining. Still, these broader benefits, such as pensions and health insur­ ance, were limited to the workers and their immediate families. There was a tendency to assume that any responsibility for the welfare of the community as a whole should be assumed by government.

2. Выпишите из 3, 4, 6 абзацев предложения, содержащие форму глагола в страдательном залоге — Passive Voice, определите в каждом из них временную форму. Переведиme предложения на русский язык.

3. Выпишите из 3,4, 6 абзацев текста предложения с it, that, one, обращая внимание разницу в переводе этих слов. Предложения переведите.

4. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,4 предложения, содержащие глаголы tо be, to do, to have обращая внимание на различные функции их употребления. Определите функции глаголов (смысловой глагол, вспомогательный глагол, модальный глагол, глагол-

связка), предложения переведите.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 1,3,4 предложения, содержащие бессоюзное подчинение,

и переведите их.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 3, 4, 5 предложения, содержащие инфинитив, и переведите их. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении.

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 5. 6.

Words and Expressions

entrepreneur предприниматель

stockholder держатель акций

insignificant holdings of stock незначительная доля акций

specialized management специализированный менеджмент

to bear the negative connotation иметь негативный смысл

unduly rigid picture излишне жесткая картина организаций

of organizations

managerial behaviour управленческое поведение

credentials документы об образовании

Conceptions of the Manager

1.Classical economists made no distinction between the «manager» and the «entrepreneur», the person who brings together land, labour, and capital and puts them to work. This distinction has not been marked in the literature until the appearance in 1933 of the classic study by Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means which was called «The Modern Corporation and Private Property». The authors demonstrated that in most American corporations the owners, that is, the stockholders, played no direct role in the management of the concern they are owing. And when they showed, that the managers generally had insignificant holdings of stock, it became apparent that theories of entrepreneurial behaviour had little to contribute to the understanding of the behaviour of managers.

2.The conception of «specialized management» is closely connected with the name of Max Weber.A German economist and sociologist had approached the study of managerial behaviour through his concept of bureaucracy. To Weber the term bureaucracy did not have to bear the negative connotation often heard in casual conversations, lie used the term simply to point to a phenomenon of growing importance of a manager even in his time, it was defined as the large organization with fixed positions linked together in a hierarchical pyramid, with specialization and division of labour, and with established rules and regulations governing behaviour. To Weber the manager was the individual who interpreted and applied the rules of the organization.

3.Later organizational sociologists, though recognizing the importance of Weber's contribu-tion focusing attention on the impersonality and rationality of modern industrial and govern

mental organizations, pointed out that Weber's model failed to take into account some ol the most important features of the modern business organization. They argued that it gave an unduly rigid picture of organizations, that it failed to devote attention to processesof change, and that it built so exclusively on the hierarchy of authority as to neglect relations not explicitly defined by the struc­ture. In any case, Weber's formulations were of interest primarily to social scientists.

4. Practicing managers and students in business schools at that time were likely to have little familiarity with the Weberian approach to managerial behaviour. The early model of the manager taught in American business school applied these formal structural concepts by emphasizing func­ tional specializations. In these terms the manager was one who had mastered such subjects as accounting, marketing, production, finance, and so on. One should agree that this was functional approach. It did not completely denote the conception of manager.

5. Later it was recognized by theoreticians and practicing managers alike that management was a good deal more than the sum of these specialized functions. And this realization in turn let! lo the conception of the manager as generalist, who would understand ihe various specialized functions and the people engaged in them. The emphasis turned to decision making, leadership, and the relation of the firm to its environment.

6.The growing number of people working in professional, managerial and administrative oc­cupations is related to the importance of large — scale organizations in modern societies. It is also will be connected with the expanding numbers of people working in sectors of the economy where ihe state plays a major role — for example, in government, education, health and social welfare. Professionals, managers and higher-level administrators gain their position largely from their pos­session of «credentials» — degrees, diplomas and other qualifications. As a whole they enjoy relatively secure and remunerative careers, and their separation from people in more routine non-inanual jobs has been probably increased more pronounced in recent years.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,6 предложения, содержащие форму глагола в стра­- дательном залоге — Passive Voice, определите в каждом из них временную форму. Пе-­ реведите предложения на русский язык.

3. Выпишите из 1,3,4,5 абзацев текста предложения с it, that, one, обращая вни­- мание на разницу в переводе этих слов. Предложения переведите.

4. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,5 предложения, содержащие глаголы to be, to do, to have, обращая внимание на различные функции их употребления. Определите функ­- ции глаголов (смысловой глагол, вспомогательный глагол, модальный глагол, глагол- связка), предложения переведите.

5. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,4 предложения, содержащие бессоюзное подчинение, п переведите их.

6. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 3, 4 предложения, содержащие инфинитив, и переведи­- те их. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении.

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 1,3,4.

Words and Expressions

personnel administration управление персоналом

to deal with their associates обращаться с подчиненными collective-bargaining переговоры о заключении коллективного

relationships договора

labour relations

staffing

day-to-day administration

Financial incentives

ergonomics

human-factors engineering

трудовые, профессиональные отношения

подбор кадров, комплектация штата

повседневное администрирование

материальное стимулирование

эргономике

управление трудовыми ресурсам

Personnel Management

1. Personnel administration represents a major subsystem in the general management sys- tem, in which it refers to the management of human resources. It is used to identify the entire scope of management policies and programs in the recruitment, allocation, leadership, and direction of manpower. Personnel administration begins with the definition of the required quantities of particular personal capabilities. Thereafter, people are to be found, selected, trained or retrained, negotiated with, counseled, led, directed, committed, rewarded, transferred, promoted,and finally released or retired.

2. 

   In many of these relations, managers deal with their associates as individuals — the field takes its name in part from this type of relationship. In some working organizations, however, employees has been represented by unions, and managers bargain with these associations. Such collective-bargaining relationships are generally described as labour relations. Functions of management we should consider here could be defined in the following way.

3. Major areas of personnel department responsibilities include organizing-devising and revising organizational structures of authority and functional

responsibility. They are aimed to facilitate two-way, reciprocal, vertical, and horizontal communication. The next one is staffing, or manning-analyzing jobs that develop job descriptions and specifications. That is — appraising and maintaining an inventory of available capabilities, recruiting, selecting, placing, transferring, demoting, promoting, and thus assuring qualified manpower when and where it is needed.

4. Planning and forecasting personnel requirements in terms of numbers and special qualifications as well as scheduling inputs, has been marked as very important for anticipating the need for appropriate managerial policies and programs. One should bear in mind that training the development-assisting team members, from pre-employment, preparatory job training to executive development programs will be able to secure their continuing personal growth. It is necessary for a personnel manager to make collective bargaining negotiating agreements and to follow these ones through in day-to-day administration;

5. Rewarding a personnel manager have to ensure provides financial and non-financial incentives individual commitment and contribution. And of course, general administration—developing appropriate styles and patterns of leadership throughout the organization is one of the main areas of personnel management. It should be also mentioned here the importance of auditing, reviewing, and researching, that is, evaluating current performance and procedures in order to facilitate control and improve future practice.

6. To designate equally a body of knowledge, a process, and a profession — the term «ergonomics» or «human-factors engineering» has been used. Human engineering they have called it on the the North American continent or ergonomics as it has been called In Japan, in Europe are originated from the Greek words: «ergon» — «work» and «nomos» — law. It is a collection of data and principles about human characteristics, capabilities, and limitations in relation to machines, jobs, and environments, to take into account the safety, comfort, and productiveness of human users and operators. The data and principles of human -factors engineering are concerned with human performance, behaviour, and training in man-machine systems and the design and development of man- machine systems.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 3, 4, 6 предложения, содержащие форму глагола в страдательном залоге Passive Voice, определите в каждом из них временную форму. Пepeведите предложения на русский язык.

3. Выпишите из абзацев 3, 4, 5 текста предложения с it, that, one, обращая вниманиe на разницу в переводе этих слов. Предложения переведите.

4. Выпишите из абзацев 1,4,5 предложения, содержащие глаголы to be, to do, to have, обращая внимание на различные функции их употребления. Определите функции глаголов (смысловой глагол, вспомогательный глагол, модальный глагол, глагол- связка), предложения переведите.

5. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 5, 6 предложения, содержащие бессоюзное подчинение, переведите их.

6. Выпишите из абзацев 3, 4, 6 предложения, содержащие инфинитив, и переведите их. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении.

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 5, 6.

Words and Expressions

to be found together by объединяться (идеей, учением)

notable treaties заметные обращения к данной науке

Inventory theory теория инвентаризации, оборотных фондов

Waiting Line Theory or теория ожидания или теория

Queuing theory массового обслуживания, теория очередей

Linear and Nonlinear . теория линейного и нелинейного

programming программирования

Dynamic Programming динамическое программирование или планирование

Game theory теория игр

building up supplies увеличение предложения (зд.)

personnel assignments распределение должностей персонала

parking facilities средства обслуживания автостоянок

cash flows движение наличности

competitive strategies конкурентоспособная стратегия (зд.)

Mathematical Theories in Management

1. Management sciences is a phrase intended to represent a common and mutually accepted ncern on the part of a number of scientific disciplines with the study and solution of the problems management. World War II and the period after saw a great increase of interest on the part of the plied scientist in the management problems of the military and of the industrial firms. The nian-ement sciences are bound together by more than a common intellectual interest. They also are a common philosophy of method: namely the need for more rigorous analysis of the compli­ed problems of management. This need can often be satisfied by the use of the mathematics or carefully controlled observation and experiment.

2. Interest in the mathematics of management increased tremendously alter World War II, although a number of notable treaties had appeared before. This interest resulted in new fields of mathematical research, fields whose titles reflect the potential application to management prob­lems: Inventory theory. Waiting Line or Queuing theory, Linear and Nonlinear programming, Dy­namic Programming, Game theory. Inventory theory provides a language for describing (he state of a system that is subject to a pattern of demand and has available resources for building up supplies. The demands may be probabilistic and may vary in kind. The replenishment may be subject to delays and uncertainties. This inventory theory may be applied to many problems where the term «inventory» would be normally used, such as planning of personnel assignments, park­ing facilities and cash flows.

3. Waiting Line theory we know as Queuing theory is the language of a system of service units. It describes customers to arrive for service, ft shows how service meets their requirements in terms of average service time and variations in ser­vice time. That is, how long the customer may and have to wait, how long the service unit may be idle.

4. Linear Programming is a language of activities that describes how these activities uti­lise their resources in order to accomplish cer­tain prescribed tasks. If also describes how these activities operate within limitation of time and space. The term «linear» reflects the fact that the basic descriptions have to take a form of li­near algebraic equations or inequations. Now linear programming permits a relaxation of this requirement. The language of linear programming is astonishingly versatile. In addition to its obvi­ous use in the planning of production schedules, it has been employed in such areas as military logistics, transportation and traffic, personnel assignments and salary' levels.

5. Dynamic Programming of the maximization theory expresses in the language and permits one to maximize over a whole series of states where each state depends on decisions that have been made in earlier states. This language allows one to state in rigorous terms the period-by-period consequences of decisions and to calculate the desirability of incurring temporary losses.

6. Game theory is a language for describing competitive strategies when the opponents are able to influence the probability of success of the other «players» under prescribed rules, and can form situation to threat the activities of others. This language therefore will be well adapted to the study of competition. But its applications have not been extensive because in many realistic prob­lems it is difficult to ascertain what the players really want and the rules that govern their plays. In addition to these languages, the following can also be mentioned: theories of search, replacement, communication, information and decision making. All these languages enable the scientist to state in rigorous terms the nature of the problem as he sees it, and the consequences of alternative decisions even when situation is extremely complicated.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,4, 6 предложения, содержащие форму глагола в cтрадательном залоге Passive Voice, определите в каждом из них временную форму. Пере­ведите предложения на русский язык.

3. Выпишите из абзацев 4, 5, 6 в текста предложения с it, that, one, обращая внима-­ ние на разницу в переводе этих слов. Предложения переведите.

3. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 3, 4 ,6 предложения, содержащие глаголы to be, to do, tо

have, обращая внимание на различные функции их употребления. Определите функ­ции глаголов (смысловой глагол, вспомогательный глагол, модальный глагол, глагол-связка), предложения переведите.

5.Выпишите из абзацев 1, 3, 4 предложения, содержащие бессоюзное подчинение,

и переведите их.

6. Выпишите из абзацев 4, 5, 6 предложения, содержащие инфинитив, и переведи­те их. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении.

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 2, 4, 5.

Words and Expressions

organizational or industrial производственные, профессиональные

relations отношения, деловое общение

white-collar worker служащий

to earn one's living зарабатывать па жизнь

employee productivity производительность труда служащих

employer работодатель

labour unions профсоюзы

authority and subordinates начальство и подчиненные

superiors начальство

decision making принятие решений

promotion продвижение по службе

industrial self-governance производственное самоуправление

Organizational Relations in Management

1. One may look at professionals and the other higher white-collar groups, as coming to form a specific class, the «professional managerial class». The degree of division between them and white-collar workers, however does not seem either deep or clear-cut enough to make such a position defensible. The psychological factors of organizational or industrial relations are the sub­ ject of study concerned with the behaviour of workers in organizations in which they earn their living. The emphasis on the influence such relations have on an organization's productivity is the main subject of investigation.

1. Special attention has been paid to the psychological motivation that is a prime determinant of employee productivity and managerial success. The benefits that have arisen from the greatly improved productivity in modern society made possible by mass production techniques have been shared by employees, investors, and customers. But similarly the complexities of management have increased substantially. And the investment requirements and risks faced by owners and in­ vestors have become much greater. Scholars in this field attempt to explain variations in the con­ ditions of work, the degree and nature of worker participation in decision making. They tend to show the role of labour unions and other forms of worker representation, and the patterns of coop­ eration and conflict resolution that occur among workers and employers.

2. These patterns of interaction will then be related to the outputs of organizations. These outputs span the interests and goals of the parties to the employment relationship, ranging from workers' job satisfaction and economic security to the efficiency of the organization and its effects on the community and society. Perhaps the value we most closely identify with American culture is individualism. The importance of individualism can be seen in organizational systems of authority and conflict resolution, where subordinates are expected to question orders of superiors and at­ tempt to resolve differences in a one-on-one fashion.

3. The expected response to individual ambition and achievement is reward and promotion, and individuals normally turn to collective actions only when frustrated with organizational re­ sponses to individual efforts. The broader economic and political context in which organizational and industrial relations developed has been one that places a high value on the role of the free

market and keeps government intervention in private enterprise to a minimum. This ethos was particularly strong during the period of rapid industrialization between the late 1800s and the 1920s.

5. The economic and social shock of the Great Depression, however, modified this position considerably. And since then the American public has expected the government to play a more active role in regulating economic policy and industrial relations practices. Still, the view favouring decentralized institutions, industrial self-governance, and free enterprise has kept industrial rela­ tions focused at the level of the firm.

6. Given these values, it is not surprising that the greatest conflicts in American industrial relations tend to arise over efforts to unionize a company and over negotiation of the specific terms of an employment contract. The value Americans place on individualism and mobility also helps to explain why turnover rates tend to be higher in American firms than in many other countries. This is also the reason why cooperative labour-management relations are difficult to sustain.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 2, 3, 4 предложения, содержащие форму глагола в стра-­ дательном залоге Passive Voice, определите в каждом из них временную форму. Пере-­ ведите предложения на русский язык.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,4,6 текста предложения с it, that, one, обращая вни-­ мание на разницу в переводе этих слов. Предложения переведите.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,5 предложения, содержащие глаголы to be, to do, to have, обращая внимание на различные функции их употребления. Определите функ-­ ции глаголов (смысловой глагол, вспомогательный глагол, модальный глагол, глагол- связка), предложения переведите.

3. Выпишите из абзацев 1,3,6 предложения, содержащие бессоюзное подчинение.

и переведите их.

6. Выпишите из абзацев 1, 3, 5 предложения, содержащие инфинитив, и переведи­те их.

ВАРИАНТЫ С 1-го ПО 5-й к КОНТРОЛЬНОМУ ЗАДАНИЮ № 4

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст.

Words and Expressions

the United Nations Monetary Денежно-кредитная и Финансовая

and Financial Conference конференция ООН

to promote international поддержать международное

monetary co-operation денежно-кредитное сотрудничество

to facilitate the expansion содействовать расширению

and balanced growth и сбалансированному росту

multilateral system of payment многосторонний

elimination of foreign trade устранение ограничений внешней

restrictions торговли

development economics экономическая стратегия (зд.)

orderly pattern of exchange rates твердые обменные курсы

restrictive exchange practices ограничительная обменная политика

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) Специальные Права Заимствования

weighted average value значение средневзвешенного состояния

General Agreement to Borrow Общее Соглашение по Заимствованиям

to chairs the executive board возглавлять исполнительный орган

main headquarters штаб-квартира

International Monetary Fund

1. International Monetary Fund or IMF is a specialized agency of the United Nations, having been established alongwith International Bank for Reconstruction and Development — the World Bank — at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in 1944 at Bretton Woods. The IMF is recorded to have begun operations in 1947. Its purpose is to promote international* monetary co-operation and to facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade. It may be achieved through the establishment of a multilateral system of payments for cunvn! transactions and the elimination of foreign trade restrictions. It now has an important role in devel­ opment economics as a facilitator of the transition to full participation in the world economy.

1. The IMF is a permanent forum for consideration of issues of international payments, in which member nations are encouraged to maintain an orderly pattern of exchange rates and to avoid restrictive exchange practices. It also provides advice on economic policy and fiscal policy, promotes world policy co-ordination, and gives technical assistance for central banks, accounting, taxation, and other financial matters. Membership, currently comprising 179 countries, is open to all sovereign nations. Members undertake to keep the IMF informed about economic and financial policies that impinge on the exchange value of their national currencies. As a result, other mem­ bers can make appropriate policy decisions.

2. On joining the fund, each member is assigned a quota in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). the fund's unit of account since its establishment in 1969. Its value is based on the weighted average value of five major currencies. In March 1994 the SDR was worth US$ 1.41. Having replaced the old system, where subscription of members was to be 75 percent currency and 25 per cent gold, the total quotas at the end of 1994 were SDR 144.8 billion. Each member's quota is an amount corresponding to its relative position in the world economy. As the world's leading econo­ my, the United States has the largest quota, some SDR 19 billion; the smallest quota is about SDR 2 million.

3. The amount of the quota subscription determines how large a vote a member will have it' IMF deliberations, how much foreign exchange it may withdraw from the fund, and how many SDRs it will receive in periodic allocations. Thus, the European Union has about 25 percent of the voting strength, while the United States has about 20 per cent. If members have temporary bal­ ance of payments difficulties, they will apply to the fund for needed foreign currency from its pool of resources. The IMF may also borrow from official institutions. General Agreement to Borrow of 1962 gave it the right to borrow from the so-called «Paris Club» of industrialized countries, which have undertaken to make up to US$ 6.5 billion available if needed (this sum was raised to USS 17 billion).

4. On using this foreign exchange for a certain time, the borrower extricates itself from its balance of payments problem. After having it for the period up to five years, the currency is to be returned to the IMF's pool of resources. If the borrower uses the IMF resources, he will pay a below-market rate of interest. The member whose currency is used receives almost all of these interest payments. The remainder goes to the fund for operating expenses. The IMF is thus not a bank, but sells countries SDRs in exchange for their own currency. The IMF also supports eco­ nomic development, such as the establishment of functioning free market economies in the former Warsaw Pact countries. This includes a special temporary fund, established in 1993, to offset trade and balance of payments difficulties experienced by any member country abandoning artificial price control policies.

6. By the end of March 1994, these had provided SDR 4.3 billion to 44 countries. On receiving loans under IMF terms, the nation frequently has stiff clauses attached regarding domestic eco­nomic policy. These have been the cause of some friction between the IMF and its debtors in the past. The board of governors is the highest authority in the IMF, the member nations being made up of leading monetary officials. Day-to-day operations will be the responsibility of the 22-member executive board, which represents member nations individually (for larger countries) or if it represents them in groups. The managing director chairs Ihe executive board. Main headquarters is in Washington, D.C.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите ни русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) при - частных оборотов.

1. International Monetary Fund or IMF is a specialized agency of the United Nations, having been established along with International Bank for Reconstruction and Development — the World Bank — at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in 1944 at Bretton Woods.

2. Having replaced the old system, where subscription of members was to be 75 per cent currency and 25 percent gold, the total quotas at the end of 1994 were SDR 144.8 billion. •'3. The board of governors is the highest authority in the IMF, the member nations being made up of leading monetary officials.

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный, именительный и абсолютный инфинитивный обороты со­ ответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The IMF is recorded to have begun operations in 1947.

2. Members undertake to keep the IMF informed about economic and financial policies that impinge on the exchange value of their national currencies.

3. General Agreement to Borrow of 1962 gave it the right to borrow from the so-called «Paris Club» of industrialised countries, which have undertaken to make up to

US$ 6.5 billion available if needed (this sum was raised to US$ 17 billion).

4. This includes a special temporary fund, established in 1993, to offset trade and balance of payments difficulties experienced by any member country abandoning artificial price control policies.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные пред­- ложения. Обратите внимание на перевод обстоятельственных предложений усло-­ вия и времени.

1. If members have temporary balance of payments difficulties, they will apply to the fund for needed foreign currency from its pool of resources.

2. If the borrower uses the IMF resources, he will pay a below-market rate of interest.

3. Day-to-day operations will be the responsibility of the 22-member executive board, which represents member nations individually (for larger countries) or if it represents them in groups.

5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие герундий. Обратите вни­- мание на функцию герундия в предложении.

s

1. On joining the fund, each member is assigned a quota in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), the fund's unit of account since its establishment in 1969.

2.On using this foreign exchange fora certain time, the borrower extricates itself from ib balance of payments problem.

3. After having it for the periodup to five years, the currency is to be returned to the IMF’s pool of resources.

4. On receiving loans under IMF terms, the nation frequently has stiff clauses attached

regarding domestic economic policy.

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст.

Words and Expressions

specialized United Nations специализированное подразделение

agency Организации Объединенных Наций

to be aimed to быть направленным на

to grant a loan выделять заем, кредит

to secure a loan получать заем, кредит

to ensure repayment обеспечить возврат кредита economically developing country развивающаяся страна

to give particular attention to уделять особое внимание

to gain access to получать доступ

waste-disposal facilities переработка отходов

nutrition продукты

executive director исполнительный директор

considerable wrongdoing значительные нарушения

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, also known as the World Bank, is registered to be a specialized United Nations Agency established at the Bretton Woods Confer­ ence in 1944. A related institution. International Monetary Fund (IMF), was created at the same time. The chief objectives of the Bank, as stated in the articles of agreement, are to assist in the reconstruction and development of territories of members by facilitating the investment of capital or productive purposes. It is also aimed to promote private foreign investment by means of guar­antees or participation in loans and to supplement private investment by providing, on suitable conditions, finance for productive purposes out of its own capital. The Bank grants loans only to member nations, for the purpose of financing specific projects.

1. Before a nation secures a loan, advisers and experts representing the Bank will have to deter- mine that the prospective borrower can meet conditions stipulated by the Bank. Most of these condi - tions are designed to ensure that loans will be used productively and that they will be repaid. The Bank requires the borrower be unable to secure a loan for the particular project from any other source on reasonable terms and the prospective project be technically feasible and economically sound. To ensure repayment, member governments must guarantee loans having been made to private con- cerns within their territories. Having made the loan, the Bank requires periodic reports both from the borrower and from its own observers on the use of the loan and on the progress of the project.

2. In the early period of (he World Bank's existence, loans were granted chiefly to European countries and were used for the reconstruction of industries damaged or destroyed during World War II. Since the late 1960s, however, most loans have been granted to economically developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The Bank gave particular attention to projects direct- ly benefiting the poorest people in developing nations by helping them to raise their productivity, The World Bank will provide loans, if they want to gain access to such necessities as safe water and waste-disposal facilities, health care, family-planning assistance, nutrition, education, and hous- ing. Direct involvement of the poorest people in economic activity was being promoted by provid- ing loans for agriculture and rural development, small-scale enterprises, and urban development.

3. World Bank funds are provided primarily by purchase of capital shares, the minimum number of shares to be subscribed according to the relative strength of its national economy. Not all the funds subscribed arc immediately available to the Bank; only about 8.5 percent of the capital subscription of each member nation actually is paid into the bank. The remainder will have to be deposited only if,

and to the extent that, the Bank calls for the money in order to pay its own obligations to creditors. There has never been a need to call in capital. The Bank's working funds are derived from sales of il interest-bearing bonds and notes in capital markets of the world, from repayment of earlier loans, and from profits on its own operations. It has earned profits every year since 1947.

5. All powers of the Bank are vested in a board of governors, comprising one governor appoint- ed by each member nation. The board meets at least once annually. The governors delegate most of their powers to 21 executive directors to meet regularly at the central headquarters of the Bank in Washington, D.C. After appointing five of the executive directors by the five member states holding the largest number of capital shares in the Bank, the remaining 16 directors are elected by the goverrnors from the other member nations and serve 2-year terms. On electing the executive directors for a 5-year term, they choose the president of the World Bank, who must be neither a governor nor a director.

6. The World Bank has been heavily criticized in recent years for its considerable wrongdoing, i.e. poor performance in development economics, especially with regard to the social and environ- mental consequences of the projects it supported in Third World countries. However, it is arguable that it is less at fault than many of the corrupt or incompetent regimes whose schemes it is called on to fund. In any case, in spite of diminishing the bank's role in profitable projects of developing countries with the vast influx of private capital, such social spheres as health, education, and other fields remain in need of an institution such as the World Bank.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.

1. То ensure repayment, member governments must guarantee loans having been made to private concerns within their territories.

2. Having made the loan, the bank requires periodic reports both from the borrower and from its own observers on the use of the loan and on the progress of the project.

3. World Bank funds are provided primarily by purchase of capital shares, the minimum number of shares being subscribed according to the relative strength of its national economy.

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный, именительный и абсолютный инфинитивный обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, also known as the World Bank is registered to be a specialized United Nations agency established at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944.

2. Most of these conditions are designed to ensure that loans will be used productively and that they will be repaid.

3. The Bank requires the borrower be unable to secure a loan for the particular project from any other source on reasonable terms and the prospective project be technically feasible and economically sound.

4. The governors delegate most of their powers to 21 executive directors to meet regularly at the central headquarters of the bank in Washington, D.C.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод обстоятельственных предложений условия и времени.

1. Before a nation secures a loan, advisers and experts representing the Bank will have to determine that the prospective borrower can meet conditions stipulated by the bank.

2. The World Bank will provide loans, if they want to gain access to such necessities as safe water and waste-disposal facilities, health care, family-planning assistance, nutrition, education, and housing.

3. The remainder will have to be deposited only if, and to the extent that the Bank calls for the money in order to pay its own obligations to creditors.

5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие герундий. Обратите внимание на функцию герундия в предложении.

1. After appointing five of the executive directors by the five member states holding the largest number of capital shares in the Bank, the remaining 16 directors are elected by the governors from the other member nations and serve 2-year terms.

2. On electing the executive directors for a 5-year term, they choose the president of the World Bank, who must be neither a governor nor a director.

3. The World Bank has been heavily criticized in recent years for its considerable wrongdoing, i.e. poor performance in development economics, especially with regard to the social and environmental consequences of the projects it supported in Third World countries.

4. In any case, in spite of diminishing the Bank's role in profitable projects of developing countries with the vast influx of private capital, such social spheres as health, education, and other fields remain in need of an institution such as the World Bank.

ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст.

Words and Expressions

promotional tool

domestically

promotional budget

restrictions on

low wages

to hire a large sales-force

less developed nation

culturebound

administration of sales force

similar to

recruitment

selection

training

motivation

supervision

compensation

more of a challenge abroad

low esteem

reluctance to talk to strangers

prospective sales representative

handicap

titles and perquisites

financial rewards

wholly owned subsidiary

clearinghouse

механизм стимулирования продажи

на внутреннем рынке

расходы по стимулированию сбыта товаров

ограничения на

низкая заработная плата

нанимать на работу больше рабочей силы

менее развитая страна

связанный культурными традициями

руководство, управление рабочей силой

подобный, аналогичный, схожий с

набор, привлечение на работу

отбор

обучение

мотивирующий фактор, стимуляция

надзор, контроль, инспектирование

охват, вовлечение

более сложная задача за границей

малоуважительная атмосфера

нежелание общаться с незнакомцами

предполагаемый, потенциальный покупатель

помеха

звания и дополнительные приработки

премиальные

филиал,подразделение, дочерняя фирма

находящееся в единоличном владении

расчетная палата

International Marketing

1. The International Marketing Manager has a three-fold responsibility: international marketing — marketing across national boundaries; foreign marketing — marketing within foreign countries; and multinational marketing — co-ordinating marketing in multiple markets. Marketing being defined in several ways, broadly we may define it as the collection of activities undertaken by the firm to relate profitability to its market. Marketing involves all of these activities: market intelligence, product planning and development, buying, storage, selling, crediting, pricing, traf­fic, distribution, advertising, promotion and marketing research.

2. Marketing management is the planning and co-ordination of these activities in order to achieve a successful, integrated marketing program, international marketing to be defined as the performance of one or more of these activities across national boundaries. The activities and goals of international marketing are the same as those of domestic marketing, implementation of the firm's marketing programs having been considered very different. That is, managing international marketing can be significantly different from managing domestic marketing. If one tries to define personal selling as the major promotional tool, it will appear to be even more important in interna­- tional marketing than domestically.

3. Personal Selling is commonly known to take a greater percentage of the promotional bud­- get abroad than at home. There may be two reasons for this: restrictions on advertising and media availability will limit the amount of advertising the firm can do, and low wages in many countries allow the company to hire a larger sales force. This second reason will be especially applicable when personal selling takes place in less developed nations. Personal selling involves personal contact and is more culture-bound than impersonal advertising. That is why personal selling in the linn's foreign markets cannot really be considered international personal selling, to be compared with international campaigns and international media in discussing advertising. So, personal sell­- ing is national, not international.

4. The role of personal selling having been decided, the actual administration of the sales force in a market will be similar to that in the home market. The same general functions must be per-­ formed: recruitment, selection, training, motivation, supervision, and compensation. Training of salespeople is done primarily in the national market. The demands of the job and the previous preparation of the sales force will determine the nature of the training program. Indeed, if motiva­- tion and compensation of the sales force are closely related, attractive compensation will be often the chief motivator.

5. Motivation can be more of a challenge abroad than at home for two reasons: the low esteem in which selling is held, and the cultural reluctance of prospective sales representatives to talk to strangers. On defining these two essential elements of selling, the firm must try to overcome this handicap, especially in countries where selling has low status. Training, titles, perquisites, and special recognition of salesperson's self-image are all helpful. The licensee's or distributor's sales force is important in making the quality of sales force a major criterion in choosing the distributor.

6. In joint ventures the international marketer may have a small or a big voice in selling, de­- pending on the capabilities of both partner. The greater the control given to the international firm in the marketing of the joint venture, the more the situation resembles that of a wholly owned subsidiary. The less the control, the more the situation resembles that in a licensing or distributor agreement. With sales force management being largely decentralised, personal selling is related to the peculiarities of the local market. Nevertheless, international marketers should play some role. On contributing expertise in every aspect of sales force management — recruitment, selec­- tion, training, motivation, compensation and evaluation, — they serve as the clearinghouse bet­- ween domestic and foreign operations, and among the foreign markets themselves.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) при­частных оборотов.

1. Marketing being defined in several ways, broadly we may define it as the collection of activities undertaken by the firm to relate profitability to its market.

2. The activities and goals of international marketing are the same as those of domestic marketing, implementation of the firm's marketing programs having been considered very different.

3. The role of personal selling having been decided, the actual administration of the sales force in a market will be similar to that in the home market.

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный, именительный и абсолютный инфинитивный обороты соответствуюm придаточным предложениям.

1. Marketing management is the planning and co-ordination of these activities in order to achieve a successful, integrated marketing program, international marketing to be defined as the performance of one or more of these activities across national boundaries.

2. Personal selling is commonly known to take a greater percentage of the promotional budget abroad than at home.

3. That is why personal selling in the firm's foreign markets cannot really be considered international personal selling, to be compared with international campaigns and international media in discussing advertising.

4. Motivation can be more of a challenge abroad than at home for two reasons: the low esteem in which selling is held, and the cultural reluctance of prospective sales representatives to talk to strangers.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод обстоятельственных предложений условия и времени.

1. If one tries to define personal selling as the major promotional tool, it will appear to be even more important in international marketing than domestically.

2. This second reason will be especially applicable when personal selling takes place in less developed nations.

3. Indeed, if motivation and compensation of the sales force are closely related, attractive compensation will be often the chief motivator.

5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие герундий. Обратите внимание на функцию герундия в предложении.

1. Training of salespeople is done primarily in the national market.

2. On defining these two essential elements of selling, the firm must try to overcome this handicap, especially in countries where selling has low status.

3. The licensee's or distributor's sales force is important in making the quality of sales force a major criterion in choosing the distributor.

4. On contributing expertise in every aspect of sales force management — recruitment, selection, training, motivation, compensation and evaluation, — they serve as the clearinghouse between domestic and foreign operations, and among the foreign markets themselves.

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст.

Words and Expressions

to gain a foothold

to become a usual occurence

joint enterprise

adherence to

legislation

ecologically sound

well drilling and repair

stepping up output

mutually advantageous

investments

upgrading of

production technology

укрепиться,утвердиться

стать привычным делом

совместное предприятие

строгое соблюдение

законодательство

экологически обоснованный

бурение и ремонт скважин

повышение продуктивности

взаимовыгодные инвестиции

усовершенствование,обновление

технология добычи

open-ended joint stock company

production rales

joint-stock company

inaccessible area

secondary production

immersion hydraulic piston pump

equipment for gas lifting

he Senoman stratum

increased oil yield

production index

hydrocarbon extraction

to ensure high standards of

environmental protection

health protection

security for the personnel

ejector know-how

low-pressure gases

per annum

consumer goods

assessment

light hydrocarbons

акционерное общество oткрытого типа

коэффициенты добычи

акционерное общество

труднодоступный район

вторичная добыча

погружной гидравлический поршневой насос

оборудование для газлифтинга

Сеноманский ярус

повышение добычи нефти

показатель продуктивности скважины

добыча, извлечение углеводородов

обеспечить высокий уровень

охрана окружающей среды

здравоохранение

техника безопасности для персонала

эжекторные технологии

газы низкого давления

в год, ежегодно

товары народного потребления

капиталовложения

легкие углеводороды

Tyumen Fuel-Energetic Complex

1. The specifics of economical reformation and reorientation being carried out nowadays in Russia called upon the necessity of educating new specialists in economics such as managers. A new social demand having been put forward by the society, new professions have appeared such as social managers, managers in the spheres of international economy, fuel-energetic complex, international tourism, marketing, commerce, finance. Information technologies need to be inte­- grated into the entire production process from initial designs through marketing to final sales and supporting services such as maintenance. To do this requires managers and workers to have levels of education and skill that they have never had to have in the past. Tyumen Slate University sup­- plies all the branches of Tyumen fuel-energetic complex with highly educated professionals, these specialities to be received at the Management faculty.

1. Nowadays there appears many new joint enterprises and Industries, which will prove to offer a reliable and profitable investment. The main principle of such ventures is based on mutual profit and adherence to Russian legislation in any joint activity. Many Russian and foreign companies realise the far-reaching prospects of Tyumen region and are trying to gain a foot hold in the local market and industry. So far foreign investors have displayed most interest in oil and gas, but are now turning their attention to other branches of the economy, American and German business people are especially active. At least l00 companies have been registered and there is room for more.

3. Tyumen region is rich in natural resources: so far488 oil and gas deposits have been discovered, including 323 oil deposits. There are 88 geologically distinct oil and gas-hearing areas in Western Siberia, 56 fully or partly lie in Tyumen region. Business in Tyumen region attracts more and more participants. Some of the formal state-monopolistic enterprises have been commercialised and some stock ventures have been newly formed, «Surgutneftegas», «Urengoigasprom», «Noyabrskneftegaz», to be mentioned as the most powerful among them. They need new highly economical and ecologically sound know-how for well drilling and repair, and stepping up output; know-how for developing deposits in priority zones; mutually advantageous investments in construction, the develop­ment of deposits, upgrading of production technologies, sо they are open for international co-operation.

4. If new technology creates competitive advantage, the advantage will require managers and work-force skilled from lop In hot torn. When the graduates of Tyumen Stale University go to work to the North of our region, they will have to deal with new oil-production technologies at our oil-and-gas extracting enterprises. «Surgutneftegas» — an open-ended joint stock company – is one of them. Remaining the leader in daily output of the Russian oil industry and pressing ahead with production rates despite the deepening economic crisis, it produced 894.6 million tons of oil for the country's economy. On attracting more and more foreign investors by its prospective oil-production industry, « Surgutneftegas» is ready for implementation of new oil-production technol­ogies into their corporative work.

5. «Noyabrskneftegas» is a joint stock company, having also gained world fame for introduc­ing new oil production technologies in its work. And up to 40% of the resources are located in inaccessible areas and are practically unextractable with modern means. Since 1981 there was introduced over 50 oil production technologies, inclu­ding; progressive secondary production; the construction and introduction of immersion hydraulic piston pumps, new types of equipment for gas lifting; the use of water from the Senoman stratum instead of fresh water for in­creased oil yield; water gas thermal attack on layers. This guaranteed Noyabrskneftegas 15% of production and helped to raise the quantity production index by 10-13%.

6. «Urengoigasprom» is a production association. It aims to introduce progressive know-how into gas and condensate production and conversion to ensure maximum hydrocarbon extraction. Having been recognised as the largest supplier of hy­drocarbons in the world, it ensures high standards of environmental protection, health protection and security for the personnel and local population. Its specialists designed the ejector know-how of putting to use low-pressure gases, which accompany gas condensate production and conver­sion. Huge deposits of oil, natural gas and condensing gas in Tyumen Region will meet Russia's demands for several decades, if stock-enterprises of West Siberian Fuel-energetic complex go on developing in close co-operation with scientific centres, higher educational establishments and international investors.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) при­- частных оборотов.

1. A new social demand having been put forward by the society, new professions have appeared such as social managers, managers in the spheres of international economy, fuel-energetic complex, international tourism, marketing, commerce, finance.

2. Remaining the leader in daily output of the Russian oil industry and pressing ahead with production rates despite the deepening economic crisis, it produced 894.6 million tons of oil For the country's economy.

3. Having been recognised as the largest supplier of hydrocarbons in the world, it ensures high standards of environmental protection, health protection and security for the personnel and local population.

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите нa русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный, именительный и абсолютный инфинитивный обороты со-­ ответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Tyumen State University supplies all the branches of Tyumen fuel-energetic complex with highly educated professionals, those specialties to be received at the management faculty.

2. Nowadays there appears many new joint enterprises and industries, which will prove to offer a reliable and profitable investment.

3. Some of the formal slate-monopolistic enterprises have been commercialised and some stock-ventures have been newly formed. «Surgutneftegas», «Urengoigasprom», «Noyabrskneftegaz» to be mentioned as the most powerful among them.

4. It aims to introduce progressive know-how into gas and condensate production and conversion to ensure maximum hydrocarbon extraction.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные пред-­ ложения. Обратите внимание на перевод обстоятельственных предложений усло-­ вия и времени.

1. If new technology creates competitive advantage, that advantage will require managers and work-force skilled from top to bottom.

2. When the graduates of Tyumen State University go to work to the North of our region, they will have to deal with new oil-production technologies at our oil-and-gas extracting enterprises.

3. Huge deposits of oil, natural gas and condensing gas in Tyumen Region will meet Russia's demands for several decades, if slock-enterprises of West Siberian fuel-energetic complex go on developing in close co-operation with scientific centres, higher educational establishments and international investors.

5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие герундий. Обратите внимание на функцию герундия в предложении.

1. On attracting more and more foreign investors by its prospective oil-production industry, «Surgutneftegas» is ready for implementation of new oil-production technologies into their corporative work.

2. «Noyabrskneftegas» is a joint stock company, having also gained world fame for introducing new oil production technologies in its work.

3. Since 1981 there was introduced over 50 oil production technologies, including: progressive secondary production; the construction and introduction of immersion hydraulic piston pumps, new types of equipment for gas lifting etc.

4. In close co-operation with scientific centres, its specialists designed the ejector know- how of putting to use low-pressure gases, which accompany gas condensate.

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст.

Words and Expressions

promotion стимулирование (продаж, спроса, товара)

constraints ограничения

domestic отечественный, внутри страны

personal selling индивидуальная продажа

marketing mix ассортимент маркетинговых услуг

public relation связи с общественностью

billboards афиши, рекламные проспекты

brand торговая марка, сорт товара

persuasive messagies убеждающие сообщения

subsidiaries филиалы, подразделения

expenditures расходы, трата, потребление

media availability доступность средств массовой информации

discretionary income дискреционный доход (на свое усмотрение)

per capita income доход на душу населения

International Advertising

1. Marketing includes the whole collection of activities the firm performs in relating to its market, advertising to be seen as the most visible of the promotional marketing functions. Promo­tion may be defined as the communication by the firm with its various audiences, with a view to informing and influencing them in order to achieve curtain goals. Differing in means of communi-

cation, audience, and company goals in different countries, international promotion has the fol­lowing major elements: advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, the marketing mix, and blic relations. Advertising is the paid communication of company messages through impersonal :dia, these messages to be classified as audio (radio advertising), visual (billboards or rmign-ics) or audio-visual (in television or cinema advertising).

2. Advertising is used to achieve various marketing goals of the firm, including paving the way for salesmen, gainingdistribution forthe firm's products, sales of the firm's products, improving brand image and increasing brand recognition, and so on. There are two sets of constraints on international advertising program of a company: one posed by the internal situation of the company, and the other by the internatio- nal environment of the company. When the international marketer deals with foreign buyers, he will have to take into consideration such constraints as: language difference, government controls, media availiability, economic differences, local distributors, tastes and attitudes, agency availability.

2. International advertising having been defined, language differences need special attention. Construction of the Tower of Babel stopped when the workers could no longer communicate with each other. The manager of international advertising will feel that he is in a similar situation when

he faces the diversity of languages in world markets. The international advertiser does not have to know all the languages of all markets, but the firm's advertising must communicate in these languages. There is no communication unless a message has been received and understood. To achieve this understanding, the international advertiser needs local help in each market. After ensuring technical accuracy or perfect translation, persuasive messages must speak the «language of the heart». The local help available to the firm is of two kinds: national personnel in countries where it has subsidiaries, and the advertising agency located in the market.

4. In either case, the company gets the benefit of employees in whose native language the company wants to advertise. In a sense, the language problem in foreign markets is beyond the capabilities of the international advertiser; it can be solved only with the help of local expertise. One constraint on the international advertiser is the different role advertising plays in each coun- try. In some nations advertising is very prominent, about half of the entire world's advertising ex- penditures having been in the United States. The roleof advertising varies roughly with the level of economic development. If richer countries have better media availability and more discretionary income, poorer nations will have more illiteracy which can be enticed by advertisers.

4. The main trend today in both industrialised and developing countries is increasing govern- ment regulation of advertising. Government regulation can affect the product, the media, the mes- sage and the advertising budget. For example, cigarette advertising is banned in some or all media in Canada, England, Ireland, France, Italy, Sweden, Russia etc. Some media are not available for commercial use, as Denmark, Norway, and Sweden had no commercial TV or radio. In 1981, Indonesia abruptly cancelled advertising on TV after earlier restricting the amount of advertising in newspapers. Advertising messages can be restricted in a variety of ways. Mexico and France regulate the languages that can be used in ads. The United Kingdom made attack on the arlvertis- ing budgets of Unilever and Procter and Gamble.

4. In different markets the advertising competition may be pure national or an international one. The approach of the international company will provoke different kinds of reactions. In some countries, the international company causes national competitors to follow its course of action. For example, Procter and Gamble's entry into Western European countries caused national com- petitors to increase their advertising. In another case, British American Tobacco's (BAT) entry intо the Dutch market led to a strong defensive advertising attack by a local Dutch firm. The adver- tising battle finally ended up in the Dutch courts where BAT won a judgement.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обpamume внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.

1.Differing in means of communication, audience, and company goals in different countries, international promotion has the following major elements: advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, the marketing mix, and public relations.

1. International advertising having been defined, language differences need special attention.

2. In some nations advertising is very prominent, about ha If of the entire world's advertising expenditures having been in the United States.

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный, именительный и абсолютный инфинитивный обороты со­- ответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Marketing includes the whole collection of activities the firm performs in relating to its market, advertising to be seen as the most visible of the promotional marketing functions.

2. Advertisingis the paid communication of company messages through impersonal media, these messages to be classified as audio (radio advertising), visual (billboards or magazines) or audio-visual (in television or cinema advertising).

3. To achieve this understanding, the international advertiser needs local help in each market.

4. For example, Procter and Gamble's entry into Western European countries caused national competitors to increase their advertising.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные пред­- ложения. Обратите внимание на перевод обстоятельственных предложений усло­- вия и времени.

1. When the international marketer deals with foreign buyers, he will have to take into consideration such constraints as: language difference, government controls, media availability, economic differences, local distributors, tastes and attitudes, agency availability.

2. The manager of international advertising will feel that he is in a similar situation when he faces the diversity of languages in world markets.

3. If richer countries have better media availability and more discretionary income, poorer nations will have more illiteracy which can be enticed by advertisers.

5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие герундий. Обратите внимание на функцию герундия в предложении.

1. Advertisingis used to achieve various marketing goals of the firm, including paving the way for salesmen, gaining distribution for the firm's products, sales of the firm's products, improving brand image and increasing brand recognition, and so on.

2. After ensuring technical accuracy or perfect translation, persuasive messages must speak the «language of the heart».

3. The main trend today in both industrialised and developing countries is increasing government regulation of advertising.

4. In 1981, Indonesia abruptly cancelled advertising on TV after earlier restricting the amount of advertising in newspapers.

CONTROL WORK N 1

Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольную работу N 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику.

1. Функции окончания –s

a) множественное число существительных

b) глагол-сказуемое в Present Simple

c) притяжательный падеж существительных

2. Существительное в функции определения.

3. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий. Сравнительные союзы: as.. as, so… as, than. Конструкция типа the more … the less.

4. Значения слов “it”, “one”

4. Формы настоящего Present, Past и Future группы Simple действительного залога страдательного залогов. Прямой порядок cлов повествовательного предложения в утвердительной и отрицательной форме; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there be.

I. Слово с окончанием ”s”

в английском предложении может быть:

1. существительным

2. глаголом в настоящем времени (Present Simple)

3. существительным в притяжательном падеже

1. Определителями существительного являются:

артикли a, the;

притяжательные местоимения my, your, his, her, its, their, our

указательные местоимения this/these, that/those

неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения some, any, no, every

прилагательные и числительные

Ving и Ved формы, когда переводятся причастиями

2. Глагол определяем

a) по месту в предложении

Обстоятельство	Подлежащее	Сказуемое	Дополнение	Обстоятельство
In scientific work	he	measures	volume	in cubic centimeters

Б) личное местоимение в именительном падеже (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) показывает, что следующее за ним слова – сказуемое

It (the bus) stops at our house.

в) личное местоимение в объектном падеже (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) показывает, что предшествующее ему слово – глагол-сказуемое.

This experiment interests us greatly.

Note: вспомогательные глаголы do, does, did, will показывают, что следующее за ними слово –глагол-сказуемое.

3.Притяжательный падеж существительных обозначает принадлежность предмета или лица и отвечает на вопрос чей? Существительное в притяжательном падеже имеет окончание ‘s в единственном числе (teacher’s lectures) или ‘ во множественном числе (students’ drawings).

Существительное в притяжательном падеже переводится на русский язык либо соответствующим прилагательным, либо существительным в родительном падеже.

the sun’s rays -солнечные лучи

the country’s economy – экономика страны

II. CУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ В ФОРМЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ

Для английского языка характерно употребление в роли определения одного или нескольких существительных, образующих цепочку слов. В такой цепочке последнее существительное является основным, а все предшествующие ему слова являются определениями к нему.

World market conditions - условия мирового рынка

Maximum home trade steel prices – максимальные цены на сталь на

внутреннем рынке

Итак, существительное в функции определения переводится:

1. прилагательным

room temperature - комнатная температура

limit pressure предельное давление

2. существительным без предлога в родительном падеже (кого, чего?) или существительным с предлогом.

radio equipment laboratory - лаборатория радиооборудования

the atomic energy conference – конференция по проблеме атомной

энергии

farm produce price increase - повышение цен на продукцию сельского

	Исходная форма	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
Односложные и некоторые двусложные на –y	short короткий late поздно	shorter короче later позднее	the shortest самый короткий the latest позднее всего
Двусложные и многосложные	important важный easily легко	more important важнее, более важный more easily легче	the most important самый важный the most easily легче всего
Исключения из правил	good, well bad, badly much, many little	better worse more less	the best the worst the most the least

хозяйст

ва