англ_практикум

6.Teams of physicists, chemists and metallurgists were brought together and materials and theories were improved.

7.The substance was heated and it changed its properties.

8.New features were added and it changed the appearance of mobile phones.

9.1read a scientific article. I knew that the Global Positioning System (GPS) is a

Geneva where he created the World Wide Web. He moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

VIII. Complete the sentences with Participle I or Participle II.

1. It is of interest to notice the result (obtained, obtaining) on metal which has been deformed by various processes. 2. A more (sophisticated, sophisticating) system might employ an encoder in the transmitter and a decoder in the receiver to give signals suitable characteristics for transmission. 3. Success in one's work is a

(satisfied, satisfying) experience. 4. (Polluted, Polluting) water is not safe for drinking. 5. The experiment (conducted, conducting) at the University of Chicago was successful. 6. A new form of lamp uses microwaves (transformed, transforming) electricity into light. 7. The (defined, defining) characteristic of a crystal is that it is composed of regularly arranged components. 8. The current comprises electrons (flowing, flow) from the negative to the positive terminal of the battery. 9. At the television (transmitted, transmitting) station two carrier waves are modulated, one with the video information and one with the sound information. 10. The npn transistor comprises two p-n junctions which are made up of two diodes (connected,

1. Many informal activities have always been undertaken in the home, the work of housewives being the most important. 2. Around 2.8 billion of mobile phones are already in use, with a further 1.6 million being added every day. 3. The Sun being near the zenith, its rays are nearly vertical. 4. The name electronics is known to be derived from the word "electron", the electron itself being the basic unit of negative electricity. 5. The work of Polzunov remaining unknown for more than a century, people believed that the inventor of the first engine was James Watt. 6. Electric arc is a discharge accompanied by a temperature of over 3000 °C, produced when an electric current flows through a gap between two electrodes, the current being carried by the vapour of the electrode. 7. The first TV sets having been shown in 1939, the news about it spread throughout the world. 8. The young physicist having discovered Newton's error, other scientists confirmed it. 9. The inventor was demonstrating his new device, with the workers watching its operation attentively. 10. With the current being switched on, the machine automatically starts operating.

60

X. Join two sentences using Absolute Participial Construction.

Example: a) The electric candle had been invented, b) The problem of lighting was solved.

The electric candle having been invented, the problem of lighting was solved.

1.a) Lodygin was the first who thought of tungsten as a material suitable for the purpose.

b) The invention of the incandescent filament lamp belongs to him.

2.a) A series of attempts had been made.

b)He came to a successful solution of the problem.

3.a) Tungsten was used for the filament.

b)Lodygin solved the problem of the incandescent lamp.

4.a) Numerous experiments had been carried out at the orbital stations.

b)It became possible to develop new methods of industrial production of new materials.

5.a) Numerous experiments were over.

b)Newton was able to write his work very quickly.

XI. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it

A new old idea

When most people switch on a desk lamp, they usually want a little extra illumination. But not John Goodey, an engineering student at Oxford University. When he flicks the switch and turns on his lamp, a sensor on his desk downloads music tracks digitally encoded within tiny flickers in the lamp's light. The music is then relayed through a pair of nearby speakers. This unusual set-up offers a glimpse of a future in which light, rather than radio waves, is used to send information. The concept, known as optical wireless or free-space optics (FSO) promises better security and higher data-transfer rates (up to 10 gigabit per second) than existing radio-based communication technologies.

FSO is already used in a few niches: to connect networks in nearby offices. But plans are afoot to extend the idea into a number of new areas. For example, the subtle flickering of car headlights and tail-lights could be used to transmit speed and braking information to other vehicles, to help prevent collisions. Traffic lights could alert cars when they are about to change, or broadcast the latest congestion update to waiting vehicles. At home, FSO could be used together with interior lighting to provide extremely fast internet downloads. Since light does not travel through walls, there would be no need to worry about neighbours snooping on your e-mail, or piggybacking on your broadband connection.

Futuristic though this sounds, FSO is by no means a new idea. Soldiers in ancient Greece used polished shields to send battle orders to each other over vast distances in the form of flashes of sunlight. More recently, so-called "heliographs" have been used to relay military signals in a similar way. And it is only in the past ten years that

61

the British navy has phased out its use of Aldis lamps to convey Morse code signals from ship to ship.

These early optical systems could send information at a rate of hundreds of megabits per second (mbps), but customers usually wanted only about 10 mbps. The attraction was not speed but convenience. FSO has the speed of a fiber-optic link and the convenience of a wireless link. It is easy to set-up: simply hook up infra-red laser transceivers on top of two buildings and then align them. The cost to install is very low. In places where transmitters are not allowed on roofs, for example, indoor FSO transceivers can simply send and receive data through closed windows. FSO is secure: the only way to intercept the signal is physically to intercept the beam.

City skylines are not criss-crossed with grids of laser beams because it is all done using invisible infra-red light. Telecoms operators are starting to take an interest in the technology as an alternative to the microwave-radio 'Ъаск-haul" links that are used to link mobile-phone base stations to operators' core networks. FSO's main drawback is that bad weather, such as fog or rain, can interrupt the signal. There is no need to worry about bad weather when using FSO indoors. But it is better to use a diffuse light source rather than a laser beam. The natural reflectivity of ceilings and walls, a transmitted infra-red signal can be received by any number of receivers within a room.

Dr. OBrien has been working on a ceiling-based system that tracks where a receiving device is, and sends it a signal using several laser beams from a directional transmitter. A built prototype runs nearly six times faster than today's typical Wi-Fi links. Wi-Fi is not obsolete, instead, the two technologies may be used together: WiFi as the uplink, and FSO for the much faster downlink.

The long-term hope is to transmit data using visible light emitted by indoor lighting. In Japan the Visible Light Communications Consortium, made up of industrial giants such as Sony, Toshiba and NEC, is'pursuing that goal. FCO is not possible with existing indoor lighting because incandescent bulbs cannot switch on and off fast enough. But that is not a problem for white light-emitting diodes which are expected to become far more widespread in the coming years, because they use less energy and are more versatile than incandescent bulbs. The combination of LEDs and FSO could then be used to provide internet coverage throughout a home or office. Could it be lights out for radio networking?

Vocabulary:

to flick - щёлкнуть

flicker - короткая вспышка, мерцание to relay - передавать

set-up - структура, система, настройка

free-space optics - оптическая система в открытом пространстве to be afoot - готовиться

car headlight - фара автомобиля tail-light - задний габаритный фонарь to alert - предупредить об опасности

62

to snoop - шпионить

to piggy-back on - использовать в своих интересах broadband connection - широкополосное соединение transceiver - приемопередатчик

to intercept - перехватывать, задерживать

•directional transmitter - передающая радиопеленгаторная станция obsolete - устаревший

to pursue - следовать

incandescent bulb - лампа накаливания

XII. Find the Participles in the text and define their functions.

XIII. Read the text again and answer the questions.

I

1. Explain the title of the text.

2. What is the role of light for free-space optics?

3.Where is FSO used today?

4.What is FSO supposed to be used in future?

5.How is FSO set up?

6.What are the advantages of FSO over radio-based communication technologies?

7.What are the negative sides of FSO?

8.Why FSO can't work properly with the existing indoor lighting?

9.Why are telecoms operators interested in FSO?

10.What is the main purpose of the Japanese engineers concerning FSO?

XIV. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

1.FSO can provide fast internet downloads.

2.The cost to install FSO is very high.

3.The operation of FSO greatly depends on weather.

4.Light can't be used to send information.

5.Light-emitting diodes and FSO can be combined together.

6.Indoor FSO transceivers can easily sent and receive data through closed premises.

XV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box В to make collocations.

XVI. Connect the words with their definitions.

c)a source of light that contains a heated solid, such as an electrically heated filament;

d)a narrow unidirectional flow of laser radiation or particles;

e)an instrument with mirrors and a shutter used to send messages in Morse Code by reflecting the sun's rays;

f)a transmission technique using a wide range of frequencies that enables messages to be sent simultaneously, used in fast Internet connections;

g)a part of a radio or a piece of musical or computing equipment that the sound comes out of;

h)a light spread over a wide area;

i)a station which produces signals, sounds in one particular direction;

j)an optical system in which light is used to send information.

XVII. Find synonyms for the words and words combinations in the text.

to convey, huge, lamp, being planned, to warn, to prevent, disadvantage, out of date, to give off, a look at something, to move something quickly.

XVIII. Complete each sentence with a word from the box

Speaker, update, directional transmitter, incandescent bulb, heliograph, reflectivity, optical system, transceiver, flicker, laser beam

night.

64

1. He relayed the message to his boss. 2. The game was relayed by satellite to audiences all over the world. 3. Radio signals were received by a relay. 4. She wishes to pursue an engineering career.f 5. Police pursued the car at high speed. 6. A group of scientists pursued the experiment. 7. Water was intercepted during repair works. 8. Nothing shall intercept us from reaching our aim. 9. The listening post intercepted the phone call of criminals. 10. This is the one major drawback of the new system. 11. The high price is a major drawback to potential buyers. 12. Two alert scientists spotted the mistake. 13. They had been alerted to the possibility of a low data transfer rate.

XX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the word since.

1. The industry has been insulating microchip conductors with silicon dioxide since the first commercial integrated circuits were introduced in 1961. 2. These services directed on tourists make sense since people are more likely to want information when in an unfamiliar place. 3. Since they emit light directly, lightemitting diodes displays dont need a backlight. 4. Since 1990, "spectrum efficiency" - the amount of information that can travel over radio waves has improved perhaps a trillion times. 5. The full name for an oscilloscope is cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) since its main component is a cathode-ray tube (CRT). 6. Since conventional headlights are not very effective, a new system has to be developed. 7. Since each electron carries an electrical charge, this current is a flow of electrical charge through the circuit. 8. Induced electromotive force has supplied most of the world's electricity since Faraday discovered it first in 1831. 9. The circuit of two lamps is called a series circuit since the two lamps, the battery and the switch are connected one after the other. 10. A great number of outstanding discoveries and perfections has been made in that field of science since.

XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

1.How life will change using free-space optics?

2.Paraphrase the following quotation. Express your opinion about it.

"Change is not made without inconvenience, even from worse to better". Richard Hooker (British theologian).

65

Unit8

1.Герундий (The Gerund)

2.Герундиальный оборот (Gerundial constructions)

3.Сравнение герундия и причастия

4.Сравнение инфинитива и герундия

5. Текст ((Analogue television basics»

I. Translate the sentences paying attention to the forms of the Gerund.

I. Atoms are incapable of being destroyed or created. 2. I remember having measured the temperature of the mixture in due time. 3. In the North there is always the danger of the fuel not being delivered on time. 4. An engine is a device for converting one form of energy into another. 5. Eating and drinking are not permitted in the computer room. 6. Turn off the lights before leaving the premises. 7. After having learned the simple relationship existing between the units of mass and length, we can use this system easily. 8. They succeeded in having finished their work in time. 9. We say that such action - where electricity flows through space instead of being confined to metal conductors or circuits - is electronic. 10. Many people print the material before reading it.

II. Use the right form of the Gerund of the verbs in brackets.

1. We insist on (do) the work right now. 2. The scientist insists on the work (do) at once. 3. Stop (talk) about it. The mistake isnt worth (mention). 4. Mankind is interested in atomic energy (use) only for peaceful purposes. 5. I regret (tell) her about this failure. 6. He was very much annoyed (refuse) the visa. 7. Allow us to congratulate you on (graduate) from the university. 8. After (enter) the Internet, you enter a word of information. 9. I remember (advice) by my colleges to increase the amount of capacity in the circuit. 10. The speaker was annoyed at (interrupt) every other moment. 11. The grid is usually operated at a slight negative potential so that the electrons will pass through the grid without (hit) its wires. 12. She insisted on (show) the files to her. 13. The TV set needs (repair). 14. After (look through) the papers were registered. 15. Airlines plan to test the market before (decide) how and when to allow phones to be used in the air.

III. Comment on the forms andfunctions of the Gerunds.

1. Turning a technology demonstration into a commercial product isnt always easy. 2. The function of a car computer is detecting and summing up the information about the road conditions. 3. Japan's NTT Communications, of Tokyo, has just finished testing an Internet-connected odor-delivery system to be used by retailers and restaurants to attract customers. 41 Reducing capacitance lets the chip use less power to switch at the same speed. 5. All over the world, Mcrosoft Office is helping drive business forward by making it easier for anyone to get their job done, no matter

what that job might be. By bringing together top applications Office gives people the ability to find the best, most productive way to work. 6. Supercomputer is able of performing one billion operations a second. 7. Early optical systems were capable of sending information at a rate of hundreds of megabits per second. 8. Generally speaking, the idea is worth considering. 9. Omega Speaking System began producing a new audio amplifier. 10. Michael Faraday found in the 1820s that changing a magnetic field induces an electric current in a nearby wire. 11. Radio works by using the electromagnetic spectrum to send information. 12. The method of experimenting usually gives excellent results. 13. The engineer could solve this problem only after experimenting. 14. Mobile operators are investing billion of dollars in building new networks that provide fast internet access. 15. Another way of transferring energy is "inductive coupling". 16. Many of the services involve short-range communications, such as dimming a light or transferring a video from one medium to another. 17. The only satisfactory method of amplifying radio signals that has been discovered is by the use of vacuum tubes. 18. On taking the conductor out of the field the electrons will redistribute themselves so that the charges disappear. 19. Adding wireless technology means a lot of internal changes. 20. Man lived for ages on the earth without knowing anything about electricity.

IV. Complete the sentences. Add the necessary preposition (by, at, about, in, on, of, to, for, from).

1. When the telephone appeared in the 1870s people worried ... receiving calls from people to whom they had not been properly introduced. 2. Many scientists dreamed ... discovering a way to wireless communication, but never succeeded until the late nineteenth century. 3. Customers of Internet service providers are increasingly interested ... running application such as voice over IP video games, and commercial transactions. 4. His knowledge has improved ... taking a framing course. 5. He is not very good ... taking decisions quickly. 6. We have difficulty ... installing the new equipment. 7. Scientists have succeeded ... breaking apart the nuclei of billions of atoms. 8. Researchers are working ... making network light fittings capable ... monitoring the objects throughout a building. 9. I'm accustomed ...

working hard. 10. The current has the effect ... magnetizing the iron and attracting a soft-iron plate to it. 11. Orange is criticized ... trying to prevent customers ...

working with other operators. 12. Instead ... using two superconducting sections separated by a fixed insulating layer, the researches used continuous superconducting crystals. 13. The broken device prevented us ... completing the work. 14. The engineer insisted ... providing extra illumination. 15. He is responsible ... designing a special type of resistor. 16. We all participated ... organizing an international conference at our university.

V. Complete the sentences. Add the necessary preposition.

1.The programmer is an expert...

2.The professor dedicated himself...

67

3.You shouldn't worry ...

4.Think twice ...

5.-Why do you persist...

- We do insist...

6.Being a student he was interested ...

7.I am capable ...

8.Scientists succeeded ...

9.There is no point...

10.You must take precautions ...

VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the gerundial construction.

1. We insisted on the goods being loaded immediately. 2. We know of the earth behaving as a large magnet. 3. Newton's having made a mistake in his calculations has no influence on his theory. 4. Everything depended on your having finished your work in time. 5. They objected to his being sent to America. 6. Your having worked in this firm helped you to master technical subjects. 7.1 heard of our head engineer's being sent abroad for five years. 8. We speak about conductors being connected in series if the end of one is connected to the beginning of the next. 9. A heavy body may impart a considerable amount of motion to a light one without itself being appreciably slowed down. 10. Mendeleyev's having noticed a periodicity in the chemical properties of elements enabled him to lay down his famous Periodic Law.

VII. Read and translate the sentences. State whether the ing-form is a Gerund, a Verbal noun or a Participle.

1. After a few minutes of listening I became a true believer in Class D, preferring it to the two amplifiers I would use in the same set-up. 2. By plugging in sensors a digital multimeter can be used to measure quantities such as frequency and temperature. 3. Calculus, separately invented by Newton and Leibniz, is one of the most fruitful strategies for analyzing our world ever devised. 4. The combining of oxygen with another substance is called oxidation. 5. A company selling a new product must provide maintenance service for it. 6. A technique is still at an experimental stage and works using resonance. 7. The readings of the voltmeter were correct. 8. Small wireless sensors monitoring equipment in large factories can provide early warning of impending breakdown. 9. Certain materials are "piezoelectric", meaning that they naturally become deformed by heat or vibrations, generating an electrical current that can be captured and stored. 10. Scheduling is one of the core factors of a wireless system in determining its overall performance. 11. On joining Bell, Shockley had been inspired by Dr Mervin Kelly, the director of research, with the dream of replacing mechanical telephone exchange switches with electronic switches. 12. While making a series of experiments, the scientist found out the disadvantage of that process. 13. The similarities between semiconductors and

68

vacuum diodes had led several people to speculate on the possibilities of putting a grid into a crystal to make a crystal triode. 14. The first engines appeared in the 17t h century and people began using them to operate factories, irrigate land, supply water to towns. 15. Combining all of the components in a single device means that keyboards and screen must be small. 16. The only way of overcoming the great air resistance at high velocities is flying higher.

VIII. Use the Gerund instead of the Subordinate Clause.

1. After the German engineer N. Otto invented the gasoline engine, application of this engine in motor cars began in many countries.

2. Albert Einstein is known that he formulated the theory of relativity.

3.I insist that the discovery should be put into practice although it requires more effort than making it.

4.It is possible to avoid making mistakes in extremely complicated theimodynamic computations when you use supercomputers.

5.I suggested that we should put the discovery into practice to solve a complicated technological task.

6. It is impossible to solve economic problems if we don't use the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution.

7.Power stations can reduce their emissions by a further 20% when we replace 20% of fuel with biomass.

8.The reporter wrote that some technologies purify the smoke created during combustion.

IX. Comment on the difference between the following pairs of sentences.

1.1like playing computer games. I would like to play computer games.

2.The manager stopped speaking on the phone. The manager stopped to pick up the file.

3.If you want to improve your English, you can try watching English films. I am trying to study new material.

4.Remember to check your answers before handing in your exam paper. I remember switching the multimeter from "volts" to "amps", but the resistance didn't change.

5. Dr Harris welcomed the members of the committee and went on to introduce the subject of the meeting. Although he was tired he went on working.

6. I regret to inform you that your application has been unsuccessful. Almost as soon as I had posted the letter, I regretted toning down the job.

7.Don't forget to turn off your computer. I shall never forget visiting London.

8.I shall get it done even if it means working hard. I mean to work all night in order to finish this project.

69

X. Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets after regret, remember, mean, try and stop.

1.He regrets (sell) his record collection, but he needed money.

2.I regret (inform) you that your phone has been cut off.

3."I hope you remembered (fax) that report.". "Oh, no! I meant (send) it, but in the end I forgot (do) it".

4.When the computer crashed, it meant (reinstall) all the software.

5.We meant (inform) her, but we completely forgot to do it.

6.The damage meant (spend) $ 30000 on repairs.

7.I tried (speak) to the boss but he wasn't interested in listening to me.

8.I tried (speak) to the boss and (phone) our suppliers but nothing worked.

9.I stopped (buy) a newspaper but the news-stand was closed.

lO.The first artificial satellite stopped (transmit) data after only a few weeks because its batteries ran out.

11. When did you use your card last time? I remember (use) it (pay) for some petrol.

12.1 don't remember (bring) the report to the meeting.

XI. Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets.

1.He goes to evening classes (learn) Italian.

2.(Learn) a language can help you to find a good job.

7.I'm not used to (speak) in public so I need (practice) my presentation.

8.He was the first British physicist (award) the Nobel prize for literature.

9.I heard the phone (ring) twice and then stop.

10.The engineer suggested (use) an integrated circuit (amplify) a weak audio

signal.

11.He offered (help) me (repair) my player.

12. While I was waiting for my plane, I watched other planes (take off) and (land).

XII. Read the text, translate it and comment on the -ing forms.

Turn on, turn in - to any station anywhere

A computer-scientist friend of mine once noted his computer's sound system being the best he had ever owned. He spends much time working on computer. Still, some audio functions started crying out for a stand-alone device. Internet radio is a great example. Radio, whether coming from your hometown or from the other side of

70

the world, is something you listen to while doing something else - like shaving, eating, or riding a bike.

Get yourself a SoundBridge Radio Wi-Fi music system from Ruku, a company founded five years ago by Anthony Wood. He is known for being the inventor of the digital video recorder. The radio is elegant and compact black form packs excellent speakers, including a subwoofer and it turns into local stations in the AM and FM bands as well as to Internet stations, whose signals are conveyed wirelessly over your local area network.

You quickly get used to switching from the BBC to Radio Helsinki to Minnesota Public Radio - a one-handed operation, thanks to the remote control. You aren't limited to the Internet's offerings, because any audio available on your network will register. Your computer's music library will therefore be at your disposal. Roku's packing so many functions into a small number of button combinations helps to master the control quickly. '

There are some limitations. You can't take the radio to the beach, because it hasn't got battery power. The system buffers streaming audio - which means interrupting the sound by the excessive lag in the Internet.

None of the drawbacks matter in the long run. After setting up the system it is a breeze to get it to do whatever you want.

a stand-alone device - независимое, автономное устройство to cry out - настоятельно требовать, нуждаться

a subwoofer - динамик низких частот to buffer - изолировать

a breeze - пустяк, легкая задача

XIII. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

Analogue television basics

1 [Television is the transmission and reception of pictures and sound by very high frequency (VHF) radio waves} In the television studio, or during outdoor broadcasts, one or more television cameras produce electrical signals of a moving visible scene. A video amplifier amplifies these signals and sends them along a line to the transmitting station. At the same time, sounds associated with the scene are converted into electrical signals by a microphone and these, too, are amplified along with the video signal. At the television transmitting station, two carrier waves, are modulated, one with the video information and one with the sound information./The transmitting aerial picks up this wave and amplifies it before demodulating the vision and sound components,/ Two signals are separated out. The demodulated sound signal passes to an AF amplifier before being passed to a loudspeaker that recreates the original sound as accurately as possible. A video amplifier amplifiers the demodulated video signal before being passed to a cathode ray tube in the TV receiver to recreate an image of the original scene.

71

3'A black-and-white television camera combines optics and electronics to produce electronic signalsJThe basis of this camera is the vidicon tube. It produces a narrow beam of electrons aimed at a photosensitive material on which a lens system focuses an optical image. I front of the target is a transparent aluminium film. The variation in brightness of the image is "read" using an electron beam that is made to move back and forth over the target. During this scanning process, the electron current varies in the circuit comprising the electron beam, the target, resistor, the power supply and the electron gun. The strength of the electron current thus follows the brightness of the image, and resistor turns these current variations into voltage variations comprising video signal.

n.| In the vidicon tube, the electron beam is made to scan the target by suitable signals passing through the scanning coils wound round the tubejThe spot of electrons is first positioned at the top of the target and rapidly moved horizontally. At the end of the line, the spot is moved rapidly back to the left side of the target. This very rapid return of the spot is called flyback. A second line is now traced and the process repeated until the spot has reached the bottom right-hand corner of the target. The spot is then returned to the top left-hand corner of the screen and a second picture traced out. Thus scanning produces a picture made up of a set of parallel lines called a raster. The system that deflects the spot horizontally is called the field scan, and that which moves the spot downwards at a much slower rate is called line scan. The deflection is produced by magnetic fields generated by currents having a sawtooth shape. Scanning is a common way of building up pictures|arid is used in the cameras on weather satellites, and on interplanetary spacecraft that send us detailed pictures of planets during their exploration of the Solar System.J

In a TV receiver the picture is displayed on the screen of a cathode ray tube (Q (CRT), llhe tube is an airless glass envelope, narrow and cylindrical at one end and flared out at the other end to form a viewing screen. By heating a filament at the narrow end, electrons are produced and these are accelerated and focused into a narrow beam by an electron gun before being "fired" along the axis of the tube towards the positive anodesJThe horizontal and vertical deflection coils clamped round the neck of the tube move the beam back and forth across the screen to build

up a picture as a set of lines on the screen.

Where the electrons strike the phosphor, light is produced, the brightness of which is determined by the energy of the electrons. External controls on the receiver enable the intensity of the electron beam and therefore the overall brightness of the screen to be adjusted. Because a TV picture contains a lot of information, TV needs a bandwidth of about 11 MHz. jln order to save "radio space", this rather large bandwidth is halved to 5.5 MHz by a technique called interlaces scanningjEach complete picture is divided into two frames that are scanned and transmitted one after the other and then reassembled at the TV receiver. Thus, after the beam has scanned half the picture comprising 312.5 lines in l/50s, it returns to scan the intervening lines. Therefore, although 50 frames are transmitted per second, only 25 complete pictures are transmitted per second.

Vocabulary:

to radiate - излучать vidicon tube - видикон

electron gun - электронный прожектор, электронная пушка scanning coil - отклоняющаяся катушка

AF - audio frequency - звуковая частота scanning - обследование, развертка изображения flyback - обратный ход луча

raster - растр

to deflect - отклонять

field scan — полевая развертка line scan - строчная развертка

glass envelope - стеклянная молба, баллон

flared - расширяющийся, расширенный на конус to clamp - зажимать, фиксировать

bandwidth - ширина полосы часто, полоса частот interlaced scanning - черезстрочная разверстка intervening lines - промежуточные линии

XIV. Find Gerunds in the text and define their functions.

XV. Read the text again and answer the questions.

1. What is television?

2. What is the role of transmitting and receiving aerials in television?

3.What is the basis of black-and-white television camera?

4.Describe the principle of a vidicon tube.

5.Where is process of scanning used?

XVI. Combine words from Box A with words from Box В to make collocations.

XVII. Connect the words with their definitions.

a)the act or process by which an output wave or signal is obtained having the characteristics of the original modulating wave or signal;

c)the fast return of the spot on a cathode-ray tube after completion of each trace;

d)a transmission of a program on radio or television;

e)the range of frequencies within a given waveband used for a particular transmission;

£h) the system or process of producing on a distant screen a series of transient visible images, usually with an accompanying sound signal;

i)the change in direction of a light beam as it crosses a boundary between two

XVIII. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.

-Flyback, vidieon tube, deflection soils, television, scanning, electron gun, ^bandwidth, aerial, electron beam, microphone

exactly the same position at all times as the electron beam that scans the screen in the picture tube.

4. Both line and frame synchronizing pulses are added back to the video signal

had to be given to owners of monochrome receivers so that they could continue to receive a normal monochrome picture.

XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words

1. Setting iargets is very important when you want to achieve something. 2. He has become the target for a lot of criticism recently. 3. The campaign is clearly targeted on the young. 4. She scanned the advertisement pages of the newspaper over breakfast. 5. I scanned the book for every detail of the transistor operation. 6. Text and pictures can be scanned into the computer. 7. The camera tubes are scanned in synchronism using internal electron beams that produce three separate voltages, representing the 8 MHz colour information. 8. Suppose the picture being scanned has n elements. 9. Luckily I managed to get home half an hour before the first spots of rain started to fall. 10. His jacket was covered with spots of mud. 11. The process of scanning consists of moving an exploring element or spot over the image to be transmitted in a periodically repeated path covering the entire image area.

XX. Change the sentences, using the words in brackets according to the model.

1.The engineer advised using a variable capacitor to tune different stations in. (their colleges)

2.The teacher recommends recalling the material about audio amplifier, (the student)

3.The necessity to save "radio space" doesn't permit increasing of bandwidth, (radio station)

4.The professor intends using amplitude modulation to transmit the bandwidth, (the engineer)

5.A new communication satellite allowed using regular Hi-Vision service, (tiny aerials)

XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

1. Speak about different types of television, their advantages and disadvantages, (cable television, colour television, digital television, high-definition television). 2. Paraphrase the following quotation. Express your opinion about it.

"It is only when they go wrong that machines remind you how powerful they are." Clive James (Australian critic)

Unit 9

1.Условные предложения

2.Значения слова provide

3.Значения союзов unless, suppose, in case, on condition that, but for

4.Префиксы over-, super-, under-, mono-, semi-, mal-, non-, sub-, out-, mis-.

5.Текст «The charge-coupled device»

/.Translate conditional sentences and define their types.

I. If a scientific research is closely linked with practice the results are always

good. 2. If you looked at the equipment of 1946 you would notice the difference with that available at present. 3. If the satellite speed were less than necessary it would go down from the orbit and enter the atmosphere. 4. If you watch a laser operate, you might be surprised at the simplicity of a device having such a power. 5. If we wanted to make a journey in a plane to the nearest star we should have to travel for several thousand centuries. 6. If we had tested this materialwe should have used it in our work. 7. If ordinary gases are greatly compressed they become liquids. 8. If supercomputers had not been used for thermodynamic calculations designers would have spent all their lives on computations. 9. If you think that a computer never makes mistakes you are wrong. 10. If the number of negative charges is unlike the number of positive charges, the matter will produce electrical effects.

II.Choose the right variant in brackets paying attention to the type of conditional sentences.

1. If they (discover/discovered) iron ore deposits in that district, an iron and steel works will be built there. 2. I would (have brought/bring) the book, but you did not tell me you needed it. 3. If I were you, I would (write/have written) a letter of complaint to the company. 4. If you had studied harder, you would not (fail/have failed) your exams. 5. If I (see/saw) you yesterday I would have given you my text­ book. 6. If there were no difference of potential between two points of a conductor, electrons would not (continue/have continued) to flow. 7. If helium were obtained only from the air, it would (be/have been) a rare gas. 8. If we (tested/had tested) this

76

material we should have used it in our work. 9. If every light fixtures in buildings (contain/contained) a small wireless node, people would not only be able to control the lighting more effectively but put them to many other uses too. 10. If you (look/looked) at the number of internet capable mobile phones, PDAs and so on, you will see that they are rapidly outnumbering the things we think of as computers.

III. Put the verbs in the right form in the conditional sentences.

1. If we bring the charged ebonite rod near the ball, the latter (attract) towards it.

2.If a great enough velocity is reached, each electron (have) sufficient energy to release one or more electrons from the plate.

3.If a difference of potential between two points of a conductor (maintain) by some means or other, electrons will continue to flow, giving life to a continuous current.

4.If there were no force of gravitation, both the Moon and the Earth (fly off) into space along a straight line.

5.If we (have) to examine most solid substances, we should see that they are crystalline.

6. Would you mind if I (come) to work an hour later on Monday?

(be) developed.

10.If white cast iron were slowly cooled in the moulds it (have) a structure of ferrite and free carbon in the form of graphite.

11.What would you use if you (want) to measure air pressure?

12.If you (look) at the engine for a moment, you would have seen what was missing.

13.If there were no atmosphere, there (be) no clouds, no rain.

14.If you (melt) the snow you would get water.

IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

1. The launching of the rocket was delayed half an hour by bad weather. If the weather (be) good they (launch) it at 7.30 instead of at 8.00. 2. It is a pity he never patented his invention. If he (patent) it he (make) a lot of money. 3.1 failed my exam. If I (try) again, I think that I (succeed). 4. Sally forgot her briefcase. If she (be) in such a hurry she (not forget) her briefcase. 5. He knows that this cable is alive. If he (touch) that electric cable he (be) electrocuted. 6. We did not go to the lecture yesterday. If we (be) at the lecture we (answer) your questions. 7. I (do) this work long ago if I (have) got the necessary tools. 8. Extra measures have to be taken to cool a hypersonic craft. If extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction (not be) so high a hypersonic craft (not require) complicated cooling measures. 9. If you (drive) more carefully you (not have) an accident. 10. If I (knew) that you needed help I (help) you.

77

V. Rewrite the sentences according to the model.

Model: I did not see the signal, so I did not stop.

If I had seen the signal, I would have stopped.

1.The exit doors were blocked, so people couldnt escape from the burning hall.

2.He had all the necessary books and made his report in time.

3.I did not read the instruction that is why I did not manage to install the equipment.

4.Drivers are not attentive while driving, so there are a lot of accidents on the road.

5.They applied a new method and got good results.

6.Gases are not greatly compressed, so they cant become liquids. -

7.He was at the lecture yesterday and answered all the teacher's questions.

8.Current does not flow across from one wire to the other because two wires are separated by the air gap.

9.A potential difference does not exist between two objects because they were charged equally.

10.The heat causes mechanical troubles when the temperature is raised above a certain limit.

VI. Finish the sentences.

1.If I could travel anywhere in the world...

2.If 1 owned a company...

3.If I were the president of...

4.If I had $1 million...

5.If I practiced more ...

6.If I had more time...

7.If I had a camera...

8.If the weather is fine...

9.If I get my university degree...

lO.If I find a well-paid job...

VII. Change the following sentences of real condition into sentences of unreal condition.

Model: If you put salt on ice it will melt.

If you put salt on ice it would melt.

8.If rubber is combined with metals, wood and asbestos, it would greatly increase the potential uses of this material.

9.If you use that door, it sets off an alarm.

10.If traffic is controlled by computers cars will travel with safety and speed.

VIII. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the word provide.

1. The experiments provided very good results. 2. I shall lend you my car provided you fill it up with peupl. 3. Data provided by these tests were processed by computers. 4. The exploration of the Moon provided a great deal of scientific knowledge. 5. Our laboratory has been provided with the latest equipment. 6. We shall be able to ship the goods at the end of May provided the order is received immediately. 7. Having measured the distance between two points, it is possible to calculate the time during which a car can cover it, provided we know the car's average speed. 8. Closed cabins on all passenger aircraft must be provided with at least one easily accessible external door. 9. Superliners could develop a higher speed provided some special cooling measures were used. 10. The magnetic compass can be used with precision provided its peculiarities are understood. 11. Current starts flowing provided a voltage source is applied to the circuit. 12. The new equipment can be utilized provided a protection fuse is applied to it.

IX Translate the sentences with conjunctions unless, in case, but for, on condition that and suppose.

1. She will certainly fail her exams unless she starts to study. 2.1 would not have been able to do it unless she had helped me. 3. But for the atmosphere life should not exist on the Earth. 4. I shall see you at the same time next week, unless I hear from you. 5. I could do this work in case I got the necessary tools. 6. The speed of the molecules will increase on condition that the temperature rises. 7. We should have no radio, telephone, television or computers unless there were electricity. 8. Suppose you are not ready for the exam, what will you do? 9. Isaac Newton stated that a body would continue moving in case force were not applied to stop it. 10. Suppose this method is applied, two conditions must be observed. 11. The earth temperature would not have increased in case heat had not been radiated into atmosphere. 12. Suppose a piece of hot metal is placed into cold water, the metal will be cooled and the water will be heated. 13. Take your mobile phone with you in case I need to call you later. 14. It is possible to use resistance coupling on condition that a tube of low plate resistance is employed in the earlier stage.

79