Part III

WORD-FORMATION

Задание 1. In accordance with the part that is cut off to form a new word classify cases of shortening into four groups: 1) initial shortenings (aphesis); 2) medial shortenings (syncope); 3) final shortenings (apocope); 4) both initial and final shortenings.

Model: net < internet

* The initial part of the original word is cut off. Consequently, the new word refers to the first group.

Hols < holidays; vac < vacuum cleaner; tec < detective; plane < aeroplane; Frisco < (San) Francisco; quiz < inquisitive; bus < omnibus; curio < curiosity; miss < mistress; sport < disport; soccer < Association Football; fan < fanatic; circs < circumstances; chute < parachute; Aline < Adeline; cert < certainty; tend < attend; mart < market; coke < coca-cola; Liz < Elizabeth; prep-school < preparatory-school; gator < alligator; cuss < customer.

Задание 2. Determine the original components of the following blends. Define which type (additive or restrictive) the blends belong to.

Model: to guesstimate, seadrome

* The verb to guesstimate is formed by combining the words guess and estimate. The given blend may be transformed into a phrase consisting of complete stems combined by the conjunction and. Thus, to guesstimate belongs to the additive type of blends.

* The noun seadrome is formed by combining the words sea and airdrome. The given blend may be transformed into a phrase, the first element of which serves as modifier to the second. Thus, seadrome belongs to the restrictive type of blends.

Positron, brunch, absotively, motel, spam, flush, slanguage, twirl, bit, mingy, transceiver, paratroops, crocogator, oilitics, dipward, win door, newtopia, glumpy, cablegram, smaze, flextime, Oxbridge.

Задание 3. Define which words have been combined to form the following computer terms. Give their meanings.

Netiquette, emoticon, netizen, technophobe.

Задание 4. According to their pronunciation classify the given acronyms into two groups: 1) those that are read as ordinary English words; 2) those with the alphabetic reading.

Model: NATFHE – National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education (group 1); MP – Member of Parliament (group 2); NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization; UNO – United Nations Organization; WHO – The World Health Organization; BUPA – British United Provident Association; AGM – annual general meeting; WI – Women's Institute; UCAS – Universities and Colleges Admissions Service; IRA – Irish Republican Army; NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration; CID – Criminal Investigation Department; SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks; UEFA – Union of European Football Associations; IQ – intelligence quotient; NAAFI – Navy, Army, and Air Force Institutes; MRBM – medium range ballistic missile; FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation; TEFL ­– teaching of English as a foreign language; UFO – unidentified flying object; UNRRA – United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Admini­stration; VIP – very important person; FIFA – Federal International Football Association; GI – government (or general) issue.

Задание 5. Group the words formed by sound-interchange into: 1) those formed by vowel-interchange or ablaut (& suffixation); 2) those formed by consonant-interchange; 3) those formed by combining both means, i. e. vowel- and consonant-interchange.

Model: relief(n) – relieve (v): consonant-interchange.

Long (adj) – length (n), speak (v) – speech (n), wreathe (v) – wreath (n), bake (v) – batch (n), strike (v) – stroke (n), house (n) – ­house (v), breathe (v) – breath (n), believe (v) – belief (n), full (adj) – ­fill (v), lose (v) – loss (n), prove (v) – proof (n), knot (n) – knit (v), glaze (v) – glass (n), shelve (v) – shelf (n), wake (v) – watch (n), loathe (v) – loath (n), use (v) – use (n), sing (v) – song (n), clothe (v) – cloth (n), bite (v) – bit (n), halve (v) – half (n), abide (v) – abode (n), serve (v) – serf (n), deep (adj) – depth (n), bathe (v) – bath (n), ride (v) – road (n).

Задание 6. Match the Russian words with their English equivalents.

Russian	English
1) писк	1) grumble
2) бах, бац; сильный удар	2) hushaby/hush
3) хихикать	3) pop
4) мычать	4) thump-thump
5) квакать	5) cheep
6) ворчать	6) giggle
7) свист	7) moo
8) тук-тук, наносить тяже-лый удар	8) croak
9) баю-бай, убаюкивать	9) whiz
10) кукавать	10) bang
11) мяукать	11) babble
12) шикать	12) quacking
13) жужжать	13) neigh
14) лепет	14) mew
15) хлоп, хлопнуть	15) mumble
16) кряканье	16) fizz
17) шамкать	17) boo
18) шипение	18) cackle
19) кудахтать	19) buzz
20) ржание	20) cuckoo

Задание 7. From the sentences given below write out the words built up by back­-formation. Give the original words from which they are formed.

Model: They commentate on live Monday matches.

* The word commentate (v) is formed by means of back-derivation. The word from which it was formed is commentator (n).

1) They both enthused over my new look. 2) She didn't like that he frivoled in such a serious situation. 3) It was pure greed that made me finish all those chocolates. 4) They've asked me to edit one of the volumes in their new series of Shakespeare plays. 5) The police found the people who burgled our house while we were away on holidays. 6) They televised a live debate between the party leaders. 7) The existing systems begin to obsolesce. 8) They didn't want him to orate at the meeting. 9) I was very peeved by his refusal to cooperate. 10) I intuited his real identity. 11) Mountain peaks are classified according to their shape.

Задание 8. What serves as a word-formation means in the given pairs of words. Stress these words.

1) compound (n, adj) – compound (v); 2) perfect (adj) – perfect (v); 3) permit (n) –permit (v); 4) progress (n) – progress (v); 5) frequent (adj) – frequent (v); 6) affix (n) – affix (v); 7) contact (n) – ­contact (v); 8) insult (n) – insult (v); 9) abstract (adj) – abstract (v); 10) decrease (n) – decrease (v); 11) protest (n) – protest (v); 12) produce (n) – produce (v); 13) survey (n) – survey (v); 14) conflict (n) – conflict (v); 15) subject (n, adj) – subject (v).

Задание 9. Define and write down the derivational base of the given nouns into the first column. Classify the derivational suffixes according to the lexico­grammatical character of the base they are added to.

­Model: arrival

* The derivational base of the noun arrival is arriv( e)-. The suffix -al is added to the verbal base and thus it may be qualified as a deverbal suffix.

Derivational base	Suffix	Derived nouns
arriv(e)-	-al	arrival
…	-(an)ce	abundance
...	-cy	constancy
…	-dom	kingdom
...	-(en)ce	independence
...	-ful	mouthful
...	-hood	boyhood
...	-ing	dancing
...	-ion	invention
...	-ism	criticism
...	-ity	sensitivity
...	- ment	agreement
...	-ness	happiness
...	-ship	ownership
...	-ian	musician

Задание 10. Distribute the given words formed by means of the polysemantic suffix -ship according to three meanings of this suffix into three corresponding groups: 1) 'skills or ability'; 2) 'position or occupation'; 3) 'relationship or connection between people'.

1: Workmanship, musicianship, salesmanship,

2: chairmanship, professorship, studentship, sportsmanship, doctorship, lectureship,

3: comradeship, friendship, kinship, acquaintanceship, partnership.

Задание 11. Classify suffixes forming the given nouns according to their generalizing meaning into three groups: 1) suffixes denoting people of different professions or of different kinds of activity; 2) suffixes denoting collectivity or collection of; 3) suffixes denoting diminutiveness (миниатюрность).

2 Membership,1 assistant, lecturette, 1 trainee, 2sisterhood, 1 actress, piglet, 1painter, machinery, aunty, yuppiedom,1 historian, duckling, finery,1 scientist, babykins, readership,1 supervisor, nightie, aristocracy.

Задание 12. Translate the given combinations of words into English. Pay special attention to the formation of different in meaning adjectives by means of adding different suffixes to one and the same derivational base.

Model: favour: любимый автор – благоприятная погода

* The English for любимый автор is a favourite author. The English for благоприятная погода is favourable weather.

1) exhaust: изнурительная работа (exhausting work) – исчерпывающий ответ (exhaustive answer); 2) history: историческая победа (historic victory) – исторический фильм historical film); 3) honour: почетный гражданин (honorary citizen) – почетная обязанность (honorable duty); 4) respect: почтительное молчание (respectful silence) – почтенный человек (respectable man); 5) skill: квалифицированный рабочий (skilled worker) – опытный, искусный хирург (an experienced, skilled surgeon); 6) culture: культурная жизнь (cultural life) – культурный человек (cultured men) ; 7) touch: трогательные слова – обидчивый человек;( touching words - resentful person) 8) delight: восхищенные зрители – восхитительные каникулы (admiring spectators - an amazing vacation); 9) economy: экономический кризис – экономные расходы (the economic crisis - cheap costs;); 10) contempt: презренный предатель – презрительная улыбка. (a despicable traitor - a contemptuous smile.)

Задание 13. Combine the prefixes in the box with the appropriate derivational base from the list. Classify the prefixes according to the lexico-grammatical character of the base they are attached to and according to the part of speech they form.

Model: dis­-

* The prefix dis- can be combined with the bases: -advantage, -favour, -order. It is added to the nominal bases to form new nouns. Thus, this prefix can be qualified as a denominal and noun-forming prefix.

dis-, il-, non-, ir-, un-, im-, in-, de-, a­-.

Legal, relevant, mature, regulate, moral, ability, payment, happy, responsible, patient, stabilize, honour, smoker, learn, formally, typical, logical, rational, possible, classify, agreement, verbal, lock, practical, dependently, mystify, resistible, sensual, literate, obedience, academic, tie, adequately, septic, clean.

non-legal, irrelevant, immature, unregulated, immoral, disability, failure to pay, unhappy, irresponsibility, impatience, nestabilizatsii, wickedness, nonsmokers, unrecognized, informal, atypical, illogical, irrational, impossible, Unclassified, , nonverbal, impractical independently nemistifitsirovat unstable, sensuous, illiterate, disobedience, non-academic, inadequate unclean.

Задание 14. Analyze different meanings of the prefix over- forming the given words. Classify these words according to the generalizing meaning of the prefix over- ­under the following headings: 1) 'excess'; 2) 'time (age)'; 3) 'position or place'; 4) 'addition'; 5) 'outer, covering'; 6) 'a person engaged in a certain activity or an agent of an action'.

Model: overlord (n), overpaint (n), overeager (adj)

* As the noun overlord means 'a ruler, especially a feudal lord', it refers to group 6. The word over paint has the meaning 'paint added as a covering layer' and may be referred to group 5. The adjective overeager means 'excessively eager' and so it refers to group 1.

Overlay (v, n), over-king (n), over-forty (n), overdevelop (v), overhang (v), overprint (v), overcoat (n), overambitious (adj), overseventeen (n), overhead (adv), overreacher (n), overtime (adv), overstitch (n), overman (n), overprotective (adj), overseer (n), overcast (v), overtly (v), overdose (n), overtwenty (n), overlap (v), overnighter (n), overleaf (adv), overdub (v), overboot (n), overcareful (adj), overside (adv), overlooker (n), overall (n), overdress (v), overground (adj), overlander (n).

Задание 15. The prefix pre- making up the italicized words has two different meanings. Write 'X' in the space provided if it means that one thing happens before another. Write 'Y' if it means that something has already been done.

1) I hate the pre-Christmas panic that seems to hit my family in the middle of December.

…

2) Eventually the pre-paid envelopes were sent from the mail order company.

…

3) His preconceived ideas made it impossible for anyone to get him to listen to their side of the argument.

…

4) There were many pre-fourteenth century portraits in the exhibition.

…

5) The jury unanimously reached the decision that the killing was premeditated.

…

6) He married late and his wife predeceased him.

…

7) Bake the cake in a pre-heated oven for twenty minutes.

…

8) Ann had invited us round early for a pre-dinner drink.

…

9) Some football players develop a special routine to cope with pre­match nerves.

…

10) We had been given tickets to a preview of the film.

…

Приставка предварительно составляя выделенные курсивом слова имеет два различных значения. Написать 'X' в специально отведенном месте, если это означает, что одна вещь происходит прежде, чем другой. Написать 'Y', если это означает, что что-то уже сделано.

1) Я ненавижу предновогоднее панику, которая, кажется, ударил мою семью в середине декабря. х

...

2) В конце концов предоплаты конверты были отправлены из почтового перевода компании. у

...

3) Его предвзятых идей сделало невозможным для тех, кто, чтобы заставить его прислушаться к их стороне аргумента.

...

4) Были много предварительно четырнадцатой портреты века в выставке.

...

5) Жюри единогласно приняло решение, что убийство было преднамеренным.

...

6) Он женился поздно, и его жена раньше него.

...

7) Выпекать пирог в предварительно нагретой духовке в течение двадцати минут.

...

8) Энн пригласил нас круглый рано для напитка перед ужином.

...

9) Некоторые футболисты разработать специальную процедуру, чтобы справиться с предварительно нервов ¬ матче.

...

10) Нам дали билеты на показе фильма.

Задание 16. Write out the italicized words from the sentences taken from" The Independent" and classify them according to the productivity of their derivational affixes. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) Then he read extracts from it, secret histories of those whom he chooses to call the unpeople of this world - the slave labourers <... > sacked in the winter of 1995, who were refused support by their union.

2) I am not over-optimistic about my chances of winning any of these three Firstships.

3) The locals call this place Pitta straat due to the number of ethnic fast-food places, which become a welcome refuge for pubbers and clubbers.

4) The key players left the encounter sounding unimpressed by Mr Yeltsin's efforts to cajole them into supporting the 35-year-old ex­provincial banker and former energy minister, Sergei Kiriyenko.

5) But the interesting point about the legend is that it shows the iconists had the notion of 'painting from life'.

6) The problem in my own case is not sexism, but alphabetism. My partner can vote in the proposed Halifax conversion, but I cannot. My surname begins with G and hers with C. Only the first-named person in a joint mortgage is entitled to vote and to participate in any subsequent shares handout.

7) Bespectacled Kate spanned some eighteen peepful years before being yanked back from retirement for further snoopings.

8) He may say the same thing with the release of every new movie, but this time it needs to be said more forcibly, because Harry Block is a writer who specializes in tabooish relationships...

9) The risk lies not in these elements singlely but in the danger that they might combine to create a whole, which is greater than the sum of its parts producing a chain reaction.

10) Some people have cupboardfuls of unwearable outfits without which they simply cannot live: badly flared trousers, nickel belts that give you a nasty rash and expensive peep-toed stilettos with embalmed goldfish in the heels.

11) My mother-in-law is a hataholic person.

12) It's lovely to come back and revisit these places and refeel these emotions.

13) There are still one or two paintings that strike me as having a wrongish size, and therefore give an eccentric scale to the figure.

14) Invariably, some not just name but place-dropping member of London's Celebritocracy is boasting about her high-powered, action­packed day beginning with breakfast in bed.

Выпишите выделенные курсивом слова из предложений , взятых из " The Independent " и классифицировать их по производительности их словообразовательных аффиксов . Перевести приговоры на русский язык.

1) Затем он прочитал выдержки из него , тайные истории тех, кого он выбирает для вызова обезлюдить ( обозначают противоположное действие ) этого мира - рабов < ... > уволенные в зимой 1995 года , которым было отказано в поддержку путем их союз .

2) Я не чрезмерно оптимистичными о моих шансов на победу любой из этих трех Firstships ( Значение определённого состояния , режима , степени отношений ).

3) Местные жители называют это место Питта Straat из-за количества этнических мест быстрого питания , которые становятся желанным убежищем для pubbers и клабберов .

4) Ключевые игроки покинули встречу звучание впечатления усилиями г-на Ельцина , чтобы задобрить их в поддержку 35 -летнего exprovincial ( зн.бывший ) банкир и бывший министр энергетики Сергей Кириенко .

5) Но интересный момент о легенде , что он показывает , что iconists было понятие « картины из жизни».

6) Проблема в моем случае это не сексизм , но alphabetism ( Суффикс , обозначающий учение , теорию , политическое движение ) . Мой партнер может голосовать в предлагаемом преобразовании Галифакс , но я не могу. Мой фамилия начинается с G и ее с С. Только первый названием человек в совместном ипотеки имеет право голосовать и участвовать в любом последующем раздаточный материал акций.

7) в очках Кейт натянутое некоторые восемнадцать peepful лет , прежде чем рывком вернулся из отставки для дальнейших snoopings .

8) Он может сказать то же самое с выпуском каждого нового фильма , но на этот раз должно быть сказано более насильно , потому что Гарри Блок не писатель, который специализируется на tabooish отношений ...

9) Риск заключается не в этих элементах singlely но в опасности , что они могут объединить , чтобы создать единое целое , которое больше, чем сумма его частей , производящих цепную реакцию.

10) У некоторых людей есть cupboardfuls из непригодным для носки одежды , без которых они просто не могут жить : плохо расклешенных брюках , никель ремни , которые дают вам неприятную сыпь и дорогие пип носком туфли на шпильке с бальзамировали золотыми рыбками в пятки .

11) Моя мать в законе является hataholic человек .

12) Это прекрасно, чтобы вернуться и пересмотреть эти места и refeel эти эмоции .

13) Есть еще один или две картины , которые кажутся мне как имеющие wrongish размер , и, следовательно, дать эксцентричный масштаб рисунка .

14) Неизменно , некоторые не просто назвать , но место -снижается пользователя лондонского Celebritocracy хвастается о своем мощных , действия ¬ упакованы день , начиная с завтрака в постели .

Задание 17. Study the given words illustrating the fact that productivity of affixes is a historical phenomenon.

Explain what the derivational affixes mean.

Model: arrestee, impeachee, persuadee, secondee

* The suffix -ee means 'recipient of an action'.

1) groceteria, booteteria, booketeria, washeteria; 2) spydom, blokedom, computerdom, snobdom, bikerdom; 3) untakeable, uneducative, undutiful, unbrotherly; 4) taxiful, potful, cupboardful, harpful; 5) emailable, rideable, passable, doable; 6) emailer, channeler, bagger, c1ubber; 7) coolth, thickth, resideth; 8) to belgiumize, to vacationize, to citizenize, to fre(e)ize; 9) ex-analyst, ex-wages (clerk), ex-superior, ex-provincial; 10) milkaholic, newsacholic, bookacholic, chocoholic, hataholic, workacholic, shopacholic; 11) refeel, reinterest, re-aim, rebalance; 12) genderism, ableism, heightyism, alphabetism.

Задание 18. Define the etymology of the derivational affixes forming the given words.

Model: risky (full of the possibility of danger, failure, or loss)

* The suffix -y is Old English.

1) refusenik (a Jew in the former Soviet Union who was refused permission to emigrate to Israel), beatnik (a young person in the 1950s and early 1960s belonging to a subculture associated with the beat generation); 2) pro-family (promoting family life and traditional moral values); 3) doable (within one's powers); 4) merriment (gaiety and fun); 5) foretell (to predict the future or a future event); 6) breakage (a thing that has been broken); 7) non-citizen (a person who is not an inhabitant or national of a particular state or town); 8) truism (a statement that is obviously true and says nothing new or interesting); 9) overexcite (excite excessively); 10) hindrance (a thing that provides resistance, delay, or obstruction to something or someone); 11) coolant (a languid or gas that is used to remove heat from something); 12) paralegal (a person trained in subsidiary legal matters but not fully qualified as a lawyer).

Задание 19. Form adjectives from the italicized words given in brackets by means of attaching appropriate suffixes to them. Analyze the valency of the adjective-­forming affixes in terms of the bases they are attached to.

Model: The time seemed to stretch out in a (dream...) manner

* The adjective-forming suffix -like is attached to the nominal base dream­ to form the adjective dreamlike.

1) She smiled a slightly (ironic...) smile. 2) He felt very (protect...) towards her and loved her dearly. 3) The newspapers printed a shocking and (shame...) story. 4. She slept on a (collapse...) bed with rough, (prickle...) sheets. 5) He filled the frequent silences with (comic...) anecdotes. 6) There were two letters from Michael, warm, (humor...), and full of information. 7) Mr and Mrs Bixby lived in a (small...) apartment. 8) His voice was cold and (dead...). 9) I have extra French lessons with a (retire...) schoolmaster. 10) Judy was very (compliment...) about my work. 11) There is the danger of an (accident...) explosion that could be caused by a gas leak. 12) I understood that it was (permit...) to ask a question. 13) She thought how (fool...) he'd been and was not angry any more. 14) It's time you chose between the two (alternate...) lifestyles.

Библиографический список

1. Кунин А.В. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / А.В. Кунин. М.: Дубна, 1996. 198 с.

2. Лещева Л.М. Слова в английском языке. Лексикология современного английского языка: учеб. пособие: [на англ. яз.] / Л.М. Лещева. Мн., 2002. 214 с.

3. Медникова Э.М. Практикум по лексикологии английском языке. Учеб. пособие для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / Э.М. Медникова. М., 1978. 208 с.

4. The Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology. UK, 1993.

5. The Longman Idioms Dictionary. UK, 2000.

Учебное издание

КУЗИНА Оксана Александровна

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ ПО КУРСУ

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