Домашняя контрольная работа №2

Англоязычные страны: культура и традиции

Грамматический комментарий

Обзорная таблица видовременных форм английского глагола в действительном залоге

	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Perfect Progressive
	Констатация факта	процесс	завершенность	процесс уже в течение некоторого периода времени
Present	V, V-s I write. Я пишу (часто).	am is V-ing are I am writing. Я пишу (сейчас).	have V3 has I have written. Я написал (сегодня, уже, только что).	have been V-ing has I have been writing. Я пишу (уже час, с 2 часов).
Past	V-ed, V2 I wrote. Я (на)писал (вчера, 2 дня тому назад).	was V-ing were I was writing. Я писал (вчера в 3 часа, когда он вошел).	had V3 I had written. Я написал (вчера к 3 часам, до того как он пришел).	had been V-ing I had been writing. Я писал (уже 2 часа, когда он пришел)
Future	will (shall) V I will (shall) write. Я напишу, буду писать завтра.	will (shall) be V-ing I will (shall) be writing. Я буду писать (завтра в 3 часа).	will (shall) have V3 I will (shall) have written. Я напишу (завтра к 3 часам, до того как он придет).	will (shall) have been V-ing I will (shall) have been writing. Я буду писать (завтра уже 3 часа, когда он придет).

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты

Значение	Present	Past	Future
	can	could	Shall/will be able to
физическая или умственная способность	I can skate. – Я умею кататься на коньках.	I could skate when I was 6 years old. – Я мог кататься на коньках в шесть лет.	I will be able to skate. – Я смогу кататься на коньках.
	May	was/were allowed	shall/will be allowed
разрешение совершить действие	You may go home. – Вы можете идти домой.	I was allowed to go home. – Мне разрешили пойти домой.	You will be allowed to go home. – Вам разрешат пойти домой.
	Must	-	-
моральный долг, долженствование	I must do it now. - Я должен это сделать.
	Have to, has to	had to	Shall/will have to
	I have to wear a uniform. – Мне приходится носить униформу.	I had to go there. – Я вынужден был туда пойти.	You will have to go there.- Вам придётся туда пойти.

Вариант1

Лексический комментарий

I. Запомните эти слова и составьте с ними 5 предложения.

Nouns	Существительные
Introduction	Официальное представление
First / Christian / given name	Имя
Surname/ second/ last/ family name	Фамилия
Patronymic/ middle name	Отчество
Custom	1) обычай; 2) клиентура
Courtesy	Вежливость, учтивость
Issue	Спорный вопрос
Attitude	Отношение к чему-либо
Response	Ответ, реакция
Behavior	Поведение
Leisure	Досуг
Acquaintance	1) знакомый, 2) знакомство
Associate	Коллега, партнер, товарищ
Grooming	Уход за внешностью
Verbs	Глаголы
Accept	Принимать, соглашаться
Accept (take) for granted	Считать само собой разумеющимся
Face	Стоять перед лицом чего-либо
Introduce	1) представлять; 2) вносить на рассмотрение
Save	1) экономить; 2) беречь
Waste	Расточать, истощать
Spend	Тратить, расходовать
Drop in (into)	Заглянуть, зайти куда-либо
Be concerned with something	Быть озабоченным чем-либо
Adjectives & Adverbs	Прилагательные и наречия
Acceptable	Приемлемый
Accepted	Общепринятый, признанный
Free	1) свободный; 2) бесплатный
Spare	1) свободный; 2) запасный
Well-bred	Хорошо воспитанный
ill-bred	Плохо воспитанный

Практика

II. а) Сопоставьте каждое слово из левой колонки с его сино­нимом из правой колонки.

Punctually	Proof
Take for granted	Ability
Affirmation	Exactly
Acceptance	Importance
Capability	Accept for granted
Significance	request
Demand	Recognition

б) Приведите в соответствие слова из левой колонки с их толкованием из правой колонки.

Courtesies (n)	Habits
Attitude (n)	free or extra time
Routines (n)	polite behavior
Foreigner (n)	Unfamiliar person
Stranger (n)	opinion about something
Spare time (n)	Often
Budget time (v)	Economical or proper use
Efficient (adj)	citizen or native of another country
Frequently (adv)	plan for future use of time

III. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Сделайте полный письменный перевод 2 и 3 абзацев.

English-Speaking Countries: Culture and Traditions The word "culture" has different meanings. It often refers to music, literature, art, and higher education. It also means the customs of a society and the way in which people interact with each other.

Every culture has certain basic ideas which everyone accepts for granted. These are fundamental things that everyone "knows" from his or her childhood, and which are automatic to the people who live in that culture. They include everything from the common courtesies and details of daily life to the deeper issues of a person's place in society, of family, of life and death.

When a person enters a new culture, the basic customs and ideas that he or she automatically accepted may no longer be true. The person faces a new set of customs and attitudes to try to understand. Let us learn some elements of English-speaking countries' culture and traditions.

Introducing yourself there is very simple: you state your name, where you live and your occupation. In a formal situation use your first and last names. At a party or in a social setting, use your first name only. Men are introduced to women, young people to older ones, old friends to newcomers, and young girls to married. Usually women are not presented to a man.

When introducing one says something like: "Mrs. Smith, may I introduce Mr. Brown" and then turning to Mrs. Smith simply says "Mrs. Smith". The usual response to the introduction is "How do you do?" which is a kind of greetings and not a question — very formal. One can say something less formal: "Nice to meet you," "I am glad to meet you," or "Happy to have met you." If you do not know a person's name, say "Sir" to a man or "Madam" to a woman. If a lady's marital status is unknown, she should be addressed as Ms [miz]. However, it would be much more civilized to learn a person's name and say: "Nice to meet you, Ms. Brown." People usually shake hands firmly especially when formally introduced, but they do not always shake hands with people they see often.

Certain types of behavior are expected in English-speaking countries. American identity is much bound up with home origins. Conversations between two Americans meeting abroad will commonly include an early focus on the home states or colleges, whereas this is unlikely with two Britons (assuming they talked to each other at all). Nicknames are much more often used in the USA than in Britain.

People in both countries consider time as an expensive object or material. They talk about it in many different ways. They save it, waste it, spend it, kill it. They have free time, leisure time, spare time. They invest in it and carefully budget it. Then never be late. It is not the custom to drop in on acquaintances without calling. Be polite and friendly in public places. Phrases like "Excuse me" and "I am sorry" are used far more frequently than in Russia. People there are also very concerned with grooming. Daily showers and a fresh set of clothes are the norm. Never ask persons their age. Smile and people will smile with you.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are the two meanings of the word "culture"?

2. How do you address strangers?

3. Introduce yourself formally.

4. Introduce yourself informally.

V. Бегло прочитав текст, выберите правильный вариант ответа.

The southeastern-most county or shire of England, running from London to the Channel, is Kent. Historically, this is the core of English history, with Dover — the principal access to the continent, Canterbury — the home of the English Church, and the Thames ports on its north border — the center of sea power and trading prosperity. It is one of the Home Counties and is often called the Garden of England both for its agricultural riches and for the lovely rolling hills in the North Downs that for many are the visual image of England itself, figuring in numberless works of literature.

Kent is ...

1. the home of the English Church.

2. the center of trading prosperity.

3. the core of English history.

1. the main access to the continent.

VI. Расставьте абзацы этого текста в правильном порядке. Первый абзац - это С.

A. The popularity of The Beatlesand the other groups from theMerseybeatera contributes to Liverpool's status as a tourist destination; tourism forms a significant part of the city's modern economy. In 2007 the city celebrated its 800th anniversary, and in 2008 it held theEuropean Capital of Culturetitle together withStavanger, Norway.

B. Inhabitants of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians but are also known as "Scousers", in reference to the local dish known as "scouse", a form of stew. The word "Scouse" has also become synonymous with the Liverpoolaccentanddialect. Liverpool's status as aport cityhas contributed to its diverse population, which draws from a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, particularly those from Ireland.

C. Liverpool is a cityandmetropolitan boroughofMerseyside,England, along the eastern side of theMersey Estuary. It was founded as aboroughin 1207 and was grantedcity statusin 1880. Liverpool has a population of435,500, and lies at the centre of the widerLiverpool Urban Area, which has a population of 816,216.

D. Liverpool has more galleries and national museums than any other city in the United Kingdom apart from London. The Tate Liverpoolgallery houses the modern art collection of the Tate in the North of England and was, until the opening ofTate Modern, the largest exhibition space dedicated to modern art in the United Kingdom. TheFACT centrehosts touring multimedia exhibitions, whilst theWalker Art Galleryhouses an extensive collection ofPre-Raphaelites.Sudley Housecontains another major collection of pre 20th century art, and the number of galleries continues to expand:Ceri Hand Galleryopened in 2008, exhibiting primarilycontemporary art, and Liverpool University's Victoria Building was re-opened as a public art gallery and museum to display the University's artwork and historical collections which include the second-largest display of art by Audubon outside the US.

E. Historicallya part ofLancashire, the urbanization and expansion of Liverpool were broadly brought about by the city's status as a majorport. By the 18th century, trade from theWest Indies, Ireland andmainland Europecoupled with close links with theAtlantic Slave Tradefurthered the economic expansion of Liverpool. By the early 19th century, 40% of the world's trade passed through Liverpool's docks, contributing to Liverpool's rise as a major city.

F. In 2004, several areas throughout the city centre were granted World Heritage Sitestatus byUNESCO. Referred to as theLiverpool Maritime Mercantile City, the site comprises six separate locations in the city including thePier Head,Albert DockandWilliam Brown Streetand includes many of the city's most famous landmarks.

VII. Верные реплики к данным высказываниям – это:

1. Sorry, I interrupted you. —

2. Could you hand me that file? —

3. I think it is going to rain. —

4. Thank you for a delicious meal. —

5. How about something to eat? —

6. Our team's lost the match. —

a) That’s a good idea.