Grammar study: Functions of Infinitive Compound forms of infinitive

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	to reduce - снижать	to be reduced – быть сниженным
Continuous	to be reducing – снижаться	–
Perfect	to have reduced – снижать	to have been reduced - быть сниженным
Perfect Continuous	to have been reducing – снижаться	–

Инфинитив может выполнять функции всех членов предложения:

1. подлежащее (отвечает на вопрос «кто?» или «что?»), в предложении стоит на первом месте:

To reduce hazardous conditions is the duty of any employer – Уменьшить опасные условия является обязанностью любого работодателя.

2. часть составного сказуемого.

The aim of safety engineering is to improve the workplace environment. – Целью техники безопасности является улучшение рабочей зоны.

3. определение (отвечает на вопрос «какой?»):

The dangers to be avoided should be recognized. – Опасности, которых нужно избежать, должны быть определены.

4. дополнение (отвечает на вопрос «кого?», «что?», соответствует русскому винительному падежу):

It is very important to develop comprehensive system of labour protection. – Очень важно разработать всестороннюю систему охраны труда.

5. обстоятельство цели (отвечает на вопрос «зачем?» и переводится с союзом «чтобы», «для того, чтобы», может стоять в начале, середине или конце предложения):

To avoid health disorder it is necessary to eliminate harmful labour conditions. – Чтобы избежать нарушения здоровья, необходимо устранять вредные условия труда.

Exercise 2. Define the functions of infinitive and translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Each employer’s obligation is to perform labour protection measures.

2. The work environment to be observed are set to avoid and reduce risks.

3. To alleviate negative effect on the health it is necessary to choose the proper work production system.

4. The Work Ergonomics Program was established to optimize worker’s health safety.

5. The goal of this document is to reduce and prevent work-related injures.

6. The objectives of the Program are to reduce or eliminate exposure of the employees to harmful conditions.

Text

Read the text describing general principles of labour organization

General principles of labour protection

Each employer should perform labour protection measures in accordance with the following general principles of labour protection. Such measures are:

1) setting up the work environment in such a way as to avoid risks and to reduce the impact of unavoidable risks;

2) preventing the causes of risks;

3) adapting the work to the individual, mainly as regards the design of workplaces, work equipment;

4) choosing the work and production methods paying special attention to alleviating monotonous work at a predetermined rate and reducing negative effect thereof on the health;

5) taking into account technical, hygiene and medical developments;

6) replacing the dangerous conditions by the safe or less dangerous;

7) developing a co-ordinated and comprehensive system of labour protection measures;

8) performing employee instruction and training in the field of labour protection;

To optimize worker’s health, safety, and productivity, and minimize physiological and psychological stress the Workplace Ergonomics Program was established. The goal of this document is to reduce and/or prevent work-related injuries and illnesses by establishing a methodology for identifying ergonomic stresses in the workplace and for implementing appropriate interventions. The objectives of the Program are:

- to reduce and/or eliminate exposures to such conditions through effective workstation and tool design and through proper work methods;

- to ensure evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of repetitive strain disorders, and prevent them;

- to ensure that staff is sufficiently informed about ergonomic hazards to which they are exposed;

- to train and educate the staff to participate in their own personal protection.

Management commitment and employee involvement are crucial to the success of the ergonomics program. Management commitment is demonstrated by the provision of organizational resources. Employee involvement can be achieved through the implementation of an employee complaint/suggestion procedure and encouraging early reporting of injury/illness symptoms. Ergonomic safety and health issues within each service unit require a response to each suggestion or complaint.

That’s why workplace ergonomics program should be reviewed on an ongoing basis.

Exercise 3. Match adjectives in the left column with nouns in the right and translate them:

1. dangerous	a) strain
2. medical	b) principle
3. harmful	c) information
4. preventive	d) workstation
5. unavoidable	e) stress
6. comprehensive	f) developments
7. safe	g) risk
8. psychological	h) conditions
9. occupational	i) environment
10. appropriate	j) system
11. productive	k) measures
12. repetitive	l) illness
13. sufficient	m) workplace
14. crucial	n) intervention

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences:

Each employer should perform labour protection in accordance with …

General principles of labour protection are aimed at …

It is necessary to adopt the work to the individual as regards …

In production conditions special attention should be paid to alleviating …

The dangerous conditions should be replaced by …

To assure safe work it is necessary to develop a comprehensive system of …

The Workplace Ergonomic Program was established to optimize …

Management commitment is crucial to …

Employee involvement is necessary for …

Ergonomic issues require a response to …

Exercise 5. Insert the proper words into the sentences:

1. Each (работодатель) should (осуществлять) labour protection (меры).

2. He should set up (рабочую среду) so as (чтобы избежать) risks.

3. The task of (охраны труда) is (предотвращение) accidents.

4. Very important is (инструктаж работников) in the field of labour protection.

5. There are special programs (по охране здоровья рабочих).

6. (Цели программы) are (снизить) or (устранить) exposure to (вредным условиям).

7. Employee involvement is (решающее) to the success of the (программы организации труда).

8. (Вовлечение работников) is necessary for (определения) existing and potential (опасностей).

Exercise 6. Find English equivalent to the Russian word:

1. вовлечение, а) attraction c) involvement

привлечение b) drawing in d) calling;

2. обязательство a) obligation c) commitment

b) pledge d) duty;

3. охрана, a) defence c) support

защита b) protection d) guarding;

4. работа, a) labour c) work

труд b) job d) occupation;

5. в отношении a) in terms of c) in relation to

(чего-либо) b) as regards d) with reference to;

6. разрабатывать a) to devise c) to develop

b) to design d) to project;

7. производство a) works c) production

(предприятие) b) plant d) manufacture;

8. область, сфера a) field c) branch

b) area d) sphere;

9. подготовка, a) teaching c) studying

обучение b) training d) instructing;

10. предложение a) offer c) supply

(чего-либо) b) proposal d) suggestion.