Unit_1_WHAT_IS_LAW_-_yuristy (3)

Unit 1

Grammar:

1. Действительный и страдательный залог (Active and Passive Voice)

2. Порядок слов в общих и специальных вопросах

Задание 1

Переведите со словарем следующие слова и выражения. Найдите их в тексте.

descriptive (adj.), prescriptive (adj.), regulation (n), enforcement (n), compulsion (n), restitution(n), underlie (v), lay down(v).

Задание 2

Переведите текст со словарем:

Text A

WHAT IS LAW?

The term “law” is used in many senses: we may speak of the laws of physics, mathematics, science, nature, or the laws of football, logic or health. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example of descriptive law is rather consistent law of gravity, another example is the less consistent laws of economics.

Other laws are prescriptive – they prescribe how people should or must behave. An example of prescriptive law is traffic regulations. When we speak of the law of the state we use the term “law” in a special and strict sense, and in that sense law may be defined as “a rule of human conduct, imposed upon and enforced among the members of a given state”.

In any society, laws have several characteristics. First, laws symbolize norms, values, traditions. Second, laws must be codified in some way, usually through writing. Third, there must exist a method of enforcement: this can include police, social pressure, “magic”, or some other force that enable society to punish or reward its members. And finally, there must be something specific to be enforced: laws are not general, but specific.

The main characteristic of law is that it is enforced, and such enforcement is usually carried out by the state. If the rules or laws are broken, compulsion is used to enforce obedience. Thus, if A steals a watch from B, A may be prosecuted before the court. The court may then order the restitution of the watch to its rightful owner, B. If A refuses to obey, he or she may be punished, that means a penalty will be imposed on A.

This is why we need law: if we all behaved according to our personal standards of behaviour and morality, anarchy would rule the world. We may say, then, that two ideas underlie the concept of law: 1) order, in the sense of method or system; and 2) compulsion, i.e. the enforcement of obedience to the rules or laws laid down.

Задание 3

Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. In what sense can we use the word “law”?

2. What is the difference between descriptive laws and prescriptive

laws? Give some examples.

3. How is the law of the state defined?

4. What do laws symbolize?

5. What can be used as methods of enforcement?

6. Why do methods of enforcement exist?

7. What is the chief characteristic of law?

8. Explain the notion “compulsion”. Give examples.

9. Identify two main ideas underlying the concept of law.

10. Why do we need law?

Задание 4

Classify the following situations into three types (see Table 1). Think of some more situations for each column.

1. Don’t cheat!

2. “Keep off the grass!”

3. The freezing point of water is 0' Celsius.

4. In Britain motor cars drive on the left-hand side of public roads.

5. Two molecules of hydrogen will combine with two molecules of oxygen to form two molecules of water.

6. If you are invited to someone’s birthday party you should buy a present.

Table 1

Descriptive laws	Prescriptive laws	Informal rules

Задание 5

Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге и подчеркните сказуемое.

Задание 6

Поставьте глагол в скобках в нужную по смыслу форму (в активном или пассивном залоге –Active or Passive Voice) и переведите предложения:

1. People (not allow) to drive on the park roads.

2. Smoking only (permit) in the public lounge.

3. Taking photographs in the museum (forbid).

4. Every year the company (employ) several young specialists.

5. In some countries, women still (deny) the right to vote.

6. The use of mobile phones strictly (forbid) during take-off and landing.

7. Many accidents (cause) by careless driving.

8. This entrance may (use) only by authorized personnel.

9. Our boss (forbid) the office workers to use the telephone for private talks.

10. In the United States President (elect) every four years.

11. Many doctors now say that boxing should (ban).

12. The police (play) an important role in the administration of justice.

Задание 7

Перепишите предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое было в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice) и переведите на русский язык.

Model:

They promoted Mr. Brown to a managerial position. (Active Voice)

Mr. Brown was promoted to a managerial position. (Passive Voice)

1. Somebody accused me of stealing money.

2. Students often use the computer for fulfilling different tasks.

3. People won’t forget this event.

4. The police have just found the lost children in the park.

5. Somebody has recorded our conversation.

6. By the moment we arrived to the hotel somebody had cleaned the room.

7. The lawyer suggested a new strategy.

8. The police arrested the wrong man because of some mistake.

9. The government has imposed a ban on the hunting and killing of whales.

10. Once a month we organize a planning meeting.

11. They (sell) old products at reduced prices.

12. His secretary always answers the phone.

13. Once a week the computer prints out the sales figures.

14. They will have solved this problem by tomorrow.

Задание 8

Переведите письменно следующие предложения и задайте вопросы к выделенным словам/словосочетаниям:

1. The University of Law trains lawyers for the country.

2. Common Law system applies the doctrine of precedent.

3. Common Law is the basis of the procedure.

4. He is investigating a computer theft.

5. The barrister is arguing his client’s case before the court.

6. Dr Smith gives lectures at the Law Department.

7. He is busy now. He is taking part in questioning.

8. The court ordered Mr. Jackson to make financial provisions for his ex-wife and for their children.

9. Some drivers ignore the law and drive without using safety-belts.

10. The British lawyers rely mostly on customs, traditions and precedents.

Задание 9

Перевод слова “law” может быть различным в зависимости от контекста. В основном, это слово может переводиться как:

Закон (например, laws of nature; business law)

Право (например, commercial law; criminal law)

Суд (например, to go to law (against somebody); to be at law with somebody)

Подберите русские эквиваленты из части B к английским словам и словосочетаниям в части A:

A unwritten law ; civil law; criminal law; natural law; law of nature; Mosaic laws; law of nations; canon law; to keep within the law; to be equal before the law; question of law; doctor of law; law of self-preservation; law of probability; the faculty of law; law-book; lawsuit; lawmaker (lawgiver).

B юридический факультет; быть равным перед законом; гражданское право; законодатель; теория вероятности; доктор юридических наук; неписанный закон; судебный процесс; Моисеевы законы (библ.); уголовное право; юридический факультет; естественное право; международное право; свод законов; инстинкт самосохранения; вопрос права; закон природы; каноническое право.

Задание 10

Переведите текст со словарем:

Text B

Famous lawyers of the past and present: Gloria Allred

Gloria Allred is the most famous woman attorney practicing law in the nation today, a tireless and successful advocate whose high-profile legal battles on behalf of victims whose rights have been violated have led to many landmark precedent-setting court decisions and hundreds of millions of dollars for her clients.

Fearless lawyer, feminist, activist, television and radio commentator, warrior, advocate, and winner – Gloria Allred is all of these things and more. Voted by her peers as one of the best lawyers in America, and described by TIME Magazine as "one of the nation's most effective advocates of family rights and feminist causes," Allred has devoted her career to fighting for civil rights across boundaries of gender, race, age, sexual orientation, and social class.

Gloria was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 3, 1941. After graduating from the Philadelphia High School for Girls, she attended the Penn State University, where she met her first husband, Peyton Bray. The couple had their only child, Lisa, on September 20, 1961, and divorced shortly after.

In 1963, she earned a bachelor's degree and with encouragement of her professor, she wrote her honors thesis on Armenian writers. She tried her hand at a variety of jobs before she decided to become a teacher, taking a position at Benjamin Franklin High School. She began work on a graduate degree at New York University. After earning a master's degree in 1966, she moved to Los Angeles, California .

She enrolled in Southwestern University School of Law and later transferred to Loyola University School of Law in Los Angeles.

In a legal career that has spanned over three decades, Gloria Rachel Allred has represented a wide variety of clients in civil rights suits that have involved sexual harassment, women's rights, wrongful termination, and employment discrimination. She often takes high-profile cases, using press conferences and appearances on television to much effect. Allred has represented many clients in suits against celebrities, including those against Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Jackson and others.

In 1995, Allred represented eleven-year-old Katrina Yeaw in Yeaw versus Boy Scouts of America, a suit against the Boy Scouts of America to determine whether the organization had the right to exclude girls from being members.

In 1997 when pictures of Princess Diana and wealthy Egyptian Dodi Fayed became a global sensation, Allred held a press conference with model Kelly Fisher. Fisher, who claimed to be engaged to Fayed, promptly sued him for "breach of contract". Allred told the assembled media Fayed was "a frog in prince's clothing".

After pop singer Michael Jackson dangled his son from a hotel balcony in Berlin in 2002, Allred wrote a letter to California's Child Protective Services, asking for an investigation into the safety of Jackson's children and spoke on CNN about the subject.

On May 14, 2010, in a news conference held at Allred's office, English actress, Charlotte Lewis, alleged that director Roman Polanski had sexually abused her in his Paris apartment when she was 16 years old.

In June 2010 she was hired by Debrahlee Lorenzana, a former bank employee who had drawn wide public attention after alleging she was fired for being too attractive.

On October 18, 2011, Allred won court approval to represent nine former middle-aged cocktail waitresses who were fired from their jobs at a hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey after they "did not look good enough" in new uniforms modeled after 1920s-era fashion.