- •Grammar
- •Oxford University Press
- •Preface to the fourth edition
- •Contents
- •Only a few of our customers have accounts.
- •Tourists come here but few stay overnight =
- •Our team is the best
- •The news is good
- •He had an exciting experience/some exciting experiences
- •Mr Jones's (w Mr Jones' house) Yeats's (or Yeats') poems
- •Sotheby's, Claridge's
- •King's Road Waterloo Bridge Leicester Square
- •She danced beautifully
- •How much (money) do you want? How many (pictures) did you buy?
- •It is better to be early instead of
- •Ann opened the door herself
- •The man who told me this refused to give me his name
- •The man from whom I bought it told me to oil it or
- •The car which/that I hired broke down or The car I hired …
- •I told Peter, who said it wasn't his business
- •I do the cooking and help Tom besides
- •Nobody knew the way except Tom
- •100 Classes of verbs
- •101 Principal parts of the active verb
- •Present participle and gerund working not working
- •102 Active tenses
- •C Stress
- •103 Negatives of tenses
- •B Negative contractions
- •104 Interrogative for questions and requests
- •Does Peter enjoy parties? Did he enjoy Ann's party?
- •B Contractions of be, have, will, would, shall, should and do in the interrogative
- •How will/How 'II he get there? What has/What's happened?
- •When is/When's he coming?
- •Would you mind moving your car?
- •Do you think you could give me a hand?
- •105 Negative interrogative
- •Did you not see her? Is he not coming?
- •Didn't you see her? Isn't he coming?
- •106 Auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries
- •107 Auxiliaries: forms and patterns
- •Does he have to go?
- •What do you do in the evenings?
- •108 Auxiliaries in short answers
- •Why did you travel first class? ~ But I didn't!
- •110 Question tags
- •Peter helped you, didn't he?
- •D Intonation
- •111 Comment tags
- •112 Additions to remarks
- •114 Use to form tenses
- •A First person
- •B Second person
- •A Form
- •Although the pilot was badly hurt he was able to explain what had happened. (He could and did explain.)
- •You should send in accurate income tax returns
- •You must read this. It's marvellous!
- •I have to take two of these pills a day
- •167 Other possible uses of the present continuous
- •When did you meet him?
- •Tom was talking on the phone
- •Has he just gone out?
- •I have seen wolves in that/west
- •I used to see wolves here and
- •Has the postman come yet/this morning?
- •Did the postman come this morning?
- •How long have you been here? — I've, been here six months
- •I'm going to sell the car
- •I will wait for you = I intend to wait for you
- •Would you like a drink? or Will you have a drink?
- •I'll write to Mr Pitt and tell him about Tom's new house
- •What are you doing/going to do on Saturday?
- •Will you be working all day?
- •I intend to sell it
- •Could you please show me the way?
Before studying auxiliaries it may be helpful to consider ordinary verbs, most of whose tenses are formed with auxiliaries.
Ordinary verbs
101 Principal parts of the active verb
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Present infinitive |
to work |
not to work |
Present continuous infinitive |
to be working |
|
not to be working |
|
|
Perfect infinitive |
to have worked |
not to have worked |
Perfect continuous infinitive |
to have been working |
not to have been working |
Present participle and gerund working not working
Perfect participle and gerund |
having worked |
not having worked |
Past participle |
worked |
|
In regular verbs the simple past and the past participle are both formed by adding d or ed to the infinitive. Sometimes the final consonant of the infinitive has to be doubled, e.g. slip, slipped (see spelling rules, 355). For irregular verbs, see 364.
The present participle and gerund are always regular and are formed by adding ing to the infinitive. The rule concerning the doubling of the final consonant of the infinitive before adding ing applies here also (see spelling rules, 355).
102 |
Active tenses |
|
|
A |
Form |
|
|
Present |
|
simple |
he works (see 172) |
|
|
continuous |
he is working (164) |
|
|
perfect |
he has worked (182) |
|
|
perfect continuous |
he has been working (190) |
|
Past |
simple |
he worked (175) |
|
|
Continuous |
he was working (178) |
|
|
perfect |
he had worked (194) |
|
|
perfect continuous |
he had been working (197) |
|
Future |
simple |
he will work (207) |
|
|
continuous |
he will be working (211) |
|
|
perfect |
he will have worked (216) |
|
|
perfect continuous |
he will have been working (216) |
|
Present |
conditional |
he would work (219) |
|
|
conditional continuous |
he would be working (219) |
|
Perfect |
conditional |
he would have worked (220) |
|
|
conditional continuous |
he would have been working |
A Practical English Grammar |
74 |