- •Введение
- •Chapter 1.Family. Home Text 1. Oleg Kirillov Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •Exercises
- •1. Substitutional patterns:
- •2. Fill in the form:
- •3. Translate the following into English:
- •4. Act the following conversational situations:
- •5. Answer the questions on the text:
- •6. Speak about:
- •Text 2. Oleg’s family Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions on text 2:
- •2. A) Say all you know about the hair, eyes, lips, eyelashes, the nose, the forehead, the figure, the mouth.
- •3. Listen to the following statements and respond them.
- •4. Agree if the statements are true to life or disagree if they are not.
- •5. Describe your group mates, let the students guess who the person is:
- •Exercises
- •Text 2. The House of an Englishman Read the text and be ready to discuss the difference between an English house and a Belarusian one.
- •Chapter 2.Meals. Shopping Text 1. Meals Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •1. Oleg’s daily meals
- •2. At the University dining room
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Text 2. Shopping in the uk Read the text and say why Marks & Spencerstore is famous all over the world.
- •Text 1. Oleg’s student life Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •1. About the University
- •2. Oleg’s studies
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Text 2. An account of a typical day
- •At oxford University
- •Read the text about Christina’s studies at Oxford University.
- •Say what new information you have gained from the text.
- •Chapter 4. Free Time. Travelling Text 1. Oleg’s free time Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •1. Oleg’s day off
- •2. Oleg’s winter and summer holidays
- •Exercises
- •6. Ask your friend:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Speak on the way you usually spend your day off‚ your winter and summer holidays
- •Text 2. The Kirillovs’ week-end
- •Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •Study the following vocabulary before reading the text:
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Text 2. Adventure holidays at Beacon Park Read the text with a dictionary and be ready to answer the questions that follow it.
- •Text 3. Travelling Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •1. A trip by air
- •2. A trip by railway
- •3. A sea voyage
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Text 2. Economist Read the text using a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it.
- •Text 3. Philologist Read the text using a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it.
- •Text 4. Historian Read the text using a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it.
- •Text 5. Ecologist Read the text using a dictionary and discuss the vital ecological problems this profession deals with. Study the following vocabulary before reading the text:
- •Text 1. Oleg is a teenAger Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •Exercises
- •Text 2. Leisure activities of youth
- •Text 1. Belarus Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •1. Geographical situation
- •2. Industry, agriculture, science
- •3. Political set-up
- •Exercises
- •1. Use the text to complete the sentences from the text:
- •2. Decide if the following statements are false or true:
- •3. Answer the questions on the text:
- •4. Be ready to speak about Belarus. Use information from the text as a help to your topic.
- •Text 2. Minsk
- •Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •Study the following vocabulary before reading the text:
- •Exercises
- •1. Use text 2 to reproduce the sentences with the following words and word combinations:
- •2. Use the text to complete the sentences:
- •3. Decide if the following statements are true or false:
- •4. Answer the questions on text 2:
- •5. Be ready to speak about the capital of our republic. Use text 2 as a help to your topic. Text 3. Mozyr Read the text and do the exercises that follow it:
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •1. Use the text to complete the sentences from the text:
- •2. Decide if the following statements are false or true:
- •3. Answer the questions on the text:
- •Text 2. From the history of Minsk Read the text with a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it. Study the following vocabulary before reading the text:
- •Chapter 8. Great Britain. London
- •2. British industry
- •3. Political set-up
- •Exercises
- •5. Be ready to speak about Great Britain. Use text 1. As a help to your topic. Text 2. London Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Text 3. Museums of London Read the text with a dictionary and after each paragraph form a question on the main fact or information contained in it.
- •Text 4. London parks Read the text with a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it.
- •Text 5. English character Read the text with a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it.
- •Text 6. Customs, holidays and traditions
- •In Great Britain Read the text with a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it.
- •Chapter 9. The systems of education in Belarus and Great Britain Text 1. The System of Education in Belarus Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •1. Pre-school and secondary education
- •2. Higher education
- •Exercises
- •1. Reproduce the sentences from the text using these words:
- •2. Express your agreement or disagreement.
- •3. Answer the questions on the text:
- •Exercises
- •Text 2. Teachers’ training in Belarus Read the text and answer the questions that follow it.
- •Text 3. Comprehensive education in scotland Read and translate the text with a dictionary.
- •Text 4. Higher and further education in Britain
- •Read and translate the text with a dictionary.
- •Say about the main differences in British and our higher education.
- •Study the following vocabulary before reading the text:
- •Text 5. Famous Universities of the uk Read the text with a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it.
- •1. Oxford
- •2. Cambridge
- •3. Oxbridge specific system of education
- •Chapter 10. Famous people of Belarus and Great Britain Text 1. Famous People of Belarus Read the text and answer the questions that follow it.
- •1. Literature
- •2. Theatre
- •3. Music
- •5. Sport
- •6. Space
- •Text 2. Famous Britons Read the text and answer the questions that follow it.
- •Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
- •Additional texts for reading Text 1. Who was Dr. Skaryna?
- •Text 2. Efrosinya Polotskaya Read the text with a dictionary and do the exercises that follow it.
- •Exercises
- •1. Complete the sentences using the following variants:
- •2. Arrange the items of the given outline in the order according to the text:
- •Text 3. Zhores I. Alferov Read the text with a dictionary and speak on Alferov’s youth, his discoveries and career.
- •Text 4. Isaac Newton Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Text 7. Robert Burns Read the text and do the exercises that follow it. Study the following vocabulary before reading the text:
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •1. Put questions to the words in italics:
- •2. Add 2–3 sentences to the following statements:
- •3. Make an outline of the text and be ready to speak about Darwin’s life and his theories. Содержание
Exercises
1. Complete the sentences using the following variants:
1. She had a good knowledge of
Geography, English and medicine;
Philosophy, Greek and other sciences;
Geography, Greek, Latin, mythology and other sciences.
2. At the age of 12 she refused to marry and entered the Convent as the rest of the family
were sent to the Byzantine Empire;
were killed;
were not religious.
3. Unfortunately, the Cross was taken out of the country during
the Napoleon invasion;
the Great Patriotic war.
4. Paying tribute to her great service to the Motherland, the Belarusians
have founded the Cross of Efrosinya Polotskaya and placed it in the Spass-Efrosinya church;
have restored the Cross and placed it in the Spass-Efrosinya church;
have restored the Cross and placed it in the.
2. Arrange the items of the given outline in the order according to the text:
– Efrosinya’s charitable work;
– philosophical and spiritual leader of the time;
– the symbol of Christianity in Belarus;
– Pilgrimage to Jerusalem;
– the Protectress of Belarus.
Text 3. Zhores I. Alferov Read the text with a dictionary and speak on Alferov’s youth, his discoveries and career.
Zhores Alferov is one of the greatest physicists of the world and was awarded a Nobel Prize in physics in 2000. His parents were born and raised in Byelorussia. When Zhores was 18 they went to Saint Petersburg and later the destiny was throwing them all over the country. In post-war years they lived in Minsk where Zhores visited school. He had an excellent teacher who loved physics devotedly and his explanations greatly impressed Zhores. When finishing the school he chose Electrotechnical Institute in Leningrad (LETI). It was the laboratory research that attracted him. Being a third-year student, he began to work in a laboratory of vacuum processes. His first investigations were directly by a research associate N.N. Sozina who studied semiconductor photodetectors. Since that time, half a century ago, semiconductors have become main objects of his scientific interests. A book “The Electroconductivity of Semiconductors” by F.F. Volkenshtein was his Textbook then. His graduation thesis was devoted to the problem of obtaining the thin films and investigating the photoconductivity of bismuth telluride compounds.
In 1952 Zhores graduated from the Institute and was offered to stay in the LETI to continue his study. But he dreamed of working at the Physico-Technical Institute that had been founded by A.A. Ioffe. His book “Fundamentals of Modern Physics” was a manual for Zhores. Happily, there was a vacancy for graduates in Ioffe’s Institute and it had been given to Zhores Alferov and may be it is this lucky distribution that has determined his happy scientific career.
Most of famous physicists of the Physico-Technical Institute moved to Moscow (to I.V. Kurchatov’s, and newly-built atomic centres). Academician Ioffe was dismissed and left the Institute of which the director he had been for 30 years. Semiconductors elite followed A.F. Ioffe in order to work under his supervision in a recently organized semiconductor laboratory belonging to the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Zhores Alferov being in a group of young researchers worked under the guidance of V.M. Tuchkevich succeeded in working out principles of the technology and the metrics of transistor electrons. The parameters of transistors were at the level of the best world samples. While quickly and effectively progressing as a scientist, he began to comprehend the significance of the technology not only for electronic devices, but in basic research work too. Since then he preferred to analyze experimental result proceeding from “simple” general laws prior to putting forward sophisticated explanations.
In 1958 A.P. Alexandrov (later the President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) asked their team of working out a special semiconductor device for the first Soviet atomic submarine. That required a perfectly new technology and another construction of germanium rectifiers. Soon these devices were mounted on a submarine.
In 1961 Zhores Alferov read his candidate degree thesis that had been mainly devoted to working out and investigating of power germanium and partially silicon rectifiers. Occurrence of Soviet power semiconductor electronics became possible as a result of those works. As soon as the first work on semiconductor lasers had appeared, Zhores Alferov understood the significance of the concept that semiconductor physics and electronics would be developing on the basis of hetero-structures, rather than homo-structures. It turned out that his group of researchers had been only 1 month ahead in relation to American researchers from IBM.
In 1968–69 they realized all the ideas on control the electron and light fluxes in classical heterostructures based on the arsenid gallium-arsenid aluminium system. Apart from fundamental results that were quite new and important efficient one-side injection, the “superinjection” effect, diagonal tunnelling, electron and optical confinement in a double heterostructure, they succeeded in employing principle benefits of heterostructure applications in devices, i. e., lasers, LEDs, solar cells, dynistors and transistors.
In 1969 Zhores Alferov first time visited the USA. He read his paper at the International Conference on Luminescence. It produced an impression of an exploded bomb on American colleagues.
In 1970–71 he spent 6 months in the USA working in laboratory of semiconductor devices at the University of Illinois together with Prof. Nick Holonyak (one of the founders of semiconductor optoelectronics, the inventor of the first visible semiconductor laser).
In 1971 Zhores Alferov became a recipient of the USA Franklin’s Institute gold medal for DHS laser works.
In 1972 his pupils-colleagues and he were awarded the Lenin’s Prize – the highest scientific Prize in the USSR. That year he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences.
In 1987 he was elected director of the Ioffe Institute, in 1989 – president of the Leningrad Scientific Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR; and in 1990 – Vice-President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1995 Zhores Alferov was elected a deputy of State Duma.