4 курс / Лучевая диагностика / Rentgenanatomia_organov_grudnoy_kletki
.pdf
II
.
7.
8.
9.
7
!"#$" % & %", thorax, ! ./0 01&$$" 2 $&3 /0 0. 4 !"#$03 % & % , cavum thoracis. 0;! -02 $ !"#$03 % & % /! $ = " . & !"#$03 0 #& /0 20$0 $0 0 . 0 ; , 12 / ! !&;&!, !"# $ , =@AB@
!"#$03 % & % .=&1$@C 0; . &3.
!"#$ D % & % =&& E0!=" ".& &$$0 0 %0$". , 2 %0 0!0= /0/&!& $@3 ! =&! /!&0; # & $ # /&!- $& #$ =. 0 "!02$D VII !&;&! !"#$ D % & % ! .A !D& .D, &= .$02 /0. &/&$$0 ."1 2 & .D. H0!= !"#$03 % & % 2 !4 !"& 2 . 0 20 ! . , %0$. "B 0$ 4$@C $# 2 #" 4$@C 0.0;&$$0. &3.
&!C$&& 0 2&!. & !"#$03 % & % , apertura thoracis superior, &!& %0 0!0& /!0C0#D ! C&D, / K&20#, %!0- 2&$0.$@& .0."#@ $&!2$@& . 20 @, 0 ! $ &$0 ./&! D!&=$03 2@!& %03 !"# $@, . # — & 0= I !"#- $0 0 /0 20$% , . ;0%02—2$" !&$$ = %! D= /&!2@C !&;&!. 0.%0. 4 .& &$ D 2&!C$& 0 0 2&!. D !"#$03
|
|
% & % /0 0 $0A&$ % 0! 0$ 4$03 / 0.%0. ! ./0 & .D $ - |
|
|
|
% 0$$0 . # $ /&!, .2&!C" 2$ . |
|
|
|
1$&& 0 2&!. & !"#$03 % & % , apertura thoracis inferior, 0;! - |
|
|
|
02 $0 ./&! =& &2 #$@= 0 !0. %0= !"# $@ !&;&!$@= #" = , |
|
|
|
. # — & 0= XII !"#$0 0 /0 20$% $ 1$ = %! D= XII !&;&!, . ;0- |
|
|
|
%02 — /&!$ = 0 #& = X—XI !&;&!. 1$&& 0 2&!. & |
!"#$03 |
|
|
% & % /0 ! =&! = $ & 4$0 /!&2@A & 2&!C$&& D$" 0 # E! - |
|
|
|
=03, ! #& D K&3 !"#$" ;! A$" /0 0. . |
|
|
|
&;! 0;! " 11 / ! =&1!&;&!$@C /!0. ! $. 2, spatia |
|
|
|
intercostalia, A ! $ %0 0!@C $&0# $ %02 : 2 /&!$ C 0 #& C 0$ |
|
|
|
A !&, &= 2 #$ C. ;0 4A D A ! $ ;@2 & 2 III, &= II I =&1- |
|
|
|
!&;&!$@C /!0. ! $. 2 C, 0#$ %0 R 0 $&/0. 0D$$0& D2 &$ &. S ! $ |
|
|
|
$ /! 2 &$ & =&1!&;&!$@C /!0. ! $. 2 $ & 4$0 2 !4 !" . T&1- |
|
|
|
!&;&!$@& /!0. ! $. 2 2@/0 $&$@ $ !"1$@= 2$" !&$$ = =&1- |
|
|
|
!&;&!$@= /&!&/0$% = =@AB = . |
|
|
|
0 0. 4 !"#$03 % & % .0#&!1 !D# 0! $02. .$02$" && . 4 |
|
|
|
(0%0 0 4/5 0;Y&= ) $ = & % &, 0."K&. 2 D K & E"$%B 2$&A- |
|
|
|
$& 0 #@C $ D. ! &! 2&$@ & % C 0;! " = @3 ( & 0 $@3) %!" |
|
.. 183. ."$0% |
/!&/ ! 0! $02 /0- |
%!0200;! K&$ D. |
|
0. !"#$03 % & % . |
./0 01&$ & & % C, |
@C & 4$@& /" : /0 0. 4 $0. , $0.02 D . 4 0 % , |
0! $4, |
.&!#B %!"/$@C .0."#02 (/0 . . $& 4$ - |
A&3$@3 0 #& ! C& ! ./0 01&$@ /!& = /0 0. |
!"#$03 |
|
%02"). |
|
||
1 — !"#$ D . &$% ; 2— !&;&!$ D / &2! ; — & - % & % . 0# !D "/!" 0. .20 C . &$0%, .0. 0DK C %0. $03, C!D- |
|||
% &; 4 — # E! = ; 5 — !&;&!$0-# E! = 4$0& K&203 % $&3 .0 $ & 4$0 % $$@C /&!&/0$0%, #@C & 4$@& /" |
|||
" "; &$ &; — /&! % !#; 7 — /! 2@3 1& "#0 &%; |
0;&./& 2 /0. 0D$$0& /0. "/ &$ & 20 #"C 2 & % & & 0 0;! - |
||
— ! &! 4$@3 %0$". /! 20 0 1& "#0 % ; 9 — |
$0& /!0C01#&$ &. |
|
|
& 0 $@3 . 20 ;10 — "A%0 /! 20 0 /!.&!# D; |
|
||
11— "A%0 &20 0 /!.&!# D; 12 — &2@3 1& "#0- |
!0=& & % C, 2 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % ! =&K&$@ 0! $@ .!- |
||
&%; 13 — 20.C0#DK D 0! ; 14 — #" 0! @; 15 |
. &$ D: .&!#B& %!"/$@& .0."#@, / K&20#, =E &.% & " @ C .0- |
||
— / & & 0 02$03 . 20 ; 16 — 0;K D .0$$ D ! &- |
|||
! D; 17 — /! 2 D /0#% $ D ! &! D; 18 — |
."#@, $&!2$@& . 20 @ ./ & &$ D, 2 0 %02 D 1& & . .& R $ 0- |
||
&2 D /0#% $ D ! &! D; 19 — 2&!C$DD /0- |
= &.% & 0;! 02 $ D 0%!"1&$@ % & %03 0 ! $ &$@ 0 & % C |
||
D 2&$ ; 20 — ! C&D, 21 — K 02 #$ D 1& & , |
.!. &$$03 / &2!03 (! .. 183). |
|
|
22— K 02 #$@3 C!DK. |
|
||
! $@ /0 0. !"#$03 % & % /! !&$ &$0 0 &.%0= .. $ $ C0#D .D 2 ". 02 DC &. &. 2&$- $0 0 %0$ ! . !02 $ D. _ 0 0;YD.$D& .D &=, 0 0! $@ % $ !"#$03 % & % && /0 0. 0; #
$&0# $ %0203 / 0 $0. 4 , 2 ! $03 . &/&$ /0 0K !&$ &$02@ " 0;! " &$ ! $03 $ &$-
. 2$0. .
!& " 4 & ."== !$0 0 0;! 1&$ D 2 0#$03 / 0.%0. 0$ /!0&%B 0$$0 /&!&%!@2 #!" #!" . 0- R 0=" !&$ &$02.%0& 0;! 1&$ & 0! $02 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % D2 D& .D . 01$@= %0=/ &%.0= =D % C % - $&3, .%& & !"#$03 % & % , & % C, .&!#B %!"/$@C .0."#02. & % &, 0; # D $ =&$4A&3 / 0 $0. 4 /0
.! 2$&$ . 0%!"1 K = C 0! $ = % $D= , 0;! " .2& @3 E0$, $ %0 0!0= 2 #$@ ;0 && $ &$-
. 2$@& &$ !&;&! . $0 =D % C % $&3 !"#$03 % & % , % B, $0 # 0/ 0%; /0R 0=" .0;. 2&$$0& 0 $ D % $4 2 #$ 0 4%0 A4 2 .2& @C !0=;02 #$@C /!0=&1" % C =&1#" !&;! = . 2&!C" .$ !"1& % & 0 ! $ &$@ &$4 !&;&!, .$ " — # E! =03. T 4$0 & % & 0 #& &$@ #!" 0 #!" $ &$. 2$03
.! $$03 &$4 , 0;! 02 $$03 /!& ="K&. 2&$$0 .&!#B&= %!"/$@= .0."# = , 2 =&$4A&3 . &/&$ — !"#$@= /0 20$% = !"# $03.
D /! 2 4$03 ! % 02% !&$ &$02.%0 0 0;! 1&$ D 0 #& 4$@C 0! $02 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % $&- 0;C0# =0 /! $ = 4 20 2$ = $ & C .% 0 &.% & 0.0;&$$0. , 2 0= . & 0. ; D K 3 REE&% 20 - #"C0$0.$@C /" &3 20 #"C0.0#&!1 K C R &=&$ 02 & 0 $03 % $ . !D#" . R = !&$ &$02.%0& 0;! 1&- $ & 0 #& 4$@C 0! $02 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % 2 $ & 4$03 =&!& 2 . 0 20 ! . $@C, /0 02@C, %0$. "- B 0$ 4$@C $# 2 #" 4$@C 0.0;&$$0. &3. ! 2 4$ D $ &!/!& B D !&$ &$0 0 &.% C # $$@C, /0 "-&=@C /! ! $@C =& 0# % C .. $ D 0! $02 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % , 20 =01$ A4 /! ;& "/!& - $0= $ $ !&$ &$0 $ 0= .
$ . 0DK&& 2!&=D # D .. $ D 0! $02 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % /! =&$D .D ! $@& =& 0# % . T@ ! ..=0 ! = A4 0.$02$@& $ ;0 && . 0 ./0 4 "&=@& =& 0# % , ./0.0;. 2" K & " &$ !&$ &- $0 $ 0= 0! $02 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % .
;0 && /!0. @= #0. "/$@= =& 0# % = D2 D .D !&$ &$0.%0/ D (/!0.2& 2 $ &) !&$ &$0 ! - E D, . %0 0!@C $ $ & .D 0;. $ &.
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
!&A K & 20 =01$0. =& 0# % !&$ &$0.%0/ $ & 4$0 20 ! . /! ./0 4 02 $ R &%-!0$$0-0/ &.%0 0 ". &$ D !&$ &$02.%0 0 0;! 1&$ D, /0 " &=0 0 $ /!0.2& 2 K&= R%! $& $ R%! $& & &2 0! . ! R 0= $ ; # & .D ;0 && 2@.0% D %0$ ! . $0. 4 0;! 1&$ D ;0 4A D ! - =0. 4 #& &3.
! % & .D 2 /0 " &$ !&$ &$02.%0 0 0;! 1&$ D $ E0 0 "2. 2 & 4$03 / &$%&.&$ &$0 ! E D =&& ;0 4A" ! !&A K" ./0.0;$0. 4, &= !&$ &$0.%0/ D, !&$ &$0 ! == D2 D& .D
0;Y&% 2$@= #0%"=&$ 0=.
&$ &$0 ! ==@ 0! $02 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % =0 " ;@ 4 0; 0!$@= , 0 &. 4 0 0;! 1 K = 2. .-
. "&=" 0; . 4, /! B& 4$@= , " 0 $D K = % %" - 0 . 4 " &=0 0 0! $ .
; 0!$@& .$ =% /!0 20#D 2 /!D=03 (/&!$&3 #$&3), %0.@C (. /020!0 0= " 02 K ;0 4$0 0 2/! 20 2 &20 /0# " 0= 45°—60°), ;0%0203 (/! 203 &203) /!0&%B DC. ! 2 4$" ;0%02" /!0&%-
B , /! . !0 0 ;0%020= 0;! 1&$ |
!"# $@, /0 " #0/0 $ & 4$@= /020!0 0= 0;. "&=0 0 % !";%& |
/0# " 0= 8—14° 2 2 . =0. 0 E0!=@ |
!"#$03 % & % . |
;D & 4$@= ". 02 &= /! .. $ & % C D2 D& .D /!02&$ & !&$ &$0 ! E 2 #2"C 2 =$0 |
|
/&!/&$# %" D!$@C /!0&%B DC (0;@ $0 2 /&!$&3 ;0%0203). ; 0!$@& !&$ &$0 ! ==@ B& &.00;! $0 /!0-20# 4 . %0!0 %03 2@#&!1%03 ($& ;0 && 0,2 .&%"$#@) /! E0%".$0= ! .. 0D$ 1,5—2,0 — & &!&$ &$0- ! ==@, $ %0 0!@C /0 0 ." . 2"& /!0&%B 0$$0& "2& &$ &. ! B& 4$@& .$ =% 2@/0 $D 2 / - $@C /!0&%B DC, $ ;0 && 0/ = 4$@C # D 2@D2 &$ D 0/!& &$$0 0 $ 0= &.%0 0 0;! 02 $ D / 0 0-&.%0 0 /!0B&.. .
#$ = 2 #02 /! B& 4$@C !&$ &$0 ! == D2 D .D ! "! & % C, 2@/0 $&$$@& /0. &- #02 & 4$0 $ 0#$03 / &$%& 2 E & 2#0C , 2@#0C 2 E & #@C & 4$03 / " @. .$ =%& !& . ! !" $&- 0# $ %02" . &/&$4 /!0 ! $0. & 0 $03 % $ /! ! $@C E C #@C $ D, #@C & 4$@& .=&K&$ D !&;&!# E! =@, 0 /0 20 D& %0.2&$$0 ."# 4 0; 0;Y&=& & 0 $03 2&$ DB .
.. $ & .&!#B /!0 20# .D 2 /&!$&3, /! 203 &203 /&!$ C %0.@C &203 ;0%0203 /!0&%B - DC.
! 2@/0 $&$ /! 203 /&!$&3 %0.03 /!0&%B .. "&=0 0 ". $ 2 2 /! 2@= / & 0= % R%! $"
% ..& & % = 0;! 0=, 0;@ & 0 E!0$ 4$ D / 0.%0. 4 . / 0.%0. 4 % ..& @ .0. 2 D " 0 45—50°.D 2@/0 $&$ D &203 /&!$&3 %0.03 /!0&%B 0."K&. 2 D /020!0 &2@= / & 0= % R%! $" /0# " 0=
50—60°.
&$ &$0 0 &.%0& .. $ & 2 "% $$@C /!0&%B DC ./0.0;. 2"& /0. & 4$0=" 2@2&$ 2 %! &0;! " K&& /0 01&$ & 0 #& 4$@C /0 0. &3 .&!#B %!"/$@C .0."#02 ( 0! @, 2&!C$&3 /0 03 2&$@, &- 0 $0 0 . 20 ).
&$ &$0 ! E D " 0 $D& $ 0= &.% & 0.0;&$$0. 0! $02 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % , 0/!& D& !D# =0!- E0 0 &.% C /! $ %02 / 0 0 &.% C 0;! 02 $ 3, C 0% B , /!0 D1&$$0. 4, . !"% "!" %0$ "!@, 0 $0A&$ & % %0!$ & %0 0, .!. &$ !"#$03 . &$%&.
&$ &$0.%0/ !&$ &$0 ! E B& &.00;! $0 /!0 20# 4 /! 0#$02!&=&$$0= %0$ ! . !02 $ / K&20# . _ 0 ; 0/! D . 2"& " 0 $&$ .00 $0A&$ 3 / K&20# 0! $02 .!. &$ D . " & 0= 20 ! .-$@C %0$. "B 0$ 4$@C 0.0;&$$0. &3, ./0.0;. 2"& 2@D2 &$ "2& &$$@C =E &.% C " 02 0/"C0-&2 #$@C 0;! 02 $ 3 2 .!. &$ , 0/!& &$ /0 01&$ D ! =&!02 .&!#B , 2 . $0. &20 0 /!-
.&!# D 0! @.
! .. $ 0! $02 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % $ ;0 && . 0 /! =&$D . " K & #0/0 $ & 4-
$@& =& 0# % .
" ! (/0. 03$0& .. $ &) /0 20 D& /0 " 4 0 !02 $$0& 0;! 1&$ & /!0#0 4$0 0
/0/&!& $0 0 . 0&2 .. "&=0 0 0! $ ;& ."/&!/0 B .=&1$@C 0;! 02 $ 3.
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
% $D=.
0=0 ! ==@ /!0 20#D 2 /!D=03 ;0%0203 /!0&%B DC, K& /! 0! 0$ 4$0= /0 01&$ .. "&=0-
0.
/ = 4$0& 0;! 1&$ & 0! $ 2 /!D=03 /!0&%B .00 2& . 2"& "; $& . 0D 0 /&!$&3 /02&!C$0-
. A& $ 1,5—3 " 1&$K $, 2—4 " ="1 $; 2 ;0%0203 /!0&%B — $ 1—2 %2&!C" %$ " 0 .!&-
# $$03 . 4$03 / 0.%0. .
! .. $ & % C # D 2@/!D= &$ D E 0 0 &.%0 0 % E0 2 !"#$0= 0 #& & /0 20$0 $0 0 . 0 ;2@! 2$ 2 $ D $ % 0$$0 0 /0 01&$ D ! C& /0 0 $0A&$ % E!0$ 4$03 / 0.%0. .. "&=@3 /! - /0#$ = & !"% 22&!C . ; & C 2 0% &2@C .". 2 C. D /0 " &$ D 0 & 20 0 0;! 1&$ D 2 0#$03 / 0.%0. 0;0 C 2$@C $ 1$ C #0 &2@C ;!0$C02 !&%0=&$#" &2" /0 02 $" !"#$03 % & % /! /0#- $D 4 $&;0 4A = 2 %0= $ 8—10°.
"; $ & $ D ! C& 2$@C ;!0$C02, % $ @2 &=0 0 ! C&0-;!0$C 4$0 0 . 0D, 0/!& D& .D
. " K = 0;! 0=. /0 01&$ ;0 4$0 0 $ ./ $& /! 2#0C& =&!D /&!$& #$ 3 ! =&! !"#$03 % & % ( ) $ "!02$& .0 &$&$ D !"%0D % . & 0= !"# $@. 0 " &$$" 2& $" #& D $ 2, 0 .00 2& . 2"& "!02$ ! ./0 01&$ D ! C& 2$@C ;!0$C02. /! 2 &$ & " — $ "!02&$4 ! #20&$ D ! C& , %0 0- !@3 " 2 !0. @C .00 2& . 2"& VI—VII !"#$0=" /0 20$%". #& &3 #0 3 & ! #20&$ & ! C& $ C0# .D $ "!02$& III — IV !"#$0 0 /0 20$% , 5—8 & — IV—V, " #& &3 . !A& 10 & — V—VI /0 20$% . &!2@3 .$ =0%
/!0 20#D $ |
"; $&, .00 2& . 2" K&3 /0 02 $& =&!&$$0 0 /&!$& #$& 0 ! =&! !"#$03 % & % . |
|||
@2 D 0;Y&=$0. 4 ! C& 20 =01$@& $ 0= &.% & 2 ! $ @ && /0 01&$ D, 2@/0 $D &K& #2 .$ =% |
||||
— $ 0# $ . $ =& ! %/&! % # 0 /&!20 0. "; $ ! ./0 01&$ D ! C&0-;!0$C 4$0 0 . 0D 2@! 1 - |
||||
& .D E0!=" 03 |
|
H |
±1. R C 1& .$ =% C, %!0=& ! C& , 2$@C #0 &2@C ;!0$C02, 0 & 20 2 #$@ .0- |
|
2 |
||||
|
|
|||
."#@ %0!$&3 & % C, $&!%0 $&%0 0!@& .& =&$ !$@& ;!0$C .
0=0 ! E %0!$&3 2 ;0%0203 /!0&%B 2@/0 $D ! #& 4$0 # D /! 20 0 &20 0 & %0 0.
.$ =%& 2 /&!$&3 /!0&%B =&!D ! .. 0D$ & 0 $ 0. . @C 0 !0. %02 #0 $ 1$& 0 #0 &20 0 ;!0$C . b &= /!0 20#D =&!&$ & ! .. 0D$ D 0 #&% . 0 #0 $ 0. . @C 0 !0. %02 /! /0 01&$ ;0 4$0 0 $
.00 2& . 2" K&= ;0%". R 03 2& $@ 2@ & .D /&!2 D $ # $$03 "; $& #& /&!2@3 .$ =0%. b &= . A 0= 0=0 ! E !02 $ D 0,5—1 /!0 20#D &K& #2 - ! .$ =% . / = 4$0& 0;! 1&$ & %0!- $D /! 20 0 & %0 0 0/!& D& .D $ 3—5 , &20 0 — $ 4—6 %$ !"1 0 $ 0. . @C 0 !0. %02.#2"C- !&C /0. 03$@C .$ =% C 0/!& D # EE&!&$B !02 $$0& 0;! 1&$ & %0!$&3.
!. &$ &, 2 0= . & .&!#B& .0."#@, 0 & 20 0/!& D& .D $ 0=0 ! == C, /!0 2&$$@C 2 .! $- $03 . 4$03 / 0.%0. 2 . 0!0$@ 0 $&& $ 1—5 , %1& 20 E!0$ 4$03 / 0.%0. %/&! % # $ 1—2 0 ! C&0-;!0$C 4$0 0 . 0D. 0. 03$0& .. $ & .!. &$ D B& &.00;! $0 .0 &-
4 . /$&2=0= . $0 ! E &3.
# ! — .. $ & ! C& ;!0$C02 . /! ! & 4$@= /0 $&$ &= C = . D$@= 20#- $@= %0$ ! . $@= 2&K&. 2 = (30#0 /0 , 1& 0#0$ #!.). & 2@/0 $D # D " 0 $&$ D .0. 0D$ D ! C&0- ;!0$C 4$0 0 #&!&2 , 2@D2 &$ D =0!E0 0 &.% C E"$%B 0$ 4$@C =&$&$ 3 ;!0$C02, 0 & 20 0/!&-D&=@C /! ./0 4 02 $ R &% !0$$0-0/ &.%0 0 ". & D !&$ &$0% $&= 0 ! E .
$ !, %&'" !, ! — %0$ ! . $0& .. $ & .&!#B .0."-
#02 ;0 4A0 0 = 0 0 %!" %!0200;! K&$ D /" &= 2$" ! 2&$$0 0, 2$" ! ! &! 4$0 0 2$" ! .&!#& - $0 0 22&$ D %0$ ! . $@C ! . 20!02. 0. & 4$0& %0$ ! . !02 $ & .0."#02 /0 0. &3 .&!#B /0 20 D- & /0 " 4 &$&20& 0;! 1&$ & /0 0. &3 .&!#B %!"/$@C .0."#02 $ .&! !&$ &$0 ! ==, 2@/0 $&$$@C #!" #!" 0= &!& %0!0 % 3 /!0=&1" 0% 2!&=&$ (5—10 .$ =%02 8—15 .&%"$#). %0& %0 &. 20 .$ =- %02 # & 20 =01$0. 4 " 4 ! =&!@ E0!=" 0 #& 4$@C /0 0. &3 .&!#B , $ & / 0 0 &.% C .00;K&- $ 3 =&1#" $ = , E"$%B % / $$0 0 // ! .&!#B /! ! $@C E C .&!#& $0 0 B % , " 4 E0!=", /0 01&$ &, % ;! 2&!C$&3 /0 03 2&$@, 0! @ 0 C0#DK C 0 $&& 2& 2&3, & 0 $03 ! &! & 0 $@C 2&$, ;!0$C 4$@C ! &! 3, /0 " 4 ;0 && /0 $0& /!. 2 &$ & 0 %!020 0%& 2 = 0= %!" & %!0200;! K&$ D.
( )" "$ ! — 22&$ & % . 0!0# 2 % & %" .!. &$ D. T& 0# % 0;&./& 2 & ! #& 4- $0& 0;! 1&$ & !D# 0! $02 % $&3, ./0.0;. 2"& " 0 $&$ .C0#$03 0% B / 0 0 &.%0 0 /!0B&.. , & 0 /!0 D1&$$0. , 0 $0A&$ D % 0%!"1 K = % $D= 0! $ = .!. &$ D. ! =&$D& .D . B&-4 # EE&!&$B 4$03 # $0. % 0/"C0 &3 % . .!. &$ D, %1& # D !&A&$ D 20/!0. 0; 0/&! ;& 4-
$0. 0% &. 2&$$@C 0/"C0 &3.
* + )" %" — 22&$ & % . 0!0# 20 #"C 2 ;! A$" /0 0. 4. ! =&$D- & .D # D " &$ D E0!=@ /0 01&$ D # E! =@, && 0 K $@, /0 20 D& 0/!& 4 .C0#$" 0% B / 0 0 &.% C /!0B&..02, 0% " K C.D $ ! $ B& !"#$03 ;! A$03 /0 0. ($ # /0# # E! - =03).
* + )" — 22&$ & 20 #"C % . 0!0# 2 /0 0. 4 / &2!@ — /! =&$D& .D
# D 0/!& &$ D .C0#$03 0% B / 0 0 &.% C &$&3 ( !"#$ D . &$% , & % &, .!. &$ &, # E! -
= ).
" ! — =& 0# ! E &.%0 0 0;! 1&$ D .0%! K&$ 3 .&!#B , /" 4. B .0."#02, #@C -& 4$@C .=&K&$ 3 # E! =@, !&;&! .!. &$ D. ;0 && A !0%0 0$ /! =&$D& .D # D " 0 $&$ D 0- /0 ! E %! &0;! " K C #" .&!#& $0-.0."# . 03 &$ , " &$ D .0%! & 4$03 /!020#$ %0203 E"$%B = 0% !# , /" 4. B %0!$&3 & % C, #@C & 4$@C .=&K&$ 3 !&;&! # E! =@.
! , $ ! ./0.0;. 2"& /0 " &$ 0;! 1&$ D .&!#B 2 0/!& &$$" E " .&!#& $0- 0 B % (. . 0 , # . 0 ). ! R 0= $ !&$ &$0 ! ==& /0 " 0#$0 0;! 1&$ & 2 ! $&& 2@;! $$" E "
.0%! K&$ D #2 0;! 1&$ D %! &0;! " K& 0 %0$ "! .&!#B .0."#02 $ 0#$03 / &$%& 2 E & . . 0 @
# . 0 @ (# / 0 ! == ). # / 0 ! ==& !& . ! !" =/ "#" .0%! K&$ 3 .&!#B %!"/$@C .0."#02.
" ! — % $0.Y&=% !&$ &$02.%0 0 0;! 1&$ D . /!0.2& 2 K& 0 R%! $ . T& 0-
# % /0 20 D& !& . ! !02 4, /02 0!$0 20./!0 20# 4 " 4 2! K & 4$@&, %0 &; & 4$@&, /" 4. -0!$@& #2 1&$ D % =&! .&!#B %!"/$@C .0."#02, =&$&$ D A ! $@ /!0.2& 0! $ , ! C& , ;!0$C02 /! #@C $ .
-& " ! — =& 0# % !& . ! B /" 4. 0!$@C #2 1&$ 3 $ !"1$0 0 %0$ "! .&!#B .0."#02 ./ .4 2 2 #& %! 203 $ ;"= 1$03 &$ &. _ &% !0% =0 ! E D ./0.0;. 2"& ;0 && #& 4$0=" " 0 $&$ &- 0 $03 2&$ DB %!020 0% , " &$ .0%! & 4$03 E"$%B 1& "#0 %02, /!.&!# 3, 0! @ && ! - 2& 2 &$ 3.
1# D "% $$@C =& 0# % .. $ D 0! $02 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % ; 0/! D . 2"& " &$A4 0/!& &$$@C 20/!0.02, 2 .2D . &= $&!%0 20 $ % & /0 !&;$0. 4 C .0 & $$0 0 /! =&$&$ D. $$@& %0=/ &%.$0 0 !&$ &$0 0 &.%0 0 .. $ D & % C, .&!#B %!"/$@C .0."#02, /0 20 D /0 " 4 #0- 20 4$0 /0 $0& /! 1 $&$$0& /!. 2 &$ & 0; $ 0= , 0/0 ! E E"$%B .. "&=@C 0! $02, ! .- /0 $ 4 ;0 && !% & 2 ! $ @ $0= ! 2 D, 2@D2 4 / 0 0 &.% & /!0B&..@, /!02&. # EE&!&$- B 4$" # $0. %" =$0 00;! $@C / 0 0 &.% C /!0B&..02 & % C, .&!#B .0."#02, .!. &$ D, # E! - =@.
8
./ 0 .1 ((
%$ &
2
"
. &$%& !"#$03 % & % ! /02&!C$0. $@3, .!$ 3 ";0% 3 . 0 . 02&!C$0. $@3 . 03 !"#- $03 % & % .0. 2 D& %01 /0#%01$0-1 !02 D % & % .
!$ 3 . 03 2% & =@AB@ !"# .=&1$@C 0; . &3. T@AB@ !"#$03 % & % .0. 0D /02&!C$0. - $@C, =& K C 0 $0A&$ & % / & &20=" /0D." A&&, ";0% C .0;. 2&$$@C =@AB !"# . 02&!C$0. $@& =@AB@ !"#$03 % & % : ;0 4A D = D !"#$@&, m. m. pectoralis major et minor, /&!$DD "; D, m. serratus anterior, /0#% $ D, m. subclavius. .$02$@& =@AB@ .=&1$@C 0; . &3: !"# $0-% $0-
.0.B&2 #$ D, m. sternocleidomastoideus, /&!$DD, .!$DD #$DD &. $ $@&, m. m. scalenus anterior, medius, posterior, A !0 3A D # $$&3A D =@AB@ ./ $@, . . latissimus dorsi et longissimus. T@A& $0-
/0$&2!0 &.% 3 . 03 . &$% !"#$03 % & % D2 D& .D 0;K = # D !"# , / & &20 0 /0D. . $0 1 20-
.
";0% 3 . 03 . &$% !"#$03 % & % 2% & : !"# $", !&;! , !"#$@& /0 20$% , .2D % , /0/&!& $" =@AB" !"# , m. transversus thoracis, 2$" !&$$ & $ !"1$@& =&1!&;&!$@& =@AB@, m. m. intercostales externi et interni, E .B , 2 . $0. 2$" !&$$ E .B !"#$03 % & % , fascia endothoracica, 2@. -
K" .";/ &2! 4$0 /0 0. 4 |
!"#$03 % & % /0 && 2$" !&$$&3 /02&!C$0. . !0=& 0 0, % =@AB = !"# |
0 $0. .D =@A& $0-."C01 4$ D /&!& 0!0#% , ! #& D K D !"#$" ;! A$" /0 0. , !"#0;! A$ D |
|
/!& ! # , # E! = . |
|
|
" * + & , |
( " 3. % !& |
&. /!D=03 /!0&%B /0 " 0 0;! 1&$ & =D %0 % $$@& 0;! 02 - |
$ D, .C&= &.% /!. 2 &$$@& $ ! .. 184. 02&!C$0. $@3 . 03, %01 /0#%01$0-1 !02 D % & % |
|
."== !$0 0;! " .!$&3 $ &$. 2$0. &$4 2#0 4 ;0%02@C /02&!C$0. &3 !"#$03 % & % 0 K $03 0,5—2 . /0 $@C B 2 !D#& . " &2 %01 /0#%01$0-1 !0203 . 03 0;! " ! $@& /0 $ &$. 2$0-
. &$ . ! R 0= /0#%01$0-1 !0203 . 03 # & $&.%0 4%0 =&$&& $ &$. 2$" 0#$0!0#$" &$4, &= %01 .01 . /0#%01$0-1 !02@= . 0&= 2 0; . $ #% $@C D=0% 0;! "& .% #% (3), %0 0!@& =& 2 # " - % C /0 0.0%, A ! $03 0,2—0,5 . !& % = 0 &! $ D= , ! ./0 01&$$@= / ! & 4$0 2&!C$&=" %0$ "!" &$ % B. &$4 %01$@C .% #0% $ #% $03 0; . /0. &/&$$0 . 0$ & .D, %$ !"1 0 0;! 1&$ D !&- ;&! $ "!02$& =D % C % $&3 2&!C$& 0 / & &20 0 /0D. &!D& .20& # EE&!&$B !02 $$0& 0;! 1&$ &. 0 && 0 & 20 "% $$ D &$4 0/!& D& .D " B . 2@! 1&$$@= $ #% $@= D=% = — " . &$ %02 C"- #0K 2@C #&3.
) "-& +, , "-"- .- (1) 2 ! $03 . &/&$ /&!&%!@2 = 4$@& 0 #& @ 2&!C"A&%& % C . 0;& C . 0!0$. !"1$@3 & % 3 %0$ "! =@AB ! ./0 & .D / ! & 4$0 &$ A&3$@C /0 20$%02,
.. 184. C&= &.%0& 0;! 1&$ & .%& & =D % C % $&3 !"#$03 % & % . 1 — !"# $0-% $0-.0.B&2 #$ D =@AB ; 2 — &. $ - $@& =@AB@; 3 — %01$ D .% #% $ # % B&3; 4 — ;0 4A D !"#$ D =@AB ; 5 — = D !"#$ D =@AB ; 6 — =0 0 $ D 1& & ; 7 — .0.0%; 8 — !&;! ; 9 — 0;@ 2&. 2 &$ & !&;&!$@C C!DK&3; 10 — . $0. 0 !&;&!; 11 — A&3$0& !&;!0; 12 — ! .K&/ &$ & !&;&!; 13 — % B ; 14 — 0/ % ; 15 —0 % 0%0. &$&$ D $ 1$& 0 " 0/ % ; 16 — .". 2$ D 2/ # $ 0/ % ; 17 — !"%0D % !"# $@; 18 — !"#$@& /0 20$% ; 19 — & 0 !"# $@; 20
— /0/&!& $@& 0 !0. % !"#$@C /0 20$%02; 21 — /0#% $ D ! &! D 2&$ .
$ # % B&3 0$ / 2$0 /&!&C0# 2 &$4 %01$@C .% #0%. ! $&. ==& ! $03 ". $02%& .. "&=0 0
/020!0 & 0 02@ $ /! 2 &$ &, $ &$. 2$0. 4 &$ & %0. 4 %0$ "! !"# $0-% $0-.0.B&2 #$@C =@AB . 0;& C . 0!0$ ! $@. . 0% & 0 $03 % $ , 0 ! $ &$$@3 . 2$" !&$$&3 . 0!0$@ !"# $0- % $0-.0.B&2 #$03 =@AB&3, .$ " — $ #% $03 %01$03 .% #%03, .2&!C" &! 4$0 — !&;! = ,$0 # 0A ;0 $0 /! $ = /0 0. 4.
/ , .- (2) 0;! " /0 0.02 #$@& &$ = 03 $ &$. 2$0. A ! $03 2—3 , ! ./0 - K &.D /0 2$" !&$$&=" %0$ "!" ;0%02@C 0 #& 02 I — II !&;&!. 0 & 0 " 0 K&$$03 !&;&!$03 / &2!@ 2$" !&$$ 3 %0$ "! C & % 3, !02$@3 $& /!0. &1 2 & .D $ 1& II !&;! .
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
% ! ) .- (5) /0$ 1 /!0 ! $0. 4 & % C $ "!02$& &! 4$@C 0 #& 02 II =&1!&;&!$@C /!0. ! $. 2 $ # ;0 4A = !"#$@= =@AB = . !"1$@3 %0$ "! C ! ./0 & .D ;0 && 0 2&.$0 / 2$0 /&!&C0# 2 =D % & % $ 0; . / & .
%" ", 2 (6) " 1&$K $ # &$ , 2& $ $ &$. 2$0. 4 %0 0!@C 2 . 0 C ! =&!02.;@ $0 0$ /&!&%!@2 $ ## E! = 4$@& 0 #& @ & % C. E0$& =D % C % $&3 A& , %1& ;0%02@C 0 #&-02 . &$% !"#$03 % & % 0/!& D .D " % &, & %0 0 &! &$$@& /0 0.% /!0.2& &$ D =&1=@A& $@C /!0. 0&%,
0;". 02 &$$@C !@C 03 .0 $ & 4$03 1 !0203 % $4 . 0!= 4$ D . !"% "! =D % C % $&3 . &$% !"#- $03 % & % /! 20./ & 4$03 $E 4 ! B $ !"A & .D 2/ 0 4 #0 /0 $0 0 . & $02&$ D ! $ B 0 #& 4$@C =@AB.
! R=E &=& =D % C % $&3, ! 2 2 K&3.D 2. . 2 & ! 2= &.%0 0 /02!&1#&$ D 20 #"C0$0.$@C /"-&3 /0. & 0/&! 2$@C 2=&A & 4. 2, $0 # /0. & / &2! 4$@C /"$%B 3, 20 #"C ! ./!0. ! $D& .D /0 C0#" =&1=@A& $@C /!0. 0&%. 0. $ & . $02D .D ;0 && A !0% = /!0 ! $@= .
";0% 3 . 03 !"#$03 % & % 2 !&$ &$02.%0= 0;! 1&$ /!. 2 &$ 2 0.$02$0= .%& & 0=.
$$@& !&$ &$0 $ 0= 2 ! $ @ ! 2 D .%& & !"#$03 % & % /! 20#D .D 2 $ . 0DK&3 2& 0 4%0 /! =&$ & 4$0 % $ " !&$ &$02.%0 0 0;! 1&$ D 0! $02 /0 0. !"#$03 % & % .
3 (8) 2 #$@ (9—10 / !) $ !&$ &$0 ! == C 2 /!D=03 /!0&%B $ E0$& /!0 ! $03 & 0 $03 % $ .&!$ & #$ & 0 #& @ & !&;&! /!0&%B 0$$0 /&!&%!&K 2 .D =&1#" .0;03 $ $ & 4$0= /!0 D- 1&$ /&!&%!@2 & % &. 20;0#$@= 0 /!0&%B 0$$0 0 $ . 0&$ D 0. .D 0 ! $ &$$@& !&;! = !0=;0- 2 #$03 E0!=@ " . % & % C, . ==& ! $0 ! ./0 01&$$@& . 0;& C . 0!0$. S ! $ =&1!&;&!$@C /!0. ! $. 2 2 ! ;& 4$ . % /! 2 0, 0$ . ==& ! $@ =&1#" /&!$ = 0 #& = & !&;&! A !&, &= =&1#" #$ = . b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
4 /! /!0.2& 2 $ /0 .=&K&$ C 2=&. & . !&;! = /! #@C $ /020!0 C ;0 4$0 0. ;@ 2&. - 2 &$ & !&;&!$0 0 C!DK I !&;! /!. 2 D& $&%0 0!0& 0 &, % % % $0 # & 0 A ! $ /!&2@A & A ! $"
!&;&!$03 %0. , %0$ "!@ 0;@ 2&. 2 &$$0 0 C!DK . $02D .D $&!02$@= , 20 $ . @= .
&!%0 2. !& .D 2 ! $ @ $0= ! 2 D !&;&!, 0A ;0 $0 /! $ = &=@& $0 # / 0 0 -&.% & /!0B&..@ 2 & % C.
S&3$@& !&;! (72) $ ; # .D . 0#$03 . 0;& C . 0!0$. H0!= ! =&!@ C ! $@, 20 =01$@ .0- $&$ D .0 &$&$ D .20;0#$0 0 %0$B A&3$0 0 !&;! . I !&;!0=. ! !&$ &$0 0 &.%0= .. $&$4 A&3$@C !&;&! /!0&B !"& .D $ "!02$& 2&!C"A&% & % C, . $0 /&!&%!@2 D C.
$0. 0 !&;&! (10) K& 2. !& & .D $ 0 ! $ &$$0= " . %& #$ C /&!$ C 0 #& 02 & , $ -& 4$0 !&1& !&;! .! . .D $ 2.&= /!0 D1&$ .
.K&/ &$ D /&!$ C 0 #& 02 !&;&!$@C %0. &3 (12) =0 " ;@ 4 0# $0 $@= =$01&. 2&$$@= , 0#$0-
#2". 0!0$$ = ; K& 0$ 2. !& .D 20 II — III !&;! C. $0 # ! .K&/ &$$0& /0 # $$ %" !&;!0 =01& .! -
. 4.D, 2 . " & 0 $ "!02$& ! .A !&$$03 . 0;! "& .D 02 4$03 0%!" 03 E0!=@ & %0 0 &! &$- $@3 #&E&% %0. $03 % $ . .K&/ &$ & #@! @& #&E&% @ !&;&!$@C %0. &3 =0 " . =" !02 4 /0 0. 4 2 & %0=. &E&% 2 !&;!& 2 0 & 0 /0 0. 2 & %0=, $& =&$DD .20&3 E0!=@ ! =&!02, .=&K & .D /! #@C - $ % A & 2=&. & . !&;!0= $ 2#0C&—%2&!C", $ 2@#0C&—%$ ", . & & /! /020!0 C. ! 0/ . $$@C $0- = DC !&;&! =&1!&;&!$@& /!0. ! $. 2 . $02D .D . ==& ! $@= .
4 +,- (13) $ !&$ &$0 ! ==& 2 /!D=03 /&!$&3 /!0&%B /! 0/ = 4$0= $ % 0$& . ==& ! $03 ". $02%& 0;. "&=0 0 /!0&%B 0$$0 /&!&.&% #$ & 0 #& @ & IV !&;&! 0# $ %020 "# &$@ 0 .!&-
# $$03 / 0.%0. . ; # &= D 2 $0!=& =& %0 "; D . !"% "! !"# $$0 0 %0$B % B@ $ !&$ &$0- ! == C & %0 0 =01& $& # EE&!&$B !02 4.D, 2 .2D . &= %0!%02@3 . 03 /!0&%B 0$$0 "2& &$$0 0 =& - R/ E !$0 0 && 0 #& =01& # 4 %0 4B&2 #$" &$4, . =" !" K" /0 0. 4 2 & %0=.
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
) (17, 19) $ !&$ &$0 ! == C 2 /!D=03 /!0&%B /0 /0 $0. 4 /!0&%B 0$$0 .02/ # & . &$4 !"#$@C /0 20$%02 .!. &$ D $& /0 " & # EE&!&$B !02 $$0 0 0;! 1&$ D. %! &0;! " K 3 0 - #& .! $$03 &$ 2@C0# $ ;0 && A !0% D . 4 !"# $@ — !"%0D % (17). 2 !0. @C % $@& 2@!& % !"%0D % !"# $@ 0;! " " @, . ==& ! $0 2@. "/ K & %$ !"1 0 .! $$03 &$ , $&.%0 4%0 $ 1& !"-
# $$@C %0$B02 % B. #& &3 !"%0D % !"# $@ =&& 0%!" " E0!=", 0 =01& 0A ;0 $0 /! $ = 4.D "2& &$$@& =E &.% & " @. "; D %0. $ D . !"% "! , & %0. 4 %0$ "!02, 0;". 02 &$$ D %0!%02@=
. 0&= %0. , /0 20 D $ !&$ &$0 ! ==& 0 4 && 0 "2& &$$@C =E &.% C " 02. ! $&.%0 4%0 $&. ==& ! $03 ". $02%& .. "&=0 0, 2 . $0. . /020!0 0= &2@= / & 0= % % ..& &, /! 2@3 %! 3 & !"-
# $@ /!0&B !"& .D %$ !"1 0 /0 20$0 $0 0 . 0 ; .&!#& $0-.0."# . 03 &$ , 0;! "D #0/0 $ & 4$@3 %0$ "!, E0!= %0 0!0 0 0;". 02 &$ !&;&!$@= 2@!& % = , 0 /0 20 D& 0 4 & 0 0 "/ 0 $&$$03 .!. &$$03 / &2!@.
6" " ", " 3 (18) $ !&$ &$0 ! == C & % C 2 /!D=03 /!0&%B /&!&%!@ 0! $ = .!. &$ D!"# $03. .2D . R = /!0. &1 2 .D A4 I—IV !"#$@& /0 20$% . ! 2&! % 4$0= ! ./0 01&$
.&!#B , 0.0;&$$0 " B . &$ &.%0 0 & 0. 01&$ D, /0/&!& $@& 0 !0. % !"#$@C /0 20$%02 (20) =0 " ;@ 4 2 #$@ ./! 2 /0 #0 # E! =@, . &2 — #0 VII !"#$0 0 /0 20$% . ! 0! 0$ 4$0= /0 01&$ .&!#B $ ;0 && 0 & 20 2 #$@ /0/&!& $@& 0 !0. % ./! 2 0 I #0 VII, . &2 0 I #0 V—VI !"#$@C /0 20$%02.
0/&!& $@& 0 !0. % 0;! " $ &$. 2$@&, 0#$0!0#$@&, & %0 0 &! &$$@& &$ . %!" &$$@= %0$ "! = .!0&B !"D.4 $ %0!$ & % C, 0$ 2 !D#& . " &2, 0.0;&$$0 " #& &3, 0A ;0 $0 =0 " ;@ 4 /! $D @ "2& -&$$@& ;!0$C0 & 0 $@& =E &.% & " @. 0 & 0 /0. $ C /0/&!& $@& 0 !0. % =& %0. $" ";-
" . !"% "!" & % & %0$ "!@, 0;". 02 &$$@& %0!%02@= . 0&= %0. .
) 3. !&$ &$0 ! == C 2 ;0%0203 /!0&%B # EE&!&$B !02 $$0& 0;! 1&$ & =&
. " K & $ 0= &.% & 0;! 02 $ D !"#$03 % & % .
% !& & !"#$03 % & % 0 &! 2 && ! $ B@ /!0. &1 2 .D /0 /&!$&3 /02&!C$0. !"#$03
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
. &$ .
T@AB@ ./ $@ / & &20 0 /0D. , " . 2" K & 2 0;! 02 $ #$&3 /02&!C$0. !"#$03 . &$% , /!0&%B - 0$$0 /&!&%!@2 2&!C$& #$ 3 0 #& /0 0. !"#$03 % & % . _ 0 /! 20# % /0$ 1&$ /!0 ! $0. .00 - 2& . 2" K C " . %02 & % C. 0R 0=" # D C " &$ D $&0;C0# =0 /!0 20# 4 $&.%0 4%0 /&!&R%./0$ !02 $-
$@& !&$ &$0 ! ==@.
%" ", 2 " 1&$K $ (6) =0 " /!0&B !02 4.D $ /&!$ 3 0 #& !&;&!$0-# E! = 4$0 0 " -"; &$ D . $0 $ .&!#B&.
4 +,- (13) ! ./0 .D $ "!02$& 2&!C$& 0 0 2&!. D !"#$03 % & % , ;0 && 0 & 20 2 #&$ !"-
# $$@3 %0$&B % B@ /! &1 K&3 . 0!0$@, %0 0!@3 $ /! 2 &$ %/&! %$ " " . 2"& 2 0;! 02 - $ !"# $0-% $0 0 .". 2 . & &203 %0$&B % B@ &!D& .D 2 $ &$. 2$03 &$ =@AB 2&!C$& 0 / & &20 0 /0D. .
) (17,19) 2 #$ $ 2.&= /!0 D1&$ . ! /! 2 4$03 /&!$&3 ;0%0203 ". $02%& .. "&=@C& %0 2 #&$ /&!$ 3 #$ 3 %0$ "!@ %0!%020 0 . 0D !"# $@, ! ./0 K &.D / ! & 4$0 #!" #!"- ". ! $&. !0 0 /&!$&3 ;0%0203 ". $02%& %0!%02@3 . 03 & !"# $@ 0;! "& =$0 0%0$ "!$0. 4 .0 # & $&%0 0!" $&0#$0!0#$0. 4 . !"% "!@ %0. . 2 !0. @C # EE&!&$B !02 $$0 0/!& D& .D !"%0D % , & 0 =& &2 #$@3 0 !0. 0%, ! #& &$$@& 2 =0 0#0= .!$&= 20 ! . & " %03 /0 0.%03 /!0.2& &$ D . & % = %0$ "! = , .00 2& . 2&$$0 =& K =.D C!DK&2@= /!0. 03% =. #& &3 /0#!0. %02 & 0 !"# $@ /!. 2 &$0 =$01&. 2&$$@= 0 % = 0%0. &$&$ D . ;0 && A !0% = /0 0. = /!0.2& &$ D. 0 =&!& !0. 0 % 0%0. &- $&$ D !"# $@ . 2 .D.
!&$ &$0 ! == C 2 ;0%0203 /!0&%B 0 & 20 0/!& D !"#$@& /0 20$% (18) 0 II—III #0 X—XI
2% & 4$0.
EE&!&$B !02 $$0 2 #$@ & /0 20$%02, =&1/0 20$0 $@& # .% , =&$&& 0 & 20 — #" , .". 2$@& 0. . @& 0 !0. % , % % % 0$ /!0&%B 0$$0 /&!&%!@2 .D =@AB = ./ $@ !&;&!$@= #" = .
3 (8) %0.0 /&!&.&% /0 0. 4 !"#$03 % & % , $ /! 2 DD.4 .2&!C" 2$ , . # $ /&!. b #$ & 0 #&-@ & !&;&! /!0&B !" .D % # 0 & /0 20$%02 2 2 #& #" , %0 0!@C ;0 && %!" @&, " % &, $ &$. 2$@&& %0 0 &! &$$@& 0 $0.D .D % !&;! = /! &1 K&3, ;0 && ! 2&!$" @&, A !0% &, =&$&& & % & &1 K & % #
— % !&;! = 0 # &$$03 . 0!0$@. &;! /! &1 K&3 0 # &$$03 . 0!0$ ! ./0 .D / ! & 4$0, $0 # /&- !&%!&K 2 .D /0# $&;0 4A = " 0= ."== !" .D. !"% "! %0$ "!@ !&;&! /! &1 K&3 . 0!0$@ /!0. &1 2 .D 0 & 20. &;! 0 # &$$03 . 0!0$@ /!0&%B 0$$0 "2& 2 .D, . !"% "! %0$ "!@C # EE&!&$B !" .D =&$&& & %0.
;@ 2&. 2 &$$@& !&;&!$@& C!DK (9) /! &1 K&3 . 0!0$@ 0;! " $ &$. 2$@&, $&0#$0!0#$@& 0 020/0- #0;$@& &$ $ "!02$& & !"# $@ % # 0 $& 0, !&;&!$@& C!DK 0 # &$$03 . 0!0$@ /!0&B !" .D $ =D % & % $ . &$% !"#$03 % & % %/&! 0 !"# $@.
/"5 & (14) /!. 2 &$@ 2 2 #& / ! & 4$@C, $&.%0 4%0 %0.0 ! ./0 01&$$@C, $&3$@C $ &$. 2$@C&$&3, 0;". 02 &$$@C &! 4$@= %! D= , %0 0!@& /!0#0 1 .D 2 %!" &$$@&, = 0 $ &$. 2$@&, $0 /0# &!%$" @& %0$ "!@ C $ 1$ C " 02. 2&!C" %0$ "! &! 4$0 0 %! D /! &1 K&3 0/ % /&!&C0# 2
.". 2$" 2/ # $" (16), . %0 0!03 .0 &$D& .D 0 02% / & &203 %0. . 0. $DD $& 2.& # # EE&!&$B !"& .D,&!DD.4 2 = .. 2& =@AB ./ $@. 0/ % /! &1 K&3 . 0!0$@ ! ./0 & .D ./&! , /!0&%B 0$$0 .02/ # D
. ! C&&3 $ C0# .D =&1#" ! C&&3 /0 20$0 $@= . 0 ;0=. 0/ % 0 # &$$03 . 0!0$@ =&$&& & %0 0 &!-&$ , /!0&%B 0$$0 $ . 2 & .D $ & II—VII !"#$@C /0 20$%02.
$0 # 2. . 2 & $# 2 #" 4$@C 0.0;&$$0. &3 0/ 0% $ 1$ & " @ C $ !&$ &$0 ! ==& 2 ;0%0203 /!0- &%B ."== !" .D . &$4 %0!$&3 & % C, ". 2 C $ &$. 2$0. 4, .0 # 2 D #0/0 $ & 4$@& %!" -&$$@& %0$ "!@, %0 0!@& 0A ;0 $0 /! $ = "2& &$$@& ;!0$C0 & 0 $@& =E &.% & " @.
5
"
!"#0;! A$ D /!& ! # — # E! = , diaphragma, =@A& $0-."C01 4$0& 0;! 02 $ & %"/0 00;! $03 E0!=@, ! ./0 & .D 2 0; . $ 1$& 0 !"#$0 0 0 2&!. D ! ! $ 2 & !"#$" ;! A$" /0 0. (! .. 185). E! = .0. 0 ."C01 4$0 0 B&$ ! 0%!"1 K&3 & 0 =@AB@, .0. 0DK&3 !"# $$03, !&;&!$03 /0D.$ $03 . &3. "C01 4$@3 B&$ !, centrum tendineum (1), 0;! 02 $ / 0 $03 /!0 $03 / -
. $%03, .0. 0DK&3 E ;!0 $@C /" %02.
!"# $$ D . 4, pars sternalis (2), $ ;0 && . ;0 ! 2 , ;&!& $ 0 0 =& &2 #$0 0 0 !0. % #$& 0. % 2 K /!D=03 =@AB@ 1 20 ; =@A& $@& 20 0%$ && 2/ & .D 2 ."C01 4$@3 B&$ ! ./&! .
&;&!$ D . 4, pars costalis (3), $ ;0 4A D /0 /!0 D1&$$0. , $ $ & .D 0 VII—XII !&;&! % $ 2 - & .D 2 ."C01 4$0= B&$ !& /0 ;0%02@= & 0 /02&!C$0. D=. T&1#" !"# $$03 !&;&!$03 . D= # E! =@=& .D !&" 0 4$03 E0!=@ K& &2 #$@& /!0=&1" % (8), .20;0#$@& 0 =@AB, %0 0!@& =0 " D2 4.D =&-
. 0= 0;! 02 $ D # E! = 4$@C !@1. !@1 $ ;0 && . 0 20 $ % ./! 2 2 !"# $0-!&;&!$0= !&- " 0 4$ %& !!&D. &2 !@1 /! % &.% $& $ ; # .D 2 .2D . /! & $ &= .&!#B % &20=" !"# - $0-!&;&!$0=" !&" 0 4$ %".
0D.$ $ D . 4, parslumbalis (4), .0. 0 #2"C / !$@C /" %02, |
|
=&$"&=@C $01% = . /! 2" &2" $01% . $ ;&!" $ - |
|
0 0 & I — II /0D.$ $@C /0 20$%02 2/ & .D 2 #$ 3 0 #& |
|
."C01 4$0 0 B&$ ! . T&1#" !&;&!$03 /0D.$ $03 . D= # E! - |
|
=@ 0;! "& .D !&" 0 4$ D K& 4 0 # &% . |
|
# E! =& %/&! 0 & I /0D.$ $0 0 /0 20$% , $&.%0 4%0 2 &- |
|
20 0 .! $$03 $ , =&& .D 0! 4$0& 0 2&!. &, hiatus aorticus, |
|
&!& %0 0!0& /!0C0# 0! (5) =E &.% 3 !"#$03 /!0 0%. |
|
/&! 0 $& 0 $ ! .. 0D$ 2—4 ! ./0 & .D / K&20#$0& 0 - |
|
2&!. &, hiatus eosophageus, /!0/".% K&& / K&20# (6') 0; ; "1- |
|
# K C $&!2 . K&20#$0& 0 2&!. & ! ./0 & .D =&1#" /! 203 |
.. 185. ."$0% $ 0= &.%0 0 /!&/ - |
&203 $01% = # E! =@ =@A& $@= 20 0%$ = ! .K&/ &$$03 |
! # E! =@ .0 . 0!0$@ !"#$03 /0 0.- |
/! 203, !&1& — &203 $01% . T@A& $@& 20 0%$ $01&% 0;! " /& - |
(/0 . . $& 4$ %02"). |
1 — ."C01 4$@3 B&$ !; 2 — !"# $$ D . 4; |
|
, B !%" D!$0 0%!"1 K" / K&20#, %0 0! D 2@/0 $D& E"$%B |
3 — !&;&!$ D . 4; 4 — /0D.$ $ D . 4; 5— |
0! ; 6 — / K&20#; 7— $ 1$DD /0 D 2&$ ; 8— |
|
& 0 .1 = & D. |
!"# $0-!&;&!$@& !&" 0 4$ % . |
!0=& "% $$@C 0 2&!. 3, 2 =@AB& # E! =@ =& .D K& , &!& %0 0!@& /!0C0#D $&/ !$ D 2&$
./! 2 /0 "$&/ !$ D 2&$ !&2$@& $&!2@ . &2 . ."C01 4$0= B&$ !& # E! =@ ./! 2 =&& .D 0 - 2&!. &, &!& %0 0!0& /!0C0# $ 1$DD /0 D 2&$ (7).
E! = /0%!@ . % = 2$" ! !"#$03 2$" ! ;! A$03 E .B . !020.$ ;1&$ & # E! =@ 0."K&. 2 D& .D 2&!C$&3 $ 1$&3 # E! = 4$03 ! &! D= , 2& 2D= 2$" !&$$&3 !"#$03 =&1!&;&!$@C! &! 3. &$0 $@3 0 0% #& /0 0#$0 =&$$@= 2&$ =. E! = $$&!2 !"& .D / !$@= # E! = 4$@= ,
/. /. phrenicus dexter et sinister, %1& =&1!&;&!$@= . =/ &.% = $&!2 = , /. /. intercostales et sympaticus. E! = 4$@& $&!2@ ;&!" $ 0 /&!$ C %0!&A%02 3— 5, 0/".% .D 2 .!. &$ &, #& &1 %/&! 0 %0!$&3 & % C $ /! 2 D .D % # E! =& /0 /&!$&;0%02@= /02&!C$0. D= /&! % !-
# . .2D . ; % = ! ./0 01&$ &= # E! = 4$@C $&!202 % %0!$D= & % C, /! 0% &. 2&$$@C $020- 0;! 02 $ DC & %0 0 .!. &$ D 20 =01$0 C /0! 1&$ &, /! 20#DK&& % / ! " # E! =@.
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
" * + & ,
( " 3. ! .. $ 2 /!D=03 /!0&%B # E! = 0/!& D& .D 0 4%0 2 ;0%02@C 0 #& C, #& 0$ 0;! "& 2@/"% @& %2&!C" 20 2@A&$ D, =&$"&=@& 2 !&$ &$0 0 &.%03 &! "!& %"/0 = # - E! =@ (! .. 186, 1). 0. $ & 0 ! $ 2 .$ " % 1#0& & %0&. &!C$ 3 %0$ "! 0;0 C %"/0 02 # - E! =@ 0 & 20 2 #&$, $ 1$ 3 ."== !"& .D . 0! $ = ;! A$03 /0 0. . ;@ $0 0 & 2&& 2@. "- / !&;&!$@& . # E! =@, /0.%0 4%" !"# $$ D /0D.$ $@& . 2 /!D=03 /!0&%B $ . 2 -.D #!" $ #!" . "C01 4$@3 B&$ ! # E! =@ (2) $& =&& # EE&!&$B !02 $$0 0 0;! 1&$ D, % % %
. 2 & .D . &$4 .!. &$ D. 0$ "! /! 20 0 %"/0 # E! =@ ;0 && 2@/"% @3, $0 # 0$ /!. 2 &$ $& 0#$03 / 2$03 #" 00;! $03, 20 $00;! $03 $ &3, 0;! " K&3 #2& #" , %0 0!@C ;0 && 2@.0%0 ! ./0-01&$ = 4$ D. &!%0, K& ./! 2 , $ ; # & .D 20 $ . 0. 4 %0$ "! # E! =@, 0.0;&$$0 2 = 4- $0= 0 #& & /0 /" 0 ! $ &$$03 !& %. B . _ 0 0;". 02 &$0 $&! 2$0=&!$@= .0%! K&$ &= 0 #& 4$@C
=@A& $@C /" %02 # E! =@. 0 $ /! 2 &$ % ;0%02@= . &$% = !"#$03 % & % %"/0 @ # E! =@ / 2- $0 0/".% .D 0;! " ! $03 "; $@ 0. !@& !&;&!$0-# E! = 4$@& " @, .00 2& . 2" K & ! .- /0 01&$ 0#$0 =&$$@C / &2! 4$@C " "; &$ 3 (3). &$4 .&!#B %"/0 @ # E! =@ 0;! " =&$&&";0% & 0. !@& .&!#& $0-# E! = 4$@& " @ (4), "; $ %0 0!@C 2 . 0 . &/&$ 2#0C : /! 2#0C& 0$ "2& 2 & .D, /! 2@#0C& —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—5 (! .. 187).
./0 01&$ & # E! =@ 2 . 0 !D# E % 0!02: !& ! % 4$03 ./0.0;$0. & % C, E @ #@C $ D, .0- 0 $0A&$ D 2$" ! !"#$0 0 2$" ! ;! A$0 0 # 2 &$ D, 20 ! . $@C %0$. "B 0$ 4$@C 0.0;&$$0. &3, /0 01&$ D .. "&=0 0 #!.
.. 186. ; 0!$@& !&$ &$0 ! ==@ & % C 2 /&!$&3 ( ) &203 ;0%0203 (;) /!0&%B DC.
1 — %"/0 # E! =@; 2 — ."C01 4$@3 B&$ !; 3 — !&;&!$0-# E! = 4$@& " "; &$ D; 4 — .&!#& $0-# E! = 4$@& " @; 5 — /&!$ 3
.% # E! =@; 3 — #$ 3 .% # E! =@.
.. 187. 0;! 1&$ & # E! =@ 2 ". 02 DC /$&2=0/&! 0$&"= . — 0; 0!$ D !&$ &$0 ! == ; 6 — %0$ % $@3 0 /& 0% . !&$ &$0 ! ==@.
! 2&! % 4$0= /0 01&$ .. "&=@C %"/0 @ # E! =@ " 2 !0. @C $ E & .!$& 0 2#0C ! ./0-01&$@ $ "!02$& /&!$ C 0 #& 02 & V—VI !&;&! /0 .!$&% $03 $ , 0 .00 2& . 2"& "!02- $ X—XI !"#$0 0 /0 20$% . ! 2@3 %"/0 $ C0# .D 0;@ $0 2@A& &20 0 $ A ! $" !&;! . ;0 && $ - %0 # E! = ! ./0 & .D /! /0 01&$ ;0 4$0 0 . #D . $ % 0$0= " 02 K %/&! . ! #@C $ # - E! = .02&!A & / 2$@& . ==& ! $@& #2 1&$ D 0 4%0 /0 /&! E&! , ."C01 4$@3 B&$ ! && /0 $&- /0#2 1&$. ! ./0%03$0= #@C $ %"/0 @ # E! =@ /&!&=&K .D %2&!C" %$ " $ 2—3 , /! ";0- %0= — $ 4—5 .
! ";0%0= 2#0C& 2&!C$ 3 %0$ "! # E! =@ =01& ;@ 4 $&!02$@=, ";!&$$@=, E&. 0$ @= 2 !&-" 4 & $ D1&$ D =@A& $@C /" %02 $ "!02$& /! %!&/ &$ D C % !&;! = (! .. 188). _ 0 =01& . =" !0- 2 4 / &2! 4$@& .! K&$ D /0 # E! = 4$03 /02&!C$0. & %0 0. 0 & 0 /0. $ C =&. /! - %!&/ &$ D =@A& $@C /" %02 $ C0#D .D $ 0# $ %020= ! .. 0D$ #!" 0 #!" , /0#C0#D % .00 2& . 2" - K = !&;! =, R%.%"!. # E! =@ $& 0 ! $ &$@, !&;&!$0-# E! = 4$@& " "; &$ D .20;0#$@.
! 0! 0$ 4$0= /0 01&$ .. "&=@C $ ./ $& 1 20 & %"/0 @ # E! =@ ! ./0 .D $ 1—2 !&;! 2@A&, &= /! 2&! % 4$0= /0 01&$ , % % % $ $ C 0% @2 # 2 &$ & 0! $@ ;! A$03 /0 0. . _%.%"!. # E! =@ /! ./0%03$0= ";0%0= #@C $ "2& 2 .D.
! .. $ ;0 4$@C $ ;0%" ( &!0.%0/ D, &!0 ! E D) $ ; # & .D ;0 && 2@.0%0& ! ./0 01&- $ & "2& &$ & /0#2 1$0. /! #@C $ %"/0 # E! =@ 03 . 0!0$@, $ %0 0!03 &1 .. "&=@3.
_ 0 0;YD.$D& .D "2& &$ &= # 2 &$ D $ # E! =" 2 .00 2& . 2" K&3 /0 02 $& ;! A$03 /0 0. .
|
) 3. ! .. $ 2 ;0%0203 /!0&%B %0$- |
|
|
"!@ 0;0 C %"/0 02 # E! =@ 0;@ $0 ! ./0 .D #!" $ # |
|
|
#!" 0=. /0 20$0 $0 0 . 0 ; 0$ /!0&%B 0$$0 /&!&%!&K 2 .D |
|
|
.02/ # . 0 && 2@.0%0 /!0&B !"& .D %"/0 # E! =@ /! - |
|
|
&1 K&3 . 0!0$@. 0R 0=" /! .. $ 2 /! 203 ;0%0203 /!0- |
|
|
&%B 02@3 /" @!4 1& "#% ! ./0 & .D /0# $ 1& &1 K =, 2 |
|
|
&203 — /0# 2@A& &1 K = %"/0 0= # E! =@. _ 0 /! $ % =&& |
|
|
$ &$ & /! $ &!/!& B !&$ &$0 ! == |
!"#$03 % & % 2 ;0%0- |
|
203 /!0&%B . ! R 0= 0 & 20 ! =@ |
!"# $$ D /0D.$ - |
|
$ D . # E! =@, $ = K & $ ;0 && $ %0& /0 01&$ & |
|
|
=&$"&=@& 2 !&$ &$0 0 &.%03 &! "!& /&!$ = (5) #- |
|
|
$ = (6) .% 0=. ;0 && 2@.0%0 ! ./0 01&$$@3 " . 0% %"/0 02 |
|
|
# E! =@ $ C0# .D ; 1& % /&!$&3 . &$%& !"#$03 % & % . |
|
|
&!$ & #$ & .% @ 0;! " . !"#$03 . &$%03 !&;&!$0- |
|
|
# E! = 4$@& " "; &$ D, %0 0!@C #$&&, ;0 && 2@! 1&$- |
|
|
$0&, #0. & "!02$D X — XI !"#$@C /0 20$%02, /&!$&& ! .- |
|
|
/0 & .D $ "!02$& /&!$ C 0 #& 02 & VI—VII !&;&!. |
|
|
! #@C $ $ ;0 4A&3 /0#2 1$0. 4 0; # & /0D.$ $ D, |
|
.. 188. H! =&$ !&$ &$0 ! ==@ /! 20 0 & - =&$4A&3 — !"# $$ D . 4 # E! =@. B& 0= #2 1&$ D %"/0- |
||
%0 0. |
02 # E! =@, " &=@& 2 /&!$&3 ;0%0203 /!0&%B DC, %0.- |
|
b ";!&$$0. 4 %"/0 # E! =@ .00 2& . 2&$$0 =&. = |
2&$$0 0 ! 1 !"#$03, ;! A$03 .=&A $$@3 / #@C $ D, |
|
/! %!&/ &$ D =@A& $@C /" %02 % /&!$ = !&;! =. |
/! %0 0!@C .00 2& . 2&$$0 /!&0; # #@C & 4$@& #2 1&$ D |
|
|
!&;&! # E! =@. k K& $ ; # .D ;! A$03 .=&A $$@3 |
|
/@ #@C $ D, %0 # 2.& 0 #& @ # E! =@ 20 2!&=D 2#0C 0/".% .D %$ ", /! 2@#0C& /0#$ = .D %2&!C".
&;! /! R 0= #2 1" .D 2 /!0 20/0 01$0= $ /! 2 &$ . 0! 1&$ & # E! = 4$0 0 $&!2 / 0 0 -&.% = /!0B&..0= (0/"C0 4, = . $ ) .%".. 2&$$0& 2@% &$ & & 0 (E!&$ %0 %0 0 B D, E!&- $ %0 0= D) /! 20#D % 2@.0%0=" ! ./0 01&$ .00 2& . 2" K& 0 %"/0 # E! =@, 0 ! $ &$ /0#- 2 1$0. / ! #0%. 4$03 & 0 R%.%"!. .
( & ' , '
"
$ 0= D, =& 0# % .. $ D !&$ &$0 $ 0= &.% 3 $ $0. 0%0 0$0.02@C / "C, %1& 20 ! . $@& 0.0;&$$0. C /!. 2 &$@ 2 ! #& & « 0. $0-.". 2$03 // ! »; $0.02 D, !0 02 D 0! $- $ D . 0 % — 2 ! #& & « 0 % ». & % & &!& #@C & 4$@& /" /0. "/ & 20 #"C, %0 0!@3 #0 .0/! - %0.$02&$ D . / !&$C =03 & % C #0 1&$ ;@ 4 0 K&$, .0 !& "2 1$&$. _ 0 /!0 .C0# 2 /0 0. $0. , 2@. $$03 . . 03 0;0 0 %03, %0 0! D /&!&C0# 2 . . " 0;0 0 %" 0%0 0$0.02@C / "C 0 % .
. D 0;0 0 % /0 0. $0. /0%!@ =&!B & 4$@= R/ & &=, $ !&.$ % C %0 0!0 0 0. & /@ 4,
.0#&!1 . . @& 1& & @, .&%!& %0 0!@C "2 1$D& 20 #"C, 0;20 % 2 & /@ 4 ./0.0;. 2"& && $ - $ . 0# . . D 0;0 0 % /0 0. $0. ;0 2&$0 $@= .0."# = , 0;! " K = $ $ 1$&3 .!$&3 $0.0203 ! %02 $& ". @& ./ & &$ D, 0;0 !&2 K & . !" 20 #"C . / . $$@& $ 0= &.% & 0.0;&$$0.
. . 03 0;0 0 % /0 0. $0. 0;&./& 2 =&C $ &.%" 0;! ;0 %" 2#@C &=0 0 20 #"C . 0R 0=" .!$ &$ 1$ & C0#@ $0. $ @2 #@C & 4$03 0; . 4 /0 0. $0. , regio respiratoria. "!02$& 2&!C$&3 $0-
.0203 ! %02 $@ 01&$@ /&! E&! &.% & $&!2$@& 0%0$ $ D 0;0$D & 4$0 0 $&!2 (0;0$D & 4$ D 0; . 4, regio olfactoria), ; 0# !D %0 0!@= & 02&% 20./! $ = & / C . $0.0203 /0 0. 2#@C &=@3 20 #"C&!& C0 $@ /0. "/ & 2 $0.02" , !0 02" 0! $$" . 0 % , &= 2 0! $4. 0 $0B&$$0& $0.0- 20& #@C $ & 20 =01$0 /! $0!= 4$0= .0. 0D$ /0 0. $0. $0.0203 . 0 % . ";0%0& $0.020& #@- C $ & ./0.0;. 2"& ;0 4A&=" ! .A !&$ !"#$03 % & % , &= !0 020&.
', larynx, ! ./0 01&$ $ "!02$& III—VI A&3$@C /0 20$%02 .0. 0 !&C $&/ !$@C C!DK&3
—K 02 #$0 0, /&!. $&2 #$0 0, $ # 0! $$ % !&C / !$@C C!DK&3 — &!/ 02 #$@C, !01%02 #$@C % - $02 #$@C.
02 #$@3 C!DK, cartilago thyroidea, $ ;0 && %!"/$@3, .0. 0 #2"C / . $0%, ! ./0 01&$$@C /0# /!D=@= " 0= #!" % #!" ". b #$ & " 0 K&$$@& %! D / . $0% /&!&C0#D 2 2&!C$ &, cornua siperiora, $ 1- $ & !0 , cornua interiora. &!C$ & !0 .0 $D .D .2D % = . !0 = /0#YD @ $03 %0. , $ 1$ & . /&!-
. $&2 #$@= C!DK0=. 02 #$@3 C!DK /! %!&/ D& .D .2D % = % /&!. $&2 #$0=" C!DK" & " /0#Y- D @ $03 %0. .
&!. $&2 #$@3 C!DK, cartilago cricoidea, 0;! "& 0.$02 $ & 0! $ , $ %0 0!0= ! ./0 .D K 0-