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Московский государственный университет дизайна и технологии

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English_Grammar_in_Use

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• Sue is a very nice person .

• Jack has a big nose.

Countable nouns with a/an and some

Nouns can be countable or uncountable. For uncountable nouns see Unit 65.

II	Countable nouns are, for example:
	dog	umbrella		job	suggestion		girl
	Countable nouns are things we can count. We can make them plural:
	two dogs		six jobs		some girls		many suggestions
	Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an:
		•	That's a good suggestion.				• Do you need an umbrella?
	You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/the/my, etc.):
		• I'm looking for a job. (not I'm looking for job)
		• Be careful of the dog. (not Be careful of dog)
		•	I've got a headache.			•	Would you like a cigarette?

For a/an and the see Unit 67.

a We often use a/an + noun when we say what something/someone is, or what something/ someone is like:

• A dog is an animal.

• This is a really beautiful house.

• What a nice dress! Remember to use a/an for jobs:

•Tom's mother is a doctor. (not Tom's mother is doctor)

•I wouldn't like to be an English teacher.

In sentences like these, we use plural countable nouns alone (not with some):

• Tom's parents are very nice people.	•	What awful shoes!
(not some very nice people)	•	Dogs are animals.
• Ann has blue eyes.	•	Are most of your friends
		students?
We also use some with plural countable nouns. Some	a number of / a few of (but we
II don't know or say exactly how many):

•I've seen some good movies lately.

•Some friends of mine are coming to stay for the weekend.

Do not use some when you are talking about things in general:

• I love bananas. (not some bananas) Sometimes you can use some or leave it out:

• There are (some) eggs in the refrigerator if you're hungry. For some and any see Unit 80.

II You have to use some when you mean some, but not all / not many, etc.

•Some children learn very quickly. (but not all children)

•Some police officers in Britain carry guns, but most of them don't.

For plural countable nouns see also Unit 70.

132


UNIT 66				Exercises
• •
• •		What are these things? Try and find out ifyou don't know.
	Example: an ant? :It~s.an.in.se(;t..........						ants? bees? rhey.a.y.eJn.$.e(;."(,.~.•...........
	1.		an onion?		It's		5. Earth? Mars? Venus? Jupiter?		They
	2.		a pigeon?		It			.	.
	3.		a dandelion?				6.	the Rhine? the Nile? the Mississippi?
	4.		a skyscraper?					..	.
	And who were these people?
	Example: Beethoven? lie. Wii~.a..ctlmpo.$.e.r.						Beethoven? Bach? t"11.e.y..l(I(er.e..CIlm,all.ser:s.
	7.		Picasso?		He was	..	11.	Kennedy? Johnson? Nixon?	They
	8.		Shakespeare? He			..
	9.		Einstein?			.	12.	Elvis Presley? John Lennon?
	10.		Marilyn Monroe?			.

• •	Read about someone's job and then write what his or her job is.
Example: Ron flies airplanes.				.1:Ie.~~..a.pil.at					.
1.		Sue types letters and answers the phone in an office.					She is		..
2.		Tim plans people's vacations for them.			He				..
3.		Carol takes care of patients in a hospital.			She				.
4.		Mary teaches math. .							..
5.		Martha directs movies. ..							.
6.	John translates what people are saying from one language into another, so that they can
		understand each other.							..

• •	Put in a/an or some, or leave a space (without a word).
Examples: I've seen .s.aml!< ... good movies recently.							Do you have .....8 ........ headache?
		Are most of your friends ....~.... students?
1.		Do you have	camera?		11.	You need		visa to visit	..
2.		Would you like to be		actor?		foreign countries, but not all of them.
3.		Bill has	big feet.		12.	I'm going shopping. I'm going to get
4.		Do you collect	stamps?			............... new clothes.
5.		Tom always gives Ann		.	13.	Jane is		teacher. Her
		flowers on her birthday.				parents were		teachers too.
6.		Those are	· really nice		14.	When we got downtown,			..
		slacks. Where did you get them?				stores were still open, but most of
7.		What	beautiful garden!			them were already closed.
8.		What	nice children!		15.	Do you enjoy going to			..
9		birds, for example the				concerts?
		penguin, cannot fly.			16.	When I was		child, I used to
10.		Jack has	very long legs,			be very shy.
		so he's	fast runner.

133

U NIT

67 A/an and the

•Study this example:

For lunch I had a

The speaker says "a sandwich / an apple" because this is the first time he talks about them.

Here are some more examples:

The sandwich wasn't very good.

The speaker says "the sandwich" because the listener now knows which sandwich he means - the sandwich he had for lunch.

•There was a man talking to a woman outside my house. The man looked American, and I think the woman was Indian.

•When we were on vacation, we stayed at a hotel. In the evenings, sometimes we had dinner at the hotel and sometimes in a restaurant.

•I saw a movie last night. The movie was about a soldier and a beautiful woman. The soldier was in love with the woman, but the woman was in love with a teacher. So the soldier shot the teacher and married the woman.

IIWe use a/an when the listener doesn't know which thing we mean. We use the when it is clear which thing we mean:

•Tom sat down on a chair. (we don't know which chair)

Tom sat down on the chair nearest the door. (we know which chair)

•Ann is looking for a job. (not a particular job)

Did Ann get the job she applied for? (a particular job)

•Do you have a car? (not a particular car)

I cleaned the car yesterday. (a particular car, my car)

•We use the when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean. For example, in a room we talk about "the light / the floor / the ceiling / the door / the carpet," etc. Study these examples:

.	•	Can you turn off the light, please? ( = the light in this room)
	•	Where is the bathroom, please? (= the bathroom in this building/house)
	•	I enjoyed the movie. Who was the director? (= the director of the movie)
	•	I took a taxi to the station. ( = the station of that town)
	•	We got to the airport just in time for our flight.

Also: the police / the fire department / the army.

We also say the bank, the post office:

•I hav~ to go to the bank to change some money, and then I'm going to the post office to buy some stamps. (The speaker is usually thinking of a particular bank or post office.)

We also say the doctor, the dentist, the hospital:

•John wasn't feeling very well. He went to the doctor. (= his doctor)

•Two people were taken to the hospital after the accident.

For the see also Units 68-73.

134

UNIT 67 Exercises

•Put in a/an or the.

Example: There was			a	man and 8		woman in the room . .7.h.~			man was
	American, and ..the.				woman looked Indian.
1.	This morning I bought				newspaper and		magazine		newspaper is
	in my bag, but I don't know where					magazine is.
2.	My parents have			cat and		dog	dog never bites			cat, but
	............. cat often scratches				dog.
3.	I saw	accident this morning				car crashed into		wall		.
	driver of		car was not hurt, but				car was badly damaged.
4.	When you turn onto Pine Tree Drive, you will see three houses:								red one,	.
	blue one, and			white one. I live in			white one.
5.	We live in		old house in			middle oftown. There is			garden behind
	............. house			roof of		house is in bad condition.

•Put in alan or the.


Examples: I'm looking for				4....... job.	Did Ann get .the..... job she cipplied for?
1.		Would you like		apple?
2.		Could you close		door, please?
3.		We live in	small apartment near			center oftown.
4.		Have you finished with		book I lent you last week?
5.		We went out for		meal last night		restaurant we went to was excellent.
6.		Did	police find	person who stole your bicycle?
7.		This is a nice house. Does it have			garden?
8.		It was warm and sunny, so we decided to sit in					garden.
9.		This morning I had		soft-boiled egg and toast for breakfast.
10		President ofthe United States is elected every four years.
11.		As I was walking along the street, I saw			$20 bill on			sidewalk.
12.		I went into the store and asked to speak to					manager.
13.		"Do you have		car?" "No, I've never had			car in my life."
14.		There's no need to buy a paper.			newspaper carrier brings it every morning.

	Complete these sentences using the + noun.
Example: It was getting dark in the room, so I turned on .tl1.e..ligl1.t.								..
1.		There were no chairs, so we all had to sit on						.
2.		As soon as I saw the fire, I called						..
3.		We didn't have any stamps, so we had to go to						..
4.		I had a toothache, so I made an appointment with						..
5.		Ann had to catch a train, so I took her to						..
6.		When we found that someone had broken into our house, we called						..
7.		Bill wasn't feeling well, so he went to						..
8.		We didn't have any money, so we had to go to						..
9.		The plane was delayed, so we had to wait at						for three hours.
10.		Jill had a car accident. She'll be in					for at least two weeks.

135

The (1)

For the difference between the and a/an see Unit 67 .

•We say the ... when there is only one of something:

•What is the longest river in the world? (There is only one longest river in the world.)

•We went to the most expensive restaurant in town.

•The only television program she watches is the news.

•Paris is the capital of France.

•Everybody left at the end of the meeting.

•The earth goes around the sun. (also: the moon / the world / the universe)

We say: the sea

the sky

the ground

the city / the country

•Would you rather live in the city or in the country?

•Don't sit on the ground! It's wet.

•We looked up at all the stars in the sky.

We say go to sea / be at sea (without the) when the meaning is go/be on a voyage:

• Ken is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea. but: I would love to live near the sea. (not near sea)

We say space (not the space) when we mean space in the universe:

• There are millions of stars in space. (not in the space) but: He tried to park his car, but the space wasn't big enough.

Movies	theater	radio	television
We say the movies / the theater:

•We went to the movies last night.

•Do you often go to the theater?

Note that when we say the theater, we do not necessarily mean one particular theater.

We usually say the radio:
•	We often listen to the radio.	• I heard the news on the radio.
But we usually say television (without the):
•	We often watch television.	• I watched the news on television.
but:	Can you turn offthe television, please? ( = the television set)

Meals: We do not normally use the with the names of meals:

•What time is lunch?

•We had dinner in a restaurant.

•What did you have for breakfast?

•Ann invited me to (orfor) dinner.

But we say a meal:

• We had a meal in a restaurant.

We also say a when there is an adjective before lunch/breakfast, etc.

• Thank you. That was a very nice lunch. (not that was very nice lunch)

For more information about the see Units 67 and 69-73.

136

UNIT 68 Exercises


• :	Answer these questions in the way shown.
Example: "Was it a good movie?" "Yes, it was				the.b.e.$.c.m~v.(e.. I've ever seen."
1.	"Is it a big hote!?"	"Yes, it is		in the city."
2.	"Is he a rich man?"	"Yes, he is		I've ever met."
3.	"Was it a bad accident?"		"Yes, it was	I've ever seen."
4.	"Is it a cheap restaurant?"		"Well, it is	you will find."
5.	"It'shottoday,isn'tit?"		"Yes,itis	dayoftheyear."

•: Put in a/an or the. Sometimes you don't need either word - you leave it blank. (If necessary see Unit 67 for a/an and the).


Examples: We went to ..the. ..... most expensive restaurant in town.
		Do you want to watch ....~ television this evening?
		Last night we went out for				il	meal in	a.	restaurant.
1.	I wrote my name at				top ofthe page.
2.	.	moon goes around					earth every 27 days.
3.	The Soviet Union was					first country to send a man into				space.
4.	Did you see the movie on					television or in			movie theater?
5.	After		lunch, we went for a walk by					sea.
6.	I'm not very hungry. I had					big breakfast.
7.	John was			only person I talked to at the party.
8.	Liz lives in			small village in			country.
9.	Peru is			country in South America				capital is Lima.
10.	I never listen to			radio. In fact, I don't have					radio.
11.	It was		beautiful day				sun shone brightly in			sky.
12.	I've invited Tom to				dinner next Wednesday.
13.	What is			highest mountain in			world?
14.	We don't go to			theater very much these days. In fact, in						town where
	we live there isn't			theater.
15.	It was a long voyage. We were at						sea for four weeks.
16.	I prefer swimming in				sea to swimming in pools.
17.	Can you turn			television down, please? It's a little loud.

• : Here are some things Tom did yesterday. Write a sentence for each.

Morning:	8:00 breakfast	8:30-9:00 radio	9:30 walk/country
Afternoon:	1:00 lunch	2:30 movies
Evening:	6:30 c!inner	8:00-10:00 television

1.	./#.. Q.:(!{!. h~.hart..1?r..e.Hkfa.$t.	.
2.	From 8:30 until 9:00 he listened	.
3.	At 9:30 he went for a walk in	.
4.	At 1:00 he	.
5.	At2:30	.
6.	At 6:30	.
7.	From	.

137

The (2)

II Study these sentences:

•Tile rose is my favorite flower.

•The giraffe is the tallest of all animals.

In these examples the ... doesn't mean one particular thing. The rose = roses in general, the giraffe = giraffes in general. We use the + a singular countable noun in this way to talk about a type of plant, animal, etc. Note that you can also use a plural noun without the:

• Roses are my favorite flowers. (but not The roses ... - see Unit 70) We also use the + a singular countable noun when we talk about a type of machine, an invention, etc. For example:

•When was the telephone invented?

•The bicycle is an excellent means of transportation.

We also use the for musical instruments:

•Can you play the guitar? (not Can you play guitar?)

•The piano is my favorite instrument.

IIThe + adjective

We use the with some adjectives (without a noun). The meaning is always plural. For

example, the rich = rich people in general:

• Do you think the rich should pay more taxes?

We use the especially with these adjectives:

the rich	the old	the blind	the sick	the disabled	the injured
the poor	the young	the deaf	the dead	the unemployed	the homeless

•That man over there is collecting money for the homeless.

•Why doesn't the government do more to help the unemployed?

These expressions are always plural. You cannot say "a blind" or "an unemployed." You

•The + nationality words

You can use the with some nationality adjectives when you mean "the people of that country." For example:

•The French are famous for their food. ( = the French people)

•The English are known for being polite. (= the English people)have to say "a blind man," "an unemployed woman," etc.

You can use the in this way with these nationality words:

the British	the Welsh	the Spanish	the Dutch
the English	the Irish	the French	the Swiss

You can also use the with nationality words ending in -ese (the Japanese / the Chinese, etc.).

With other nationalities you have to use a plural noun ending in os:
(the) Russians	(the) Italians	(the) Arabs	(the) Germans	(the) Turks

For the see also Units 67, 68, and 70-73.

138

UNIT 69 Exercises

•• Answer these questions about yourself and your favorite things. Use a dictionary ifyou don't know the English words you need.

Example: What is your favorite flower?		.f.h~..J!w~.e		.
1.	What is your favorite tree?			.
2.	Which bird do you like most?			.
3.	What is your favorite car?			.
4.	What is your favorite musical instrument?			.

• •	Make sentences from the words in parentheses ( ...		).
Example: (Mary / play / piano very well)		M.ar..y.pjiiy~..the..p.I.f:!n(;..v.4r.y.. w:~/(,		.
1.	(Jack / play / guitar very badly) Jack plays			.
2.	(Jill / play / violin in an orchestra)			..
3.	(I'd like / learn / play / piano)			..
4.	(you / play / guitar?)			.

•• Complete these sentences about animals. Choose one of the words in parentheses. Use a dictionary ifyou don't know these words.

Example:	..7he..g.iraffe-...... is the tallest of all animals.	(elephant/lion/giraffe)
1.	is the fastest of all animals. (tiger/cheetah/elephant)
2. ..	is a mammal, but it lives in the sea.	(octopus/elephant/whale)
3. ..	is the largest living bird. (eagle/sparrow/ostrich)

. ' ~ Complete these sentences using the with these adjectives:

rich sick )Hal( poor injured unemployed dead

Example: Braille is a system of reading and writing by touch for .t.n.e..blin.d•...........

1.	Many people were killed in the plane crash. The bodies of		were
	taken away	were taken to the hospital.
2.	Do you know the story of Robin Hood? It is said that he robbed		..
	and gave the money to	.
3.	For people with jobs, life is easier than it is for		.
4.	Linda has been a nurse all her life. She has spent her life caring for		..

• • What do you call the people from these places?

Examples: England?t.h~.g!?.gl/$h.				..	Russia? .the. gl,($.~iQ.n.s.		.
1.	Britain?	6.	France?	..	11.	Switzerland?	.
2.	Ireland?	7.	Japan?	..	12.	America (the U.S.)?	..
3.	Greece?	8.	Germany?	..	13.	the Netherlands?	..
4.	Korea?....................	9.	China?	.	14.	and your country?	.
5.	Spain?.....................	10.	Canada?	.

139

U NIT

70 Plural and uncountable nouns with and without the (flowers/the flowers)

II We don't use the before a noun when we mean something in general:

• I love flowers. (not the flowers)

(flowers = flowers in general, not a particular group of flowers)

•I'm afraid of dogs.

•Doctors are paid more than teachers.

•Crime is a problem in most big cities. (not the crime)

•Life has changed a lot since I was young. (not the life)

•I prefer classical music to pop music. (not the classical/pop music)

•Do you like Chinese food / American television? (not the ... )

•My favorite subject at school was history/physics/English.

•I like soccer/athletics/skiing/chess.

•Do you collect stamps?

We say most people / most dogs, etc. (not the most ... ):

•Most people like George. (not the most people - see also Unit 78)

II We say the ... when we mean something in particular:

•I like your garden. The flowers are beautiful. (not Flowers are ... )

	(the flowers = the flowers in your garden, not flowers in general)
•	Children learn a lot from playing. (= children in general)
but:	We took the children to the zoo. (= a particular group of children, perhaps
	the speaker's own children)
• Salt is used to flavor food.
but:	Can you pass the salt, please? (= the salt on the table)
• I often listen to music.
but:	The movie wasn't very good, but I liked the music. (= the music in the
	movie)

• All cars have wheels.

but: All the students in the class like their teacher.

• Are American people friendly? (= American people in general)

but: Are the American people you know friendly? (= only the American people you know, not American people in general)

a The difference between "something in general" and "something in particular" is not always very clear. Study these sentences:

•I like working with people. (= people in general)

•I like'working with people who are lively. (not all people, but people who are lively is still a general idea)

but: I like the people I work with. (= a particular group of people)

•Do you like coffee? (= coffee in general)

•Do you like strong black coffee? (not all coffee, but strong black coffee is still a general idea)

but: Did you like the coffee we had after dinner? ( = particular coffee)

140

UNIT 70 Exercises

Write whether you like or dislike something. Begin your sentences with:

I1ike. . . I don't like. . .

I'm (not) interestedin . . .

I1ove. . . I hate. . . I don't mind ...

I have no opinion about ...

Example: (hot weather) .l..cl.an.~t.lik.e..h(J.t.. YX.4UJ.th~r..,		.
1.	(soccer)	.
2.	(small children)	.
3.	(cats)	.
4.	(modern art)	.
5.	(horror movies)	.

	What do you think about these things? Write a sentence about each one. Begin with:
In my opinion .		I think. . .	I don't think ...	I don't agree with ...
I'm against .		I'm in favor of ...
Example: (divorce)		.I..think. .d/v.o.r.ce..I.~..s.am.e:tim.e.~..n.e.ce.ss.a.ry,			.
1.	(violence)				.
2.	(smoking)				.
3.	(exams)				.
4.	(capital punishment)				.
5.	(nuclear power)				.

Choose the correct form, with or without the.

Examples: I'm afraid of dogs / ~s.

Can you pass)<€/ the salt, please?

1.Apples / The apples are good for you.

2.Look at apples / the apples on that tree! They're very large.

3.Women / The women are sometimes better teachers than men / the men.

4.In Britain coffee / the coffee is more expensive than tea / the tea.

5.We had a very nice meal in that restaurant. Service / The service was good too.

6.Most people / The most people still believe that marriage / the marriage and family life / the family life are the basis of our society.

7.They got married but marriage / the marriage wasn't successful.

8.I know someone who wrote a book about life / the life of Gandhi.

9.Life / The life would be very difficult without electricity / the electricity.

10.Skiing / the skiing is my favorite sport, but I also like swimming / the swimming.

11.Second World War /The Second World War ended in 1945.

12.Do you know people / the people who live next door?

13.Are you interested in art / the art or architecture / the architecture?

14.All books / All the books on the top shelf belong to me.

15.Don't stay in that hotel. Beds / The beds are very uncomfortable.

16.Two of the biggest problems facing our society are crime / the crime and unemployment / the unemployment.

17.I hate violence / the violence.

141

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