Английскй учебник

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1.respect – respectful – respectfully – respectable – respecter – respective – respectively - respecting;

2.occupy – occupancy – occupant – occupation – occupational - occupied

3.colony – colonial – colonialism – colonialist – colonization – colonist – colonize – colonizer

4.estimate – estimated – estimation – estimative – estimator –estimable -estimably

5.inhabit - inhabitant – inhabitable – inhabitance – inhabitancy – inhabitation – inhabited - inhabiter

7. add – addition – additional – additionally – addendum – adder

NOUNS

ADJECTIVES

VERBS

ADVERBS

2. ! ' # re, over, in

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to estimate, definite, to tell, to move, dependant, direct, distinctive, to come.

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1.English becomes the chief means of communication between nations. It means that each language has its unique beauty and power.

2.The study of the English language becomes a branch of linguistics. Many people in different countries study English.

3.David Crystal has been conducting research in language studies since the early 1960s. He researches English as a Global Language.

4..

TEXT

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Genetically, English belongs to the Germanic or Teutonic group of languages, which is one of the twelve groups of the Indo-European (IE) linguistic family. Most of the area of Europe and

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large parts of other continents are occupied today by the IE languages, Germanic being one of their major groups.

The Germanic languages in the world are as follows:

English - in Great Britain, Ireland, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the South African Republic, and many other former British colonies and dominions; German - in Germany, Austria, Luxemburg, Liechtenstein, part of Switzerland; Netherlandish - the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium) (known also as Dutch and Flemish respectively); Afrikaans - in the South African Republic; Danish - in Denmark; Swedish - in Sweden and Finland; Norwegian - in Norway; Icelandic - in Iceland; Frisian - in some regions of the Netherlands and Germany, Faeroese - in the Faeroe Islands.

It is difficult to estimate the number of people speaking Germanic languages, especially on account of English, which in many countries is one of two languages in a bilingual community, e.g. in Canada. The estimates for English range from 250 to 300 million people who have it as their mother tongue. The total number of people speaking Germanic languages approaches 440 million. To this rough estimate and indefinite number of bilingual people in over 50 countries where English is used as an official language could be added.

From the British Isles English spread all over the world, but English has not always been the language of the inhabitants of those islands. When the Romans colonized England in the 1st century of our era, the country was inhabited by Celtic tribes, and until the 5th century only Celtic languages were spoken by the people of Britain.

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1.Group of languages does English belong to?

2.What other languages belong to this group?

3.How many people Germanic languages speak?

4.What you know from the history of the English language?

5.When Romans colonized England?

6.Who colonized England in the 1st century of our era?

7.What Celtic tribes language spoke?

8.Where English spread from the British Isles?

9.Has been English always the language of those islands?

10.Were Celtic languages spoken by the people of Britain until the 5th century?

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4.It is now almost impossible for us to fully participate in the global village that we live in, without “knowing” a common world language.

5.It is estimated that more than a billion people in the world use English either as their native, second or foreign language.

6.It is well said that “the human heart is like a box and language is the key”.

7.English is part of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It is spoken as a native language by around 377 million and as a second language by around 375 million speakers in the world. Speakers of English as a second language will soon outnumber those who speak it as a first language.

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The text is about ____________

The English language belongs to ___________

The total number of people speaking ___________

There are ________ periods in the development of the English language.

They are

1.______ starting from _____

2.______ starting from _____

……………….

English was influenced by many languages during its history: ____________

Nowadays the English language is ______________

9. .

TEXT

ENGLISH LANGUAGE: LOANWORDS AND NEW WORDS

Words come into the English language in three major ways. They may enter English as loanwords, words taken into English from another language, or sometimes from a regional dialect or another variety of English. English has accepted words from many different languages. A strong trend is for words from American English to spread to other varieties of English.

New words can be created by word formation, when words are formed by taking existing words, or pieces of words, and putting them together to make new ones (for example, chat room or change management).

New words can come from layering, when an existing word splits into more than one meaning. It results in polisemy (several or many meanings of the word).

Unlike some other languages, English has never tried to prevent foreign words from coming into it. Words have entered from French, Latin, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and Hindi, as well as many other languages. These words have often lost their feeling of being foreign and become English words.

In 1066, William the Conqueror invaded England from Normandy in France. French became the language of power and prestige. At this time, numerous French words entered the language, especially those concerned with power, such as duke, duchess, count, countess; or words concerned with authority, such as parliament, government; or with law, such as accuse, attorney, crime. Other French words that were adopted related to fashion, such as apparel, dress; or to the arts, such as music, poem; or to moral qualities, such as courtesy, charity.

Existing English words did not necessarily disappear. Often they remained alongside the newer French ones, but were used in more ordinary surroundings. For example, the English-

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speaking lower classes retained the names of the animals cow, sheep, swine (all from Old English). Meanwhile, the French names, beef, mutton, and pork, were adopted when these animals were eaten as meat, as meat was more commonly eaten by the rich, noble families.

Latin, the language of the church, also played a major role. In some cases, English, French, and Latin words with similar meanings are found side by side, as with help (English), aid (French), assistance (Latin) and book (English), volume (French), and text (Latin).

Many Latin words were adopted into English during the 16th and 17th centuries. These were mainly part of the written language, and tended to be intellectual in nature, such as analysis, apparatus, appendix, formula, and curriculum. Some, such as those just listed, were taken over in their Latin form, but others were adapted to English spelling, such as history, maturity, polite, and scripture. Few people nowadays would recognize the Latin basis of words such as history or polite.

In the 17th century, English was in contact with other major European languages, and this is reflected in words being “borrowed” from French (colonel, machine, cartridge), from Spanish (armada, banana, galleon) and from Italian (ballot, carnival, madrigal).

Now, in the early 21st century, new words relating to computers and the Internet possibly outnumber all other, for example: cyber sickness – a feeling of illness caused by using a computer for long periods of time or being in a room with a lot of computers; keypal – someone with whom you regularly exchange e-mail; screenager (informal) – a young person who spends a lot of time using computers and Internet.

Words are continually coming into English. So is the language getting bigger and bigger? Yes, it is. But words do not necessarily stay for ever. They may fall out of use, and die away.

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1.Words have come into the English language from _______________

a)American English

b)different languages

c)the Scandinavian language.

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2.Loanwords are ________________

a)layering

b)several or many meanings of the word

c)words from other languages, regional dialect or another variety of English.

3.Words can be created by _______________

a)prestige

b)word formation

c)history.

4.There are lots of French words in Modern English. For example, _____________

a)carnival, banana, assistance

b)parliament, government, crime, accuse, attorney

c)cow, sheep, swine, help, book.

5.Many Latin words were mainly part of the written language, such as ____________

a)appendix, formula, curriculum

b)music, poem, dress

c)assistance, text, history, maturity, polite

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b)I am afraid I can’t agree with it.

1.Words may enter English as loanwords.

2.Words are not formed by taking existing words, or pieces of words, and putting them together to make new ones.

3.Words can come from layering.

4.Polysemous words have two or more different meanings.

5.As some other languages, English has tried to prevent foreign words from coming into it.

6.In 1266 numerous French words entered English.

7.The words “parliament” and “government” are related to fashion.

8.Since William the Conqueror invaded England existing English words disappeared.

9.Latin was the language of the church.

10.English, French, and Latin words with similar meanings are found side by side.

11.Many Latin words tended to be intellectual in nature.

12.Some Latin words were adapted to English spelling.

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analysis – analyses – ,

apparatusapparatus (apparatuses) – , !

appendix – appendices (appendixes) – ,

formula – formulae (formulas) – ,

curriculum – curricula (curriculums) – ! , !

thesis – theses – , $

datum – data – ,

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1.The physicist and the biologist performed separate analyses.

2."Psychoanalysis is confession without absolution." -- Gilbert K. Chesterton (1874-1936)

3.Scientific apparatus offers a window to knowledge, but as they grow more elaborate, scientists spend ever more time washing the windows.— Isaac Asimov (1920-1992)

4.A science teacher can use an "apparatus" (tools or instruments) to demonstrate the laws of physics.

5.Appendix may refer to documents:

Addendum is any addition to a document, such as a book or legal contract. Bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works.

Index (publishing) is a list of words or phrases with pointers to where related material can be found in a document.

6.Success has a simple formula: do your best, and people may like it.

7.The formula of a well-known compound, water, is H2O.

8.A Curriculum Vita (abbreviated to CV) is a brief account of a person's education and professional experience.

9.In formal education, curricula or curriculums are the set of courses, and their content, offered at a school or university.

10.Thesis is a lengthy essay based on the original research written by the candidate for a degree.

11.The singular form of data, for example, one datum. It is rarely used, and data, its plural form, is commonly used for both singular and plural.

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This text explains…

The words come into English in three major ways:

Firstly…

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Secondly…

Thirdly…

The words can be created by… Words have entered from…

Besides English words remained alongside the newer words… Finally, new words are continually coming into English from…

To sum up, individuals and communities change and shape English to their needs by…

UNIT 3. LANGUAGE AS A SYSTEM OF SIGNS AND COMMUNICATIONS

1., !- #' .

1)elaborate – elaborateness – elaboration – elaborately;

2)depend – dependant – dependence – dependency;

3)accept – acceptance – acceptable;

4)significance – signification – signify – significant – significantly;

5)convention – conventional;

6)communication – communicative – communicate – communicant – communicable;

7)access – accessory – accessibility – accessible – accession.

2.!:

) : support, create, combine, vary;

) : natural, hard, late, near.

3., ! ' $ ‘to be’ ‘to have’ .

1.A language is not a closed system.

2.English has many national, ethnic and regional varieties.

3.When the Romans colonized England in the 1st century of our era, the country was inhabited by Celtic tribes, and until the 5th century only Celtic languages were spoken by the people of Britain.

4.Old English was the inflected system of morphological categories, especially in the noun and adjective.

5.There are some everyday words of Scandinavian origin, which have been presented in pre- sent-day Modern English.

6.More and more people have to use English for a practical purpose - administrative, professional or educational.

7.The problem was to study the history of English from Early Old English to Modern English.

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spoken, signed, written, thought, had, been, become, understood, is, uses, combine, vary, change, shape, depend, are, follow, accepted, has, provide, require, be, shared, represent, embodied, exemplified.

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TEXT

LANGUAGE AS A SYSTEM OF SIGNS AND COMMUNICATIONS

A human language is a highly elaborate system of signs which is used both for communication and to support and guide thought. It is a primary means of creative expression for individuals and groups.

At the most basic level a language uses a mode: speech sounds, graphic symbols such as letters, or gestures, as in the case of sign languages and non-verbal communication. We often combine these different modes of language with other systems of communication. For example, a ritual may combine words, images, and actions.

A language is not a closed system. It varies across the community of speakers and over time individuals and communities creatively change and shape it to their needs. As a result languages are always varying and changing, in all subsystems of the system.

Communication depends on accessing a system of signs. The signs of language follow conventions implicitly accepted by groups of people who use the language. Language also has conventions for, when and how to combine signs. Together, the signs and conventions provide a rich system of communicative choices. Successful communication requires these signs to be shared: otherwise non-communication or miscommunication results. Successful communication also requires shared knowledge and assumptions.

A language represents a vast repository of conventional understandings and cultural traditions: as such it shapes our view of the world. There are many different languages and there are also many different world views embodied by them.

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1)mode – , # , ", , $ $

2)communication – , & $ , # , $, -

5)individual – $ , $, $,

6)letter – , , ) #, ) , $ ,

7)gesture – & (&), & ( ). & $

8)image – , , &, &, " ,

9)convention – , , *, , ", $

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1.A human language is a highly elaborate system of signs which is used for ________

a.communication

b.expression of thoughts and ideas

c.both

2.At the most basic level a language uses a mode: _________

a.non-verbal communication

b.speech sounds, graphic symbols

c.both

3.Languages are always varying and changing because _________

a.language is a closed system

b.individuals and communities creatively change and shape a language to their needs

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