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9.Do you believe in the scientific method of observation, analysis, experiment and conclusion?

10.Do you know the difference between scientists and forensic scientists?

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1.The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as to discover new ways of thinking about them. ~William Lawrence Bragg (the Australian physicist)

2.Science is built up of facts, as a house is built of stones; but an accumulation of facts is no more a science than a heap of stones is a house. ~Henri Poincaré, Science and Hypothesis, 1905

3.A science is any discipline in which the fool of this generation can go beyond the point reached by the genius of the last generation. ~Max Gluckman, Politics, Law and Ritual, 1965

4.The scientist is not a person who gives the right answers; he's one who asks the right questions. ~Claude Lévi-Strauss, Le Cru et le cuit, 1964

5.Facts are not science - as the dictionary is not literature. ~Martin H. Fischer (American physician)

6.The essence of knowledge is, having it, to apply it.~ Confucius, 551-479BC

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A scientist, in a broad sense, is one engaging in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge. In a more restricted sense, a scientist is an individual who uses the scientific method. Scientists perform research toward a more comprehensive understanding of nature, including physical, mathematical and social realms.

Forensic scientists are scientists, but when they apply their scientific knowledge to assist juries, attorneys, and judges in understanding the physical evidence of a criminal case, they become forensic scientists. The word “forensic” applies to the use of scientific methods and techniques to investigate a crime and help to resolve legal issues in a court of law. Forensic science literally means science applied to public affairs or social justice.

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4. .

1.How old is forensic science?

2.How do you understand the word “forensic”?

One of the first accounts of forensic science being used to solve a crime occurred in 44 B.C., when Julius Caesar was stabbed to death by Roman senators. A physician named Antistius was called to study the corpse of Julius Caesar. Upon examination of the body, Antistius concluded who was responsible for the crime, and the guilty senators were sentenced to death. The physician made his fateful announcement in the Roman forum, giving forensic (forensic – from the Latin forensics, “belonging to the forum”) science its name.

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1.Forensic science describes the science of associating people, places, and things involved in criminal activities; these scientific disciplines assist in investigating and adjudicating criminal and civil cases.

2.Several departments in the federal government have forensic science labs. These include the Departments of Justice and the Treasury.

3.Each state has its own forensic science laboratory system. These include labs run by state or local government.

4.The discipline has two parts to it divides neatly, like the term that describes it.

5.High school or university teams that compete in debates or public speaking are called "forensics”.

6.The largest area of forensic science is criminalistics, which includes the physical evidence that commonly occurs at crime scenes.

7.It is now necessary to have an armoury of complementary investigative tools to crack the hardest cases. These guarantee that the most sophisticated crimes are uncovered, the perpetrators are revealed and case winning evidence is assured.

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10.to testify in court as expert witnesses

11.to be secure

12.an intake section

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application, profession, active, associating, criminal, discipline, assist, collection, physical, forum, political, debates, legal, method, criminalistics, department, local, analyze, scene, laboratory, protect, type, analysis, section.

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public, forensics, an offence, a dispute, a corresponding word, research techniques, to be free from danger, to examine.

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1)science

2)forensic science

3)scientific methods

4)the Forum

5)evidence

6)crime laboratories

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a)a public place where the political and policy issues of the day were discussed and debated

b)a place where things from the crime scene are studied

c)a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.

d)something legally submitted to a tribunal to ascertain the truth of a matter

e)the application of scientific knowledge and methodology to legal problems and criminal investigations.

f)a systematic enterprise of gathering knowledge about the world and organizing and condensing that knowledge into testable laws and theories.

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1.Forensic science describes …..

2.The word "forensic" is derived from …..

3.The largest area of forensic science is ……

4.Forensic scientists analyze ……

5.Crime laboratories must …….

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1. a civil action 2. the outcome of the case 3. a crime 4. a legal system 5. the

( ) (often shortened to forensics) is the application of a broad spectrum of ( ) to answer questions of interest to ( ). This may be in relation to ( ) or ( & ). The word forensic comes from the ( $) forēnsis, meaning "of or before the forum." In Roman times, a criminal charge meant presenting ( ) before a group of public individuals in the forum. Both the person accused of the crime and ( $) would give speeches based on their sides of the story. The individual with the best argument and delivery would determine ( ). This origin is the source of the two modern usages of the word forensic – as a form of ( $ ) and as a category of ( -).

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1.a vital part of/ form/ the forensic sciences / the entire justice and regulatory system.

2.have become identified with / the different disciplines/ primarily / law enforcement / some of.

3.are involved in / and the results of their work / either the defense or the prosecution / may serve / forensic scientists / all aspects of criminal cases / and.

4.is / to determine the facts / the use of all available information / the forensic scientist's goal.

5.is expanding / in the civil justice arena / the forensic scientist's role.

6.to the protection of constitutionally guaranteed individual rights/ range/ from questions of the validity of a signature on a will/ issues.

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This text explains…

Forensic science describes …

Forensic science assists in …

The largest area of forensic science is in …

Forensic scientists analyze …

To sum up, there are many types of …

UNIT 2. WHAT IS FORENSIC SCIENCE?

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Linguistics, Entomology, Geology, Anthropology, Pathology, Psychiatry, Odontology, Psychology, Meteorology, Biology, Toxicology.

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1.Peter Parker is a teacher of ___________.

2.In his childhood he was interested in ______________.

3.He was always good at ____________ at school.

4.So he decided to take his degree in ___________.

5.Since then he has specialized in ____________.

6.He has found that one of the advantages of the job is that it enables him to____________.

4. .

1.Why does forensic science extend into a broad range of sub-sciences?

2.What science deals with handwriting analysis and printmaking?

3.What science deals with the study and interpretation of language for use as legal evidence?

4.What does criminalistics deal with?

5.What does forensic entomology assist in?

6.What is forensic pathology?

TEXT

WHAT IS FORENSIC SCIENCE?

Forensic science is typically just referred to as "forensics" and is the practical application of numerous sciences to solve legal system-related questions, which can include either a civil or criminal action or suit.

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The use of the term "forensics" in place of "forensic science" is actually a globally-accepted misnomer considering that the term "forensic" is effectually a synonym for "legal" or "pertaining to courts", from the root of Latin meaning.

Because it is now so closely scientific field, many dictionaries equate the word "forensics" with "forensic science."

Forensic science extends into a broad range of sub-sciences which utilize natural science techniques to obtain relevant criminal and legal evidence.

Forensic Accounting - the acquisition, interpretation and study of accounting - evidence. Digital Forensics (also known as Computing Forensics) - the retrieval, reconstruction and

interpretation of digital media (i.e. images, PDF's, e-mail messages, etc.) stored on a computer, for use as evidence.

Forensic Document Examination - the reconstruction, study and interpretation of physical document-related evidence, such as handwriting analysis and printmaking.

Forensic Economics - the acquisition, study and interpretation of evidence related to economic damage, which includes determination of lost benefits and earnings, business value and profit loss, lost household service value, labor replacement and future medical expense costs, etc.

Forensic Engineering - the reconstruction, study and interpretation of structural or mechanical failure or in devices, buildings, etc.

Forensic Linguistics - the study and interpretation of language for use as legal evidence. Forensic Origin and Cause- the study, interpretation and identification of a fire for the ex-

press purpose of determining the cause of ignition and origin of the fire (i.e. arson cases).

Forensic Photography - the art-science of reconstructing, interpreting and producing an accurate photographic reproduction of a crime scene for a court's benefit.

Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry - the study, evaluation and identification of mentallyrelated illnesses and human behavior for the purpose of obtaining legal evidence.

Forensic Anthropology is the practice of physical anthropology, as applied to a legal situationtypically the identification and recovery of skeletonized human remains (bones).

Criminalistics is the application of combination of impression evidence (i.e. fingerprints, impressions left by footwear and tire tracks), trace evidence, controlled substances. Criminalistics includes evidence collected from a wide range of sciences to determine the answers of questions relating to the examination and comparison of criminal investigations. This evidence is typically processed in a crime lab.

Forensic Biology includes performing DNA and serological analysis of bodily (physiological) fluids for the purpose of individualization and identification.

Forensic Entomology assists in determining time and location of death, by examining how insects relate to human remains, and can often times determine if the body being examined was moved after death.

Forensic Geology is the application of trace evidence found in soils, minerals and petroleums, as applied to a legal setting.

Forensic Meteorology is an analysis of prior weather conditions, specific to the site being examined.

Forensic Odontology is the study of teethspecifically, the uniqueness of dentition. Forensic Pathology combines the disciplines of medicine and pathology, as applied to a le-

gal inquiry, to determine the cause of injury or death.

Forensic Toxicology is the study, evaluation and identification of the effects of poisons, chemicals, or drugs in and on the human body.

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documents, firearms, and tool marks. Most commonly, however, criminalistics refers to the myriad of types of physical evidence generated by crime scenes. This includes illicit drugs, blood and

DNA, fire and explosive residues, hairs and fibers, glass and soil particles, paints and plastics, fingerprints, bullets, and much more.

Pathology

When some people think of forensic science, they envision dead bodies, autopsies, and blood everywhere. Not all of forensic science is like this, but forensic pathology is. The forensic pathologist is a medical doctor who has specialized in pathology and then in forensic pathology.

Forensic pathologists determine the cause and manner of death in cases where someone dies under suspicious or other circumstances as prescribed by state law. Many people are also confused by the terms cause of death and manner of death. The cause of death is the event that directly caused death. It could be, for example, a heart attack or bleeding to death from a knife wound to a major artery. There can be many causes of death. The manner of death is the type of death.

There can be only four of these: homicide, natural, accidental, and suicide.

Anthropology

Forensic anthropologists work with skeletal remains. They identify bones as being human or animal. If animal, they determine the species. If human, they determine from what part of the body the bone originated. If they have the right bones, gender can be determined. Sometimes age can be approximated, and racial characteristics determined; even socioeconomic status may be estimated. If there is an injury to a skeleton or major bones, the anthropologist can help determine the cause of the injury or even death.

Forensic anthropologists do other things besides identifying bones. They also work closely with skulls. It is possible to literally build a face onto a skull, using clay and wooden or plastic pegs of various sizes. Using charts that give average tissue depth figures for various parts of a face, an anthropologist constructs a face and then makes judgments as to eye, nose, and mouth characteristics. Facial reconstruction can be useful in helping to identify a missing person from the face built up on the recovered skull.

Engineering

Forensic engineers can be valuable in cases where something has gone wrong with a mechanical or structural entity or in cases of automobile crashes. A few years ago, a balcony collapsed in the lobby of a hotel in Kansas City. Many people were on the balcony at the time, watching a rock concert going on in the lobby several stories below. Questions arose about why the balcony collapsed. Forensic engineers were called in to examine the structural remains of the balcony and the concrete that fell. They concluded that the construction of the balcony was faulty and contributed to its failure. Failure analysis is one of the major contributions that forensic engineers make to the justice system.

The majority of the work of forensic engineers is in the investigation of traffic crashes.

Accident reconstruction is used to determine speeds, directions of impact, and who was driving the vehicle at the time of the crash. Insurance companies and police departments use forensic engineers quite extensively in traffic incident investigation.

Entomology

When a person dies and the body is exposed to the elements, who gets there first? Not witnesses or detectives: it is flies, usually blowflies. During the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City (Terry Nichols and Timothy McVeigh were convicted of the bombing), bodies were buried in the tons of rubble from the collapsed building. Investigators literally followed the flies into the rubble and were able to locate some bodies this way. Flies and other insects lay their eggs in decaying flesh. Different insects do this at different times. Other insects such as beetles and wasps will attack and feed off the insects and the eggs. Depending upon temperature and other environmental factors, this parade of visitors takes place at surprisingly consistent time intervals. By inspecting the corpse, forensic entomologists can give a pretty good estimate of

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the postmortem interval, that is, whether the body has been there for many hours or several days.

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b)I am afraid, I can’t agree with it.

1.Forensic science means science applied to criminal and civil law.

2.Criminalistics refers to the many types of physical evidence generated by crime scenes.

3.Criminalistics excludes fire and explosive residues.

4.The forensic pathologist is a medical doctor who has specialized in forensic psychology and psychiatry.

5.The cause of death is the type of death.

6.If anthropologists have the right bones, gender can be determined.

7.An anthropologist constructs a face and then makes judgments as to the appearance of the person.

8.The majority of the work of forensic engineers is in the investigation of the cases of environmental pollution.

9.By inspecting the corpse, forensic entomologists can give a pretty good reason of the death.

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1.Criminalistics - fingerprints, questioned documents,___________________

2.Pathology - dead bodies, autopsies,_________________________________

3.Anthropology - skeletal remains,___________________________________

4.Engineering - a mechanical or structural entity, _______________________

5.Entomology - flies, blowflies, _____________________________________

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Definition of Forensic Science 1

Forensic science is the application of natural sciences to matters of the law. In practice, forensic science draws upon physics, chemistry, biology, and other scientific principles and methods. Forensic science is concerned with the recognition, identification, individualization, and evaluation of physical evidence. Forensic scientists present their findings as expert witnesses in the court of law. (Midwest Forensics Resource Center at the U.S. Dept. of Energy)

Definition of Forensic Science 2

The word “forensic” means “pertaining to the law”; forensic science resolves legal issues by applying scientific principles to them.

(Hall Dillon, Bureau of Labor Statistics)

Definition of Forensic Science 3

Forensic science is a multidisciplinary subject used for examining crime scenes and gathering evidence to be used in prosecution of offenders in a court of law. Forensic science techniques are also used to examine compliance with international agreements regarding weapons of mass destruction.

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