Любовь А.: 2 (пункты 1-4)

II. The italicized words in the following jokes and extracts are formed by derivation. Write them out in two columns:

A. Those formed with the help of productive affixes.

B. Those formed with the help of non-productive affixes. Explain the etymology of each borrowed affix.

(Шпаргалка: Productive - which take part in deriving new words in this particular period of language development. E.g.: Noun: -er ,-ing, -ness, -ist. Adjectives: -y, -ish, -ed, -able. Adverb: -ly. Verb: -ize/ise, --ate. Prefixes: un-, re-, dis-.

Partially - productive - the derivatives build by means of partially - productive affixes. They are limited in coining new words. They are rare. E.g.: Noun: -lin, -ese, -ster, -ie,- let. Prefixes: be-, mis-, dis-, co-.

Non- productive - are those that do not take part in deriving new words in modern English. E.g.: Noun: -th, -hood, -ship-, -dom.Adjective: -ly, -some, -ous, -ful. Verb: -en, -fy. Adverb: -wards.

Prefixes: in-, im-, il-, ir-, en-)

1. Willie was invited to a party, where refreshments were bountifully served.

"Won't you have something more, Willie?" the hostess said.

"No, thank you," replied Willie, with an expression of great satisfaction. "I'm full."

"Well, then," smiled the hostess, "put some delicious fruit and cakes in your pocket to eat on the way home."

"No, thank you," came the rather startling response of Willie, "they're full too."

Вили был приглашен на вечеринку, на которой были щедро накрыты закуски (было много закусок)

«Не хотите ли еще что-то, Вили?» - спросила хозяйка

«Нет, спасибо» ответил Вили с выражением глубокого удовлетворения «Я сыт (для шутки корректнее полон)»

«Хорошо» улыбнулась хозяйка «тогда положите немного вкусных фруктов и пирожков в Ваш карман что бы поесть по дороге домой»

«Нет, спасибо», последовал ещё более неожиданный ответ Вили «Он тоже полон (сыт)».

A) re- word-forming elementx meaning "back to the original place, again," also with a sense of "undoing," c.1200, from Old French and directly from Latin re- "again, back, against."

-ment suffix forming nouns, originally from French and representing Latin -mentum, which was added to verb stems sometimes to represent the result or product of the action.

-full non-borrowed

-ess fem. suffix, from French -esse, from Late Latin -issa, from Greek -issa

-ion suffix forming nouns of state, condition, or action from verbs, from Latin -ionem (nominative -io), sometimes via French -ion.

de- active word-forming element in English and in many words inherited from French and Latin, from Latin de "down, down from, from, off; concerning" (see de), also used as a prefix in Latin usually meaning "down, off, away, from among, down from,"

-ous word-forming element making adjectives from nouns, meaning "having, full of, having to do with, doing, inclined to," from Old French -ous, -eux, from Latin -osus

-ling - diminutive word-forming element, early 14c., from Old English -ling a nominal suffix (not originally diminutive), from Proto-Germanic *-linga-; attested in historical Germanic languages as a simple suffix, but probably representing a fusion of the suffixes represented by English -le (cf. icicle, thimble, handle), from Old English -ol, -ul, -el; and -ing, suffix indicating "person or thing of a specific kind or origin;" in masculine nouns also "son of" (cf. farthing, atheling, Old English horing "adulterer, fornicator").

B) –ly - suffix forming adjectives from nouns and meaning "having qualities of, appropriate to, fitting;" irregularly descended from Old English -lic, from Proto-Germanic *-liko-, related to *likom- "appearance, form" (cf. Old English lich "corpse, body;" see lich, which is a cognate; cf. also like (adj.), with which it is identical).

2. The scene was a tiny wayside railway platform and the sun was going down behind the distant hills. It was a glorious sight. An intending passenger was chatting with one of the porters.

"Fine sight, the sun tipping the hills with gold," said the poetic passenger.

"Yes," reported the porter; "and to think that there was a time when I was often as lucky as them 'ills."

Пейзаж состоял из крохотной железнодорожной платформы и солнца садящегося за далекие холмы. Это было славное зрелище. Ожидающий пассажир говорил с одним из носильщиков.

«Хорошее зрелище, солнце окидывает холмы золотом» сказал поэтичный пассажир.

«Да» ответил носильщик «и думать что это было время когда я был так же счастлив как (их больные????)эти холмы»

a) dis- word-forming element meaning 1. "lack of, not" (e.g. dishonest); 2. "do the opposite of"; 3. "apart, away", from Old French des- or directly from Latin dis- "apart, in a different direction, between," figuratively "not, un-," also "exceedingly, utterly," from PIE *dis- "apart, asunder"

-ous – было в 1

-ing – non-borrowed suffix attached to verbs to mean their action, result, product, material, etc., from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *unga

-er – English agent noun ending, corresponding to Latin -or. In native words it represents Old English -ere (Old Northumbrian also -are) "man who has to do with," from West Germanic *-ari (cf. German -er, Swedish -are, Danish -ere), from Proto-Germanic *-arjoz. Some believe this root is identical with, and perhaps a borrowing of, Latin -arius.

-y - noun suffix, in army, city, country, etc., from Old French -e, Latin -atus, -atum, pp. suffix of verbs of the first conjugation. In victory, history, etc. it represents Latin -ia, Greek -ia.

B) in- element meaning "into, in, on, upon" (also im-, il-, ir- by assimilation of -n- with following consonant), from Latin in- "in"

3. A lady who was a very uncertain driver stopped her car at traffic signals which were against her. As the green flashed on, her engine stalled, and when she restarted it the colour was again red. This flurried her so much that when green returned she again stalled her engine and the cars behind began to hoot. While she was waiting for the green the third time the constable on duty stepped across and with a smile said: "Those are the only colours, showing today, ma'am."

Леди которая была очень неуверенным водителем остановила её автомобиль на светофоре который был перед ней. Когда загорелся зеленый её двигатель заглох, и когда она перезапустила его снова загорелся красный. Это насколько взбудоражило её что когда зеленый вновь загорелся она снова заглушила двигатель и машины позади её стали сигналить. Пока она ждала третьего зеленого дежурный констебль подошёл и сказал с улыбко «Это все цвета, которые показывают сегодня, мадам»

a) un- – non-borrowed prefix of negation, Old English un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-

-er – было в 2

re- - было в 1

-ed - pp. suffix of weak verbs, from Old English -ed, -ad. --od (leveled to -ed in Middle English), from Proto-Germanic *-do-

4. "You have an admirable cook, yet you are always growling about her to your friends."

"Do you suppose I want her lured away?"

a) -able - word-forming element expressing ability, capacity, fitness, from French, from Latin -ibilis, -abilis, forming adjectives from verbs, from PIE *-tro-, a suffix used to form nouns of instrument.

Юлия З.:2 (пункт 9)

The residence of Mr. Peter Pett, the well-known financier, on Riverside Drive, New York, is one of the leading eyesores of that breezy and expensive boulevard ...Through the rich interior of this mansion Mr. Pett, its nominal proprietor, was wandering like a lost spirit. There was a look of exasperation on his usually patient face. He was afflicted by a sense of the pathos of his position. It was not as if he demanded much from life. At that moment all that he wanted was a quiet spot where he might read his Sunday paper in solitary peace and he could not find one. Intruders lurked behind every door. The place was congested. This sort of thing had been growing worse and worse ever since his marriage two years previously. Marriage had certainly complicated life for Mr. Pett, as it does for the man who waits fifty years before trying it. There was a strong literary virus in Mrs. Pett's system. She not only wrote voluminously herself — but aimed at maintaining a salon... She gave shelter beneath her terra-cotta roof to no fewer than six young unrecognized geniuses. Six brilliant youths, mostly novelists who had not yet started...

(From Piccadilly Jim by P. G. Wodehouse. Abridged)

Резиденция мистера Питера Петта, известного финансиста, на Riverside Drive, Нью-Йорк, является одним из первых среди неприятных глазу строений того продуваемого ветром престижного бульвара... Среди богатого интерьера этого большого особняка м-р Петт, его фамильный владелец, блуждал как потерянный дух. На его обычно терпеливом лице читалось раздражение. Он был сокрушен пафосом его положения. Он не требовал много. В тот момент все, что он хотел, было тихое место, где он мог бы прочитать свою воскресную газету в уединенном мире, и он не мог найти его. Незваные гости (самозванцы, злоумышленники) скрывались за каждой дверью. Место было переполнено. Такое положение вещей становилось хуже и хуже с тех пор как он женился два года назад. Брак, конечно, усложнил жизнь г-на Петта, как это случается для человека, который ждет пятьдесят лет прежде, чем решиться на него. В системе г-жи Петт был сильный литературный вирус. Она не только написала пространно себя — но и нацелилась на поддержание салона... Она дала убежище ниже своей терракотовой крыши не менее чем шести молодым непризнанным гениям. Шесть блестящих молодых людей, главным образом романисты, которые еще не начали...

residence - резиденция

-ency – productive - suffix Semantically abstract quality

reside – проживать, жить

Origin:1350–1400; Middle English< Middle French <Medieval Latin residentia, equivalent to Latin resid (ēre)to reside+-entia-ence

financier - финансист

-er – productive suffix Part of speech deverbal

leading

-ing — productive – suffix Semantically result of action

breezy-свежий, продуваемый ветром

-y–productive

expensive - дорогой

-ive - productive

expense – затраты, цена

ex- word-forming element, in English meaning mainly "out of, from," but also "upwards, completely, deprive of, without," and "former;" from Latin ex "out of, from within," from PIE *eghs "out"

interior - интерьер

-ior – productive 1480–90;  < Latin,  comparative adj. equivalent to inter-  inward + -ior  comparative suffix; 

mansion — большой особняк

-ion a suffix, appearing in words of Latin origin, denoting action or condition, used in Latin and in English to formnouns from stems of Latin adjectives ( communion; union), verbs (legion; opinion), and especially pastparticiples ( allusion; creation; fusion; notion; torsion).

nominal

-al – productive a suffix with the general sense “of the kind of, pertaining to, having the form or character of” that namedby the stem, occurring in loanwords from Latin (autumnal ; natural; pastoral), and productive in English onthe Latin model, usually with bases of Latin origin ( accidental; seasonal; tribal)

exasperation — раздражение

- ion – productive suffix forming nouns a suffix, appearing in words of Latin origin, denoting action or condition, used in Latin and in English to formnouns from stems of Latin adjectives ( communion; union ), verbs ( legion; opinion ), and especially pastparticiples ( allusion; creation; fusion; notion; torsion )

usually

-ly - non-productive a suffix forming adverbs from adjectives

afflicted

-ed productive

solitary – уединённый Origin:1300– 50; Middle English < Latin sōlitārius alone, by itself, solitary, equivalent to sōlit ( ās ) solitude ( sōl (us ) sole1 + -itās -ity) + -ārius -ary

-ary a suffix occurring originally in loanwords from Classical and Medieval Latin, on adjectives ( elementary;honorary; stationary; tributary ), personal nouns ( actuary; notary; secretary ), or nouns denotingobjects, especially receptacles or places ( library; rosary; glossary ). The suffix has the general sense“pertaining to, connected with” the referent named by the base; it is productive in English, sometimes withthe additional senses “contributing to,” “for the purpose of,” and usually forming adjectives:complimentary; visionary; revolutionary; inflationary.

Intruders — незваные гости, самозванцы

-er - productive

marriage–брак 1250–1300; Middle English mariage < Old French, equivalent to mari (er) to marry+-age

-age – productive a suffix typically forming mass or abstract nouns from various parts of speech, occurring originally inloanwords from French ( voyage; courage ) and productive in English with the meanings “aggregate” (coinage; peerage; trackage ), “process” ( coverage; breakage ), “the outcome of” as either “the fact of”or “the physical effect or remains of” ( seepage; wreckage; spoilage ), “place of living or business” (parsonage; brokerage ), “social standing or relationship” ( bondage; marriage; patronage ), and “quantity,measure, or charge” ( footage; shortage; tonnage; towage ).

previously – ранее

-ly – non-productive

certainly конечно, безусловно

-ly – non-productive

complicated — усложнил

-ed a suffix forming the past participle of weak verbs ( he had crossed the river ), and of participialadjectives indicating a condition or quality resulting from the action of the verb ( inflated balloons).

literary

-ary — см выше