- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
What forms does the English verb have (sets of forms)? What is the difference in these forms?
The English verb has two sets of forms: the finite forms and the non-finite forms (verbals): the infinitive, the gerund and the participle.
I write exercises. While writing I used a dictionary
I am writing exercises. Finite forms After writing the exercise I compared
I have written exercises. my text with the key Non-finite
It was rather difficult to write forms
the exercise
The finite forms are those that can stand alone and can form a predicate by themselves. They also change their forms in order to agree with their subject in number and person.
The teacher gives us an English lesson. The teacher gave us an English lesson.
The non-finite verbs cannot form predicates. The non-finites cannot agree with their subjects in number or person. They combine characteristic features of a noun, a verb and an adjective. As verbs, the non-finites denote actions and have the grammatical categories of order, voice and aspect.
I look forward to being invited to their party (The gerund in the Passive Voice).
Having finished reading the paper, she put it aside (The participle 1 in the Perfect Order).
I like to be sitting on the beach now (The infinitive in the Continuous Aspect).
As nouns, the non-finite verbs are names of something, and can be easily substituted by ordinary nouns. They can be governed by prepositions, just as nouns do. They can also play the role of the subject or the object in the sentence.
I like reading books (I like books) (The Gerund).
To make a mistake like this is very careless (This mistake is very careless) (The infinitive).
As adjectives, they denote a feature or a quality of objects.
The running horse galloped down the road (The participle 1).
Brightly coloured pictures hung on the wall (The Participle 2).
2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
In accordance with the volume of their lexical meaning the verbs may be subdivided into notional verbs (independent lexical meaning), semi-notional (have a very general lexical meaning, which needs specifications in the context – modal, aspective and link verbs), auxiliary verbs (have no independent lexical meaning whatsoever).
notional verb | He writes long letters
| He can write long letters (modal)
semi-notional | He began writing a letter (aspective)
| He is a writer (link verb)
auxiliary verb | He is writing a letter
Semi-notional verbs:
Modal verbs: be, can, have, may, must, need, ought, shall, will
Aspective verbs: begin, cease, come, commence, continue, finish, give up, go on, keep, proceed, set about, start, stop
Link verbs: appear, be, become, come, feel, get, go, grow, hold, keep, look, prove, remain, run, seem, smell, taste, turn (out)
Auxiliary verbs: be, do, have, shall, should, will, would
3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
The majority of English verbs are notional verbs. They may denote
activity (“read”, “write”, speak”, “go”, “work”, “make”) dynamic verbs;
physical or mental perception, feelings, emotions (“see”, “hear”, “feel”, “smell”, “suppose”, “understand”, “like”, “dislike”) or
relationship (“have”, “possess”, “resemble”, “require”, “contain”) stative verbs.
Dynamic verbs:
Abandon, ache, arrive, beg, call, change, deteriorate, die, drink, eat, fall, feel, grow, help, hit, hurt, itch, jump, kick, knock, land, learn, live, listen, look, lose, nod, play, read, say, throw, work, write.
Stative verbs:
Adore, astonish, be, believe, belong, concern, consist, contain, cost, depend, deserve, desire, detest, dislike, doubt, equal, feel, fit, forgive, guess, hate, have, hear, imagine, impress, include, intend, involve, know, lack, perceive, please, possess, prefer, realize, recall, recognize, regard, remain, remember, require, resemble, satisfy, see, suppose, tend, think, understand, want, wish.
Some notional verbs which involve not only the doer of the action, but also its object or addressee – transitive verbs
He wrote me a letter
(doer) (addressee) (object)
Other notional verbs denote activities which don’t presuppose any object or addressee – intransitive verbs:
He left at 3 o’clock. ; She danced very well.
Transitive verbs: act, add, begin, believe, bring, build, burn, change, depend (on), do, dream (about), drink, find, give, have, hear, look (at), love, make, move, open, read, rely (on), see, sell, send, show, take, talk (about, of), touch, turn, wait (for)
bring over, bring up, call off, find out, give in, make out, move out, set up, turn on, write down
cut down (on), get away (with), look down (on), look up (to), look forward (to), put up (with), stand up (for), stay away (from)
Intransitive verbs: arrive, awake, be, burn, call, change, come, die, exist, fly, go, laugh, lie, live, run, said, sit, sleep, smile, smoke, stand, starve, swim, think, travel, turn, walk, work
blow up, break down, get up, go down, sit down, take off, turn up
Dynamic verbs may denote activities which presuppose a certain termination of the activity – terminative verbs(open, take, invite). Other verbs denote activities which don’t presuppose any definite natural termination – non-terminative verbs(run, sing, laugh). Stative verbs are naturally always non-terminative.
Terminative verbs: arrive, become, break, bring, build, burst, catch, close, come, die, drop, fall, find, give, hit, impress, jump, kick, kill, knock, land, leave, lose, nod, open, receive, recognize, say, seize, settle, take, throw
come to, lie down, look out, sit down, stand up, take off
Non-terminative verbs: ache, adore, apply, ask*, astonish*, be, beg, believe, belong, call*, change*, concern, consist, contain, cost, depend, deserve, desire, detest, dislike, doubt, draw*, esteem, equal, exist, forgive*, grow, guess*, hate, have, hear*, help*, hope, hurt*, imagine*, include, intend, involve, itch*, know, lack, learn*, lie, like, listen* live, love, matter, mean, mind, move, need, realize,1 recall*, regard, remain, require, respect, owe, own, play*, please*, possess, read*, remember*, satisfy*, see*, sing*, sit*, sleep, smoke, speak, stand*, tend, think*, translate*, understand*, want, watch, wish, work, write