Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation-17

3274

Port-guided globe valve, 2086 Position algorithm, defined, 2399 Positive displacement pump, 697 Positive feedback, 2424, 2445, 2447 Positive filtering (spectroscopy), 1833 Postel, Jon, 1078

Potential energy, 80, 278, 292

Potential transformer (PT), 738, 1903, 1949 Potential transformer (PT) safety, 1968 Pound per square inch, pressure unit, 171 Poundal, 1713

Power, 75

Power Line Carrier (PLC) communications, 1906 Power line carrier telemetry, 978

Power line charging current, 2016 Power reflection factor, 1482 Powers and roots, 2069

ppb, 1856

ppm, 283, 1308, 1849, 1856, 1862, 1866, 1868 Pre-act control action, 2299, 2303 Preamplifier, pH probe, 1782

Precipitate, 229

Precision potentiometer, 1293, 1561 Predictive maintenance, 1264 Pressure, 170, 171, 1402

Pressure gauge mechanism, typical, 1320 Pressure recovery, 219

Pressure recovery factor, 2214

Pressure Relief Valve (PRV), 2125, 2663 Pressure Safety Valve (PSV), 2125, 2663 Pressure snubber, 1372

Pressure switch, 670 Pressure, absolute, 186 Pressure, di erential, 186 Pressure, gauge, 186 Pressure, hydrostatic, 178 Pressure, negative, 189 Pressure, within solids, 189

Pressure-based flowmeters, 1587

Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), 163, 2703 Preventive maintenance, 2647

Primary Coated Optical Fiber, 639

Primary injection test, current transformer, 1982 Primary sensing element, 499

Prism, 1816 Probability, 2617

INDEX

Probability and Boolean values, 2619 Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD), 2620,

2644, 2690

Probe Node (PN) token, Fieldbus, 1161 Problem-solving technique: applying numerical

values, 2210

Problem-solving technique: divide and conquer, 1077

Problem-solving technique: limiting cases, 412, 962, 2631, 2802, 2804

Problem-solving technique: thought experiment, 508, 951, 1424, 1449, 1450, 1452, 1453, 1467, 1480, 1535, 1638, 1739, 1823, 1827, 2208, 2210, 2289, 2331, 2402, 2417, 2476, 2546, 2576, 2580, 2590, 2683, 2771, 2803, 2804, 2806

Procedure, energy control, 86 Process, 498, 2270

Process alarm, 2390

Process and Instrument Diagram (P&ID), 535 Process Flow Diagram (PFD), 533

Process load, 2526 Process switch, 521, 656 Process variable, 498, 2271

Product, chemical reaction, 265 Profibus, 788, 1098

Profibus PA, 1030, 1137

Profile factor, multipath ultrasonic flowmeter, 1697

Programmable Logic Controller, 750, 760, 763, 767, 880, 1109

Programming, chromatograph, 1804 Projectile physics, 89

Proof of closure switch (safety valve), 2695 Proof testing, 2655

Proportional band, 2286, 2301 Proportional control, 2280 Proportional control action, 2301 Proportional weir, 1659

Proportional-only o set, 2290, 2296, 2414 Protection zone, power system, 2014, 2031 Protective Instrument System (PIS), 2674 Protective relay, 464, 737, 1907, 1931, 1989, 2675 Protective relay codes, 1996

Proton, 228

Prover, flow, 1305, 1670

INDEX

Proximitor, Bently-Nevada, 1888 Proximity switch, 665

Prussian blue, 2089 PRV, 2125, 2663 Pseudocode, 36, 46, 2392 PSI, 171

PSV, 2125, 2663 PT, 738

PT, potential transformer, 1903, 1949 PTFE (Teflon) valve stem packing, 2108 Puget Sound Energy, 1914

Pull string, 606 Pulldown resistor, 1564 Pulley, 101

Pullup resistor, 1564 Pulse test, 2656

Pulse width modulation, 2244 Pump curve, 2200

Purge cycle, 2695

Purge flow rate, 1388, 1428 Purge flow regulator, 1390 Purged impulse line, 1388 PWM, 2244

PWR, 163, 2703

QCL, 1841

Quadrant-edge orifice plate, 1620 Quadrature pulse, 827

Quality factor, RLC filter circuit, 436 Quantization error, 995

Quantum cascade laser (QCL), 1841 Quantum theory of light, 251 Quarter-active bridge circuit, 334 Quarter-wave antenna, 492, 1210 Quarter-wave damping, 2463

QUB, Fieldbus, 1163

Quick-opening valve characterization, 2203 QUU, Fieldbus, 1163

R-value, 129

R-X diagram, 2036

Racking out, circuit breaker, 1931

Radar detection of liquid interfaces, 1482 Radar level instrument, 483, 1477 Radial damper, 2100

Radiation, heat, 1514

3275

Radiation, heat transfer, 127 Radiation, nuclear, 1501

Radio Frequency (RF), 1148, 1224

Radio frequency interference from motor drive circuits, 2248, 2254

Radio wave, 488 Radioactivity, 237 Radiotelegraph, 1026

Raised well manometer, 1314 Raised-Face (RF) flange, 567 Ramp-and-soak setpoints, 2504 Range wheel, 955 Rangeability, 1664, 1780, 2169

Rangeability, optical flowmeter, 1702 Rangeability, pressure-based flowmeter, 1646 Rangedown, 1285

Ranging, 1255

Rankine, 123 Ransomware, 2725 Rate control, 2299

Rate control action, 2299, 2303 Rate limit function, 2569 Ratio control strategy, 2514 Ratio station, 2518

Ratio, gear, 106

RC phase-shift oscillator circuit, 2444 Reactance, 360

Reactance versus resistance, 386 Reactant, chemical reaction, 265 Reaction rate, 2467

Reaction, enthalpy of, 274 Reaction, heat of, 274 Reactor, power line, 2264 Reading, active, 2760 Real Gas Law, 198

Real number, 371

Real number (floating-point), 984

Receiver gauge, 918, 924, 929, 1609, 1611, 2063 Reclosing relay, 1990

Recorder, 514, 2460

Rectangular form, complex number, 375 Rectangular weir, 1657

Rectifier, SCR controlled, 2245 Recursion, computer programming, 2397

Red Lion Controls panel-mounted indicator, 513 Red-line editing, 756

3276

Reduced-port control valve trim, 2188 Reducing union, tube, 585 Redundancy, 2377, 2650

Redundant sensors, 2681 Redundant transmitters, 2575 Reference electrode, 1771

Reference junction compensation, 1544 Reference junction, thermocouple, 1535 Reference probe, radar level instrument, 1485 Reference pulse, radar, 1486

Reflection factor, 1482 Reflection grating, 1817 Refractive index, 637

Regenerative braking, AC motor, 2254, 2258 Regulator, purge gas flow, 1390

Relation control strategy, 2522 Relative flow capacity, 2191 Relative gas density, 180 Relative permittivity, 1479

Relative permittivity, influence on radar level measurement accuracy, 1484

Relay, 499

Relay Ladder Logic programming, 759, 804 Relay, ice cube, 753

Reliability, 2615, 2628, 2641 Relief valve, 2125, 2663 Remanence, CT, 1981

Remote backup, protective relay, 2050 Remote PLC I/O, 778

Remote seal, 1376

Remote setpoint, 2387, 2504, 2506 Remote telemetry system, 978, 2376 Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), 978, 2372 Repose, angle of, 1476, 2076

Request timed out, error message, 1081 Required Safety Availability (RSA), 2690 Reseat pressure, safety valve, 2663, 2670 Reset coil, PLC programming, 820

Reset control action, 2295, 2302 Reset deadband, 2298, 2454 Reset windup, 2298, 2389, 2415 Reset windup, limit controls, 2572

Reset windup, override controls, 2588 Residence time, see Retention time, 2531 Resistance, 313, 360

Resistance versus reactance, 386

INDEX

Resonance, 423, 485 Resonance, mechanical, 2719

Resonant wire pressure sensor, 1339 Resource block, Fieldbus, 1178

Response factor, chromatograph detector, 1797 Restrained di erential relay, 2011

Restraint coil, protective relay, 2011 Restricted-capacity control valve trim, 2188 Retention time, 1788, 1791, 1807, 2530, 2531,

2699

Retentive instruction, PLC programming, 820, 830

Reverse indication, controller output, 890, 2137 Reverse valve actuator, 2132

Reverse valve body, 2133

Reverse-acting controller, 508, 2282, 2589 Reverse-acting pneumatic relay, 935 Reverse-acting transmitter, 539 Reverse-acting valve body, 2084 Reynolds number, 201

Reynolds number, for laminar versus turbulent flow regimes, 204

RF, 1148, 1224 RF flange, 567 RFI, 2248, 2254 Richter scale, 1780 Riemann sum, 19

Riemann, Bernhard, 19 Right-hand rule, 93, 304, 343 Ring terminal, 600

Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) flange, 567 Rising stem valve actuator, 2130 RLL, 759, 804

RMS quantities, 356 Robertshaw Vibraswitch, 1895

Rockwell ControlLogix 5000 PLC, 773 Rockwell PLC-5, 770

Rockwell SLC 500 PLC, 771 Root privilege, computer, 2750 Root, polynomial, 429

Root-mean-square (RMS) quantities, 356 Roots and powers, 2069

Rosemount Analytical X-STREAM X2 gas analyzer, 1832

Rosemount field-mounted indicator, 513

INDEX

Rosemount Micro-Motion Coriolis mass flowmeter, 1723

Rosemount model 1151 di erential pressure transmitter, 968, 1332, 1346, 1423, 1625 Rosemount model 1151 gauge pressure

transmitter, 1381

Rosemount model 268 HART communicator, 1097

Rosemount model 3051 di erential pressure transmitter, 906, 1335, 1346, 1430, 1646 Rosemount model 3051S di erential pressure

transmitter, 1337

Rosemount model 3095MV multi-variable transmitter, 1178, 1647

Rosemount model 3301 guided-wave radar transmitter, 2075

Rosemount model 3301 level transmitter, 1486 Rosemount model 5708 3D Solids Scanner, 2076 Rosemount model 648 WirelessHART temperature transmitter, 1248

Rosemount model 8700 magnetic flowmeter, 1687 Rosemount model 8800C vortex flow transmitter,

1678

Rosemount model CT5400 stack gas analyzer, 1840

Rotabolt self-indicating bolt, 568 Rotameter, 1388, 1428, 1654, 2112 Rotating magnetic field, 721, 2249, 2829 Rotating paddle level switch, 679 Rotork electric valve actuator, 2128 Router, 1075

RS-232 serial communication, 1052, 1068, 1076, 1091, 1108, 2746

RS-422 serial communication, 1056, 2746 RS-485 serial communication, 1056, 1068, 1108,

2746 RSA, 2690

RSView HMI software, Rockwell, 856 RTD, 1293, 1521

RTD table, 1523 RTJ flange, 567 RTU, 978, 2372, 2734

RTU Modbus frames, 1113 Run tee fitting, 586 Runaway process, 2423

Rung, PLC programming, 806

3277

Rupture disk, 2662

Rupture disk, graphite, 2663

Rupture disk, metal, 2662

RVDT, 2129, 2150

SAE straight thread pipe fittings, 574 Safety barrier circuit, intrinsic, 2611 Safety Instrumented Function (SIF), 2674 Safety Instrumented System (SIS), 2674 Safety PLC, 2685

Safety relief valve, 2670 Safety valve, 2125, 2663

Safety, instrument transformer, 1968

Sage “Prime” model thermal mass flowmeter, 1731

Salt, 288

SAMA diagram, 540 Sample rate, 998 Sample time, 998

Sample-and-hold PID algorithm, 2450 Sand bath temperature calibrator, 1297 Saturated steam, 165

SCADA, 978, 1906, 1925, 2372 SCFM, 1708

Scheduled communication, Fieldbus, 1157, 1161 Schr¨odinger, Erwin, 252

Schweitzer “Best-Choice Ground Directional Element” protective relay logic, 2029

Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories model SEL387L di erential current relay, 2016

Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories model SEL551 overcurrent relay, 1995, 2007

Scintillation optical flowmeter, 1701 SCOF, 639

Scram, 2705

Screwless terminal block, 596

Seal pot, used on wet leg of level measurement system, 1439

Seal-in contact, 741, 796, 2003 Seat load, control valve, 2142, 2149

Seating profile, electronic valve positioner diagnostic, 2161

Seattle City Light, 1914 Secant line, 34

Second derivative, calculus, 12 Second Law of Motion, 74, 97, 192

3278

Second-order lag, 2440

Secondary Coated Optical Fiber, 639 Secondary emission, electrons, 1847 Security, 2615, 2616

Security, versus dependability, 2675 Segmental orifice plate, 1617 Segmental wedge, 1635

Segmented ball valve, 2097 Segway personal transport, 2424 Selective permeability, 1768 Selectivity, protective relay, 2014 Self-balancing bridge, 329 Self-balancing system, 928, 1342 Self-diagnostics, 2658 Self-induction, 362

Self-powered transmitter, 891 Self-purged impulse line, 1394 Self-regulating process, 2413

Sense wires, 4-wire RTD circuit, 1525 Sensible heat, 144

Sensing line, 579, 1353 Sensing tube, 579, 1353

Sensitivity, radio receiver, 1228 Sequenced control valves, 2163

Sequencer Compare instruction, Allen-Bradley PLC programming, 849

Sequencer Load instruction, Allen-Bradley PLC programming, 849

Sequencer Output instruction, Allen-Bradley PLC programming, 845

Serial digital data, 994

Serial versus parallel digital data, 1025 Series PID equation, 2321, 2352 Server, 2743

Servo motor control, 2512

Set coil, PLC programming, 820 Setpoint, 499, 2273

Setpoint tracking, 543, 2362, 2389 Setpoint, remote, 2387, 2504, 2506 Shaded-pole AC induction motor, 728 Shading coil, 728

Sheave, 117

Shelf life, pH electrode, 1774 Shelf life, span gas, 1863 Shell, electron, 242

Shell-and-tube heat exchanger, 132

INDEX

Shielded cables, 620 Shielding, magnetic, 623 Shift register, FIFO, 1271

Shift register, used to implement dead time, 2556 Shinskey, Francis Greg, 3

Short, electrical fault, 324 Shunt resistor, 903

Shutter, radioactive source lock-out, 1503 Siemens 505 PLC, 769

Siemens APACS control system, 2686

Siemens model 353 digital controller, 2360, 2363 Siemens Procidia controller GUI software, 2364 Siemens Quadlog safety PLC, 2685

Siemens S7-300 PLC, 773, 2751 SIF, 2674

Sightfeed bubbler, 1428 Sightglass, 1408 Signal, elevated, 1013 Signal, floating, 1012

Signal, ground-referenced, 1011 Signature, control valve diagnostics, 2160 Signed integer, 981

Silicon resonator pressure sensor, 1339 Silicon strain gauge element, 1326

Simple apparatus (intrinsically safe), 2613 Simple machine, 99

Simplex, 1042

Simultaneous systems of linear equations, 268 Single-ended analog input, 1015

Single-ended signaling, 1052 Single-helical gear, 107 Single-mode optical fiber, 640

Single-phase AC induction motor, 725 Single-phasing a three-phase AC induction

motor, 729

Single-precision floating-point number, 985, 1128 Sinking current, 304, 780, 783

Sinking output switch, 666 SIP, 575, 1375

SIS, 2674

Skydrol hydraulic fluid, 700 Slack diaphragm, 1319 Slack-tube manometer, 1304 Slide rule, 1628, 2184

Slip speed, 725, 2249, 2250 Slip-stick cycle, 2453

3280

Static friction, 2208

Static pressure e ect, pressure transmitter, 1349 Stationary phase, 1788

Stator, 721, 2249 Stator winding, 439

Status propagation, Fieldbus, 1180 Steady-state gain, 2429

Steam cut, valve trim, 2229 Steam jacket, 507

Steam table, 148, 163, 165 Steam tracing, 1391 Steam trap, 1391

Steam, industrial uses of, 164 Steam-hydrocarbon reforming process, 2518 Steam-In-Place, 575, 1375 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, 2077 Stefan-Boltzmann Law, 127, 1565

Stem connector, control valve, 2139 Stem packing lubricator, 2107, 2211 Stem valve, 938

Stem-guided globe valve, 2085

Step 7 PLC software, Siemens, 2723 Step-index, 641

Stiction, 2209

Stilling well, 1506, 1663

Stinger, pressure test accessory, 1371 Stoichiometry, 265

Stokes, 200

Store and forward, 1047

STP, Standard Temperature and Pressure, 278 Strain gauge, 331, 1325

Strapping table, 2074 Stress, 171

Strip chart recorder, 516 Strobe light, 382, 999 Stroboscope, 382, 999 Strong acid, 286

Strong base, 287

Strong nuclear force, 230 Strouhal number, 1675 Strouhal, Vincenc, 1675 Structural chemical formula, 233 Stub, 1064, 1143

Stuxnet computer virus, 2712 Sublimation, phase change, 154, 2719 Subnet mask, 1079

INDEX

Subshell, electron, 242 Substitution, algebraic, 2790

Subtractive transformer windings, 1963 Superconductivity, 313

Superfluidity, 313 Superheat, 166, 2523

Superheated steam, 166, 2523 Superheated vapor, 149 Superheater, 2523 Supernatant, 229

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition, 978, 1906, 1925, 2372

Surge impedance, 476 Susceptance, 360 Suspension, 229 Sutro weir, 1659

Swagelok instrument tube fittings, 581 Swamping, 177, 337, 1058, 1524, 1650, 2443, 3180 Switch, 655

Switch, dry contact, 665 Switch, process, 521, 656 Switch, wet contact, 665 Switching hub, Ethernet, 1071 Symbol, 804

Symbolic addressing, 804

Symmetrical components, three-phase power system, 458, 2027

Synchronization lamp, 1918 Synchronization, generator, 1918 Synchronous data transfer, 1028, 1034 Synchronous motor, 2249 Synchronous speed, 725, 2249 Synchrophasor, 385

Synergy automobile hybrid electric drivetrain (Toyota), 110

Syst`eme International, 72, 255 Systems of linear equations, 268

Table, RTD values, 1523 Table, strapping, 2074

Table, thermocouple values, 1542 Tag name, 804, 853

Tag name, naming conventions for, 854 Tangent line, 34

Tank circuit, 423, 485 Tank expert system, 1443

INDEX

Tap hole finish, orifice plate, 1623 Tape-and-float level measurement, 1417 Tapered pipe threads, 571

Tare weight, 1494

Target flow element, 1632

Taylor analog electronic controller, 2354 TCP, 1074, 1090, 2740

TCP SYN flood attack, 2741 TDL, 1841

TDMA, 1045 TDR, 627

Tee tube fitting, branch, 586 Tee tube fitting, run, 586 Tee tube fitting, union, 586

Teflon (PTFE) valve stem packing, 2108 Telegraph, 1026

Telemetry system, 978, 2376 TELNET, 1092, 2751

Temperature calibrator, dry-block, 1299 Temperature calibrator, oil bath, 1297 Temperature calibrator, sand bath, 1297 Temperature coe cient of resistance, RTD wire,

1521, 1523

Temperature programming, chromatograph, 1804

Temperature switch, 684 Temperature, defined for a gas, 1513 Terminal block, 594

Terminal strip, 594

Terminal, fork versus ring, 600 Termination resistor, 481, 627 Test diode, 901

Test switch, power instrumentation, 1969 Test Uncertainty Ratio, 1289

Test, computer programming, 2394 Texas Instruments 505 PLC, 769 Thayer ball mill controller, 45

Thermal conductivity detector, GC, 1794 Thermal energy, 1513

Thermal image, circuit breaker, 1577 Thermal image, electric motor, 1575 Thermal image, motor starter, 1576 Thermal imager, 1574

Thermal mass flowmeter, 1730 Thermal overload heater, 732 Thermal siphon, 135, 165

3281

Thermistor, 1521 Thermocouple, 1293, 1534

Thermocouple burnout detection, 1564 Thermocouple compensation, hardware, 1551 Thermocouple compensation, software, 1552 Thermocouple table, 1542

Thermosiphon, 135, 165 Thermowell, 1578

Thin-layer chromatography, 1789 Third Law of Motion, 74

Thought experiment, 508, 951, 1424, 1449, 1450, 1452, 1453, 1467, 1480, 1535, 1638, 1739, 1823, 1827, 2208, 2210, 2289, 2331, 2402, 2417, 2476, 2546, 2576, 2580, 2590, 2683, 2771, 2803, 2804, 2806

Thread pitch, 572

Three-element boiler feedwater control, 2533 Three-valve manifold, 1363

Three-way globe valve, 2092, 2165 Three-wire RTD circuit, 1526, 1527 Throttling control valve, 2083

Tieback variable, Allen-Bradley Logix5000 PLC programming, 2574

Tilt switch, mercury, 671, 677 Time constant, 2436, 2550

Time constant, di erentiator circuit, 2347 Time constant, integrator circuit, 2348

Time Distribution (TD) message, Fieldbus, 1161 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), 1045 Time domain, 1884

Time domain reflectometry, 1470 Time overcurrent protection, 2000 Time overcurrent relay, 1990 Time-Domain Reflectometer, 627 Timer circuit, watchdog, 2658 Timer, PLC programming, 829

Tofino industrial network firewall, 2741 Token Ring, 1044

Token-passing channel arbitration, 1044 Top Hat DIN rail, 603

Toroidal conductivity cell, 1763 Torque, 82

Torque tube, 1459 Torr, 188

Torricelli, Evangelista, 218 Toshiba magnetic flowmeter, 1687

3282

Total heat of steam, 148 Total internal reflection, 637 Totalizer, 42

Toyota Prius hybrid electric automobile, 110 Traceability, NIST, 1288

Transducer, 499

Transducer block, Fieldbus, 1178 Transfer function, 437

Transfer function, pole, 411, 413, 419 Transfer function, zero, 411, 413, 419, 424 Transfer functions, 411

Transform function, 1218 Transformer, 364 Transformer impedance, 370 Transformer, AC, 361

Transformer, additive windings, 1963 Transformer, subtractive windings, 1963 Transient fault, power line, 1946 Transit-time ultrasonic flowmeter, 1694 Transition zone, radar, 1488

Transition-sensing contact, PLC programming, 822

Transmation model 1040 loop calibrator, 913 Transmission Control Protocol, 1074, 1090 Transmission line, 476, 487, 626 Transmission power line, 1902

Transmitter, 499

Transport delay, 519, 1804, 2447, 2546 Trap, 1397

Trap, steam, 1391

Trend recorder, 514, 2460

Triaxial vibration probe array, 1890 Triconex TMR safety control system, 2687 Trim, 2083

Trim, in a feedforward control system, 2532 Trip curve, thermal overload, 735

Trip solenoid, 2688

Triple Modular Redundant (TMR) control system, 2687

Triple point, water, 152, 1295 Triple-cascaded loops, 2512

True state, PLC programming, 806 Tube bulkhead fittings, 585

Tube cap, 587

Tube connector, 585 Tube fitting gauge, 581

INDEX

Tube plug, 587

Tube union, 585, 588

Tunable diode laser (TDL), 1841 Tuning fork level switch, 678 TUR, 1289

Turbine flow element, 1666 Turbulent flow, 204

Turck Fieldbus coupling device, 1147 Turndown, 1285

Turndown ratio, flume flowmeter, 1665 Turndown ratio, optical flowmeter, 1702 Turndown ratio, pressure-based flowmeter, 1612,

1646

Turndown ratio, turbine flowmeter, 1669 Turndown ratio, weir flowmeter, 1665 Turns ratio, transformer, 96

Twaddell, degrees, 180 Twin-turbine mass flowmeter, 1714 Twisted, shielded pair cables, 625 Two’s complement, 981

Two-wire RTD circuit, 1524

U-tube manometer, 1314 UDP, 1090, 1091, 2741 UEL, 2606

Ullage, 483, 1414, 1472, 1490 Ultimate gain, 2462, 2463 Ultimate period, 2462 Ultimate sensitivity, 2462 Ultrasonic flowmeter, 1691

Ultrasonic level instrument, 1472 Ultrasonic level switch, 680 Unbalanced signaling, 1052 Undependability, 2616, 2690 Under-damping, 430

Underreaching, protective relay, 2032 Uninterruptible power supply, 1992 Union tee fitting, 586

Union, tube, 585, 588 Unit conversions, 61 Unit reaction rate, 2468 Unity fraction, 61, 271

Universal Serial Bus, 1052, 1057 Universal solvent, 229 Unreliability, 2628

Unrestrained di erential relay, 2011

INDEX

Unscheduled communication, Fieldbus, 1157, 1161

Unsecurity, 2616

Unshielded, twisted pair (UTP) cable, 1067 Unsigned integer, 981

Up-down calibration test, 1282 Upper explosive limit, 2606

Upper range value, 499, 1274, 1304 UPS, 1992

URV, 499, 1274, 1304 USB, 1052, 1057

Useful life of a component or system, 2639 User Datagram Protocol, 1090, 1091

UTP cable, 1067

V-cone flow element, 1634 V-notch weir, 1657

V/F ratio, 2252 V/Hz ratio, 2252

V1 missile development, 2623 Vacuum circuit breaker, 1934 Vacuum tube voltmeter, 337 Vacuum, produced by a venturi, 216 Valence electrons, 246, 248, 298 Valve actuator, 2083

Valve body, 2083

Valve characterization, equal percentage, 2202 Valve characterization, linear, 2202

Valve characterization, quick-opening, 2203 Valve manifold, 1363

Valve packing, 2102

Valve seal overtravel interlock switch, 2695 Valve signature, electronic positioner diagnostics,

2160, 2212

Valve sizing equation, liquid, 2183 Valve stem packing lubricator, 2107 Valve trim, 2083

Valve, solenoid, 342 Valves, 2083

Varec pressure relief valve, 2664 Variable displacement pump, 698 Variable-area flowmeter, 1654

Variable-frequency drive, 84, 605, 889, 983, 1043, 1109, 1139, 1238, 1564, 2240, 2250, 2431, 2585, 2649, 2815

Variable-speed drive, 2244

3283

VCR, Fieldbus, 1163

Vector cross-product, 93, 304, 1717 Vector dot-product, 94

Velocity algorithm, defined, 2399

Velocity factor, multipath ultrasonic flowmeter, 1697

Velocity factor, transmission line, 483, 637 Velocity of approach factor, 1650

Vena contracta, 1613, 2217, 3174 Vent hole, orifice plate, 1618 Vent valve fitting, 1369

Venturi tube, 219, 1592

VFD, 84, 605, 889, 983, 1043, 1109, 1139, 1238, 1564, 2240, 2250, 2431, 2585, 2649, 2815

Vibrating fork level switch, 678 Vibration loop, tubing, 589, 2115

Virtual Communication Relationship (VCR), Fieldbus, 1163

Virtual Private Network, 2744 Viscosity, 199

Viscosity, absolute, 199 Viscosity, kinematic, 199

Viscosity, temperature dependence, 200 Viscous flow, 201

VisSim Realtime computer software, 2499 Volt, 293, 295

Volta, Alessandro, 293 Voltage, 292

Voltage follower circuit, 942 Voltage signal, elevated, 1013 Voltage signal, floating, 1012

Voltage signal, ground-referenced, 1011 Voltage transformer (VT), 1903, 1949 Voltage-to-frequency ratio, 2252 Volume booster, 2144, 2174

Volume, defined, 57

von K´arm´an, Theodore, 1675 Vortex flowmeter, 1676 Vortex street, 1675

Voting system, 2578 VPN, 2744

VSD, 2244

VT, voltage transformer, 1903, 1949 VTVM, 337

Wade Associates, Inc., 2479