32.7Review of fundamental principles

Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the purpose of expanding the reader’s view of this chapter’s concepts and of their general interrelationships with concepts elsewhere in the book. Your abilities as a problem-solver and as a life-long learner will be greatly enhanced by mastering the applications of these principles to a wide variety of topics, the more varied the better.

•Activation energy: the amount of energy necessary to initiate a chemical reaction. Relevant to minimum ignition energy (MIE) for explosive mixtures of fuel and oxidizer, and also to intrinsic safety (preventing enough energy from reaching the process energy to possibly ignited a hazardous atmosphere).

•Common-cause failures: when multiple functions in a system depend on a single element, failure of that element will cause all dependent functions to fail. Relevant to design of safety shutdown systems and reliability calculations.

•Defense-in-Depth: a design philosophy relying on multiple layers of protection, the goal being to maintain some degree of protection in the event of one or more other layers failing.

References

Adamski, Robert S., Design Critical Control or Emergency Shut Down Systems for Safety AND Reliability, Revision 2, Premier Consulting Services, Irvine, CA.

Andrew, William G., Applied Instrumentation in the Process Industries, Volume I, Second Edition, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX, 1979.

ANSI/ISA-84.00.01-2004 Part 1 (IEC 61151-1 Mod), “Functional Safety: Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industry Sector – Part 1: Framework, Definitions, System, Hardware and Software Requirements”, ISA, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004.

ANSI/ISA-84.00.01-2004 Part 2 (IEC 61151-2 Mod), “Functional Safety: Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industry Sector – Part 2: Guidelines for the Application of ANSI/ISA- 84.00.01-2004 Part 1 (IEC 61151-1 Mod)”, ISA, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004.

Bazovsky, Igor, Reliability Theory and Practice, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cli s, NJ, 1961.

da Silva Cardoso, Gabriel; de Lima, Marcelo Lopes; dos Santos da Rocha, Maria Celia; Ferreira Lemos, Solange Soares, “Safety Instrumented Systems standardization for Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units at PETROBRAS”, ISA, presented at ISA EXPO 2005, Chicago, IL, 2005.

“Engineer’s Guide”, Pepperl+Fuchs.

“Failure Mode / Mechanism Distributions” (FMD-97), Reliability Analysis Center, Rome, NY, 1997.

Grebe, John and Goble, William, Failure Modes, E ects and Diagnostic Analysis; Project: 3051C Pressure Transmitter, Report number Ros 03/10-11 R100, exida.com L.L.C., 2003.

“GuardLogix Safety Application Instruction Set”, Publication 1756-RM095D-EN-P, Rockwell Automation, Inc., Milwaukee, WI, 2009.

Hattwig, Martin, and Steen, Henrikus, Handbook of Explosion Prevention and Protection, WileyVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2004.

Hellemans, Marc The Safety Relief Valve Handbook, Design and Use of Process Safety Valves to ASME and International Codes and Standards, Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, UK, 2009.

Hicks, Tyler G., Standard Handbook of Engineering Calculations, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 1972.

“Identification and Description of Instrumentation, Control, Safety, and Information Systems and Components Implemented in Nuclear Power Plants”, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2001. 1001503.

“IEC 61508 Frequently Asked Questions”, Rosemount website http://mw4rosemount.usinternet.com/solution/faq61508.html, updated December 1, 2003.

IEEE PSRC, WG I 19, “Redundancy Considerations for Protective Relaying Schemes”, version 1.0, IEEE, 2007.

Lipt´ak, B´ela G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I, Fourth Edition, CRC Press, New York, NY, 2003.

Lipt´ak, B´ela G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Control Volume II, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999.

Lipt´ak, B´ela G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Software and Digital Networks, Third Edition, CRC Press, New York, NY, 2002.

“Modern Instrumentation and Control for Nuclear Power Plants: A Guidebook”, Technical Reports Series No. 387, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, 2009.

Newnham, Roger and Chau, Paul, Safety Controls and Burner Management Systems (BMS) on Direct-Fired Multiple Burner Heaters, Born Heaters Canada Ltd.

“NFPA 70”, National Electrical Code, 2008 Edition, National Fire Protection Association.

“NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards”, DHHS (NIOSH) publication # 2005-149, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH, September 2005.

Perrow, Charles, Normal Accidents: living with high-risk technologies, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1999.

Rogovin, Mitchell and Frampton, George T. Jr., Three Mile Island Volume I, A Report to the Commissioners and to the Public, Nuclear Regulatory Commission Special Inquiry Group, Washington DC, 1980.

Schultz, M. A., Control of Nuclear Reactors and Power Plants, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 1955.

Showers, Glenn M., “Preventive Maintenance for Burner-Management Systems”, HPAC – Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning Engineering, February 2000.

Svacina, Bob, and Larson, Brad, Understanding Hazardous Area Sensing, TURCK, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, 2001.

“The SPEC 200 Concept”, Technical Information document TI 200-100, The Foxboro Company, Foxboro, MA, 1972.

Ward, S.; Dahlin, T.; Higinbotham, W.; “Improving Reliability for Power System Protection”, paper presented before the 58th annual Protective Relay Conference in Atlanta, GA, April 28-30, 2004.

Wehrs, Dave, “Detection of Plugged Impulse Lines Using Statistical Process Monitoring Technology”, Emerson Process Management, Rosemount Inc., Chanhassen, MN, December 2006.