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Речевые клише, используемые для краткого изложения прочитанного текста (резюме)

I.1The title of the text

2.It is called, named

3.The text, Article is written by

4.The text, Article is taken from the book The author of the article is

explaines indicates that describes notes

III.Переход к изложению следующей части статьи

1.Then follows a discussion on

2.Next the author goes on to the problem of

3.Next paragraph deals with

4.Further the author tries to determine / to indicate/to explain

5.It must be emphasized

6.It should be noted that

7.It is evident that

8.It is interesting that

9.It is interesting to note

10.It is worth mentioning

11.It is clear from the text (article)

12.By the way the text (article) also looks at the problem of

13.Among other things the text raises the issue of

14.One of the main points to be singled out is

15.After discussing … the author turns to…

16.In this regard

IV.Конец изложения статьи:

1.Finally the author emphasizes

2.The author comes to the conclusion that

3.To sum up

4.in general

5.in particular

6.It is common knowledge

7.In conclusion the article reads

V.Оценка статьи

1.In my opinion (to my mind)

2.I think, I suppose, I believe

3.In this connection, I‘d like to say

4.I find the question of … very important because

5.We should not forget that

6.The paper (article)

is interesting not interesting of importance

of little importance valuable invaluable

up – to - date out – ofdate useful useless

History of the theatrе

The history of theatre charts the early development of theatre over the past 2,500 years. While performative elements are present in every society, it is customary to acknowledge a distinction between theatre as an art form and entertainment and theatrical or performative elements in other activities. The history of theatre is primarily concerned with the origin and subsequent development of the theatre as an autonomous activity. Since classical Athens in the 6th century BCE, vibrant traditions of theatre have flourished in cultures across the world.

Theatre probably arose as a performance of ritual activities that did not require initiation on the part of the spectator. This similarity of early theatre to ritual is negatively attested by Aristotle, who in his Poetics defined theatre in contrast to the performances of sacred mysteries: theatre did not require the spectator to fast, drink the kykeon, or march in a procession; however theatre did resemble the sacred mysteries in the sense that it brought purification and healing to the spectator by means of a vision, the theama. The physical location of such performances was accordingly named theatron.

According to the historians Oscar Brockett and Franklin Hildy, rituals typically include elements that entertain or give pleasure, such as costumes and masks as well as skilled performers. As societies grew more complex, these spectacular elements began to be acted out under non-ritualistic conditions. As this occurred, the first steps towards theatre as an autonomous activity were being taken.

As the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Eastern Roman Empire, today called the Byzantine Empire. While surviving evidence about Byzantine theatre is slight, existing records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, and other entertainments were very popular. Constantinople had two theatres that were in use as late as the 5th century CEHowever, the true importance of the Byzantines in theatrical history is their preservation of many classical Greek texts and the compilation of a massive encyclopedia called the Suda, from which is derived a large amount of contemporary information on Greek theatre.

From the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder that lasted (with a brief period of stability under the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century) until the 10th century. As such, most organized theatrical activities disappeared in Western Europe. While it seems that small nomadic bands traveled around Europe throughout the period, performing wherever they could find an audience, there is no evidence that they produced anything but crude scenes.These performers were denounced by the Church during the Dark Ages as they were viewed as dangerous and pagan.

Hrosvitha of Gandersheim, the first dramatist of the post-classical era.

By the Early Middle Ages, churches in Europe began staging dramatized versions of particular biblical events on specific days of the year. These dramatizations were included in order to vivify annual celebrations. Symbolic objects and actions – vestments, altars, censers, and pantomime performed by priests – recalled the events which Christian ritual celebrates.

These were extensive sets of visual signs that could be used to communicate with a largely illiterate audience. These performances developed into liturgical dramas, the earliest of which is the Whom do you Seek (Quem-Quaeritis) Easter trope, dating from ca. 925. Liturgical drama was sung responsively by two groups and did not involve actors impersonating characters. However, sometime between 965 and 975, Æthelwold of Winchester composed the Regularis Concordia (Monastic Agreement) which contains a playlet complete with directions for performance.

Hrosvitha (c.935–973), a canoness in northern Germany, wrote six plays modeled on Terence's comedies but using religious subjects. These six plays – Abraham, Callimachus, Dulcitius, Gallicanus, Paphnutius, and Sapientia – are the first known plays composed by a female dramatist and the first identifiable Western dramatic works of the post-classical era. They were first published in 1501 and had considerable influence on religious and didactic plays of the sixteenth century. Hrosvitha was followed by Hildegard of Bingen (d. 1179), a Benedictine abbess, who wrote a Latinmusical drama called OrdoVirtutum in 1155.

BELGOROD STATE ACADEMIC DRAMA THEATRE AFTER M. S. SCHEPKIN

Belgorod state academic drama theatre was named after Mikhail Semenovich Shchepkin - founder of realism in Russian theatre.

The first mention of it, preserved in the archives date back to October 1936, it was there that he began his work as Belgorod kolkhoz-sovkhoz theatre, to "introduce into the thickness of the collective farm peasantry, the samples of a genuine socialist art". But the roots of the Belgorod theatrical art go much deeper, to the cultural layers, the pure springs nineteenth century

- the name of Mikhail S. Schepkin there is always perceived not as a prefix to the title, but as the highest blessing of Fate.

Schepkin‘s artistic commandments, the traditions of Russian psychological theatre steadily should be Belgorod drama. Having passed during the war through the front-line areas, through Samarkand, Tashkent, Kzyl-Orda, theater, as noted in the decree of the office for the arts Council of people's Commissars of the RSFSR, "completely preserved as an artistic team, saved evacuated values, continuously worked without state subsidies". In April 1944 the theatre again opened the season in the war-building.

The turning point in the history of our region and the theatre became 1954 in this year was formed the Belgorod region, and the theatre received the status of the regional. Two years later it was awarded the name of our fellow countryman, the great Russian actor Mikhail S. Schepkin. In 1962, the theater moved to a new, specially constructed in the city center building. In 1998, the theater was awarded the honorary title "academic".

Today in BSADT after MS. Shchepkina a talented creative team works. In the basis of the company there are experienced, professionally Mature actors, who worked in the theatre for many years. Clearly manifests itself and talented young people, among which are laureates of Russian and international theatre festivals. With a team together and cooperate broadly-owned by the Directors.

In recent years there has щепкинцев established friendly relations with collectives of the Central academic theatre of the Russian Army, the Moscow theatre after Yermolova.

A special item is inscribed in the history of the theatre of the all-Russian festival "Russian Actors for M. S.Schepkin" - the first actor festival in the country. Belgorod theatre became the initiator and the organizer of it.

Прочитайте о способах выражения отнесенности к будущему в английском языке, приведите по два своих примера в каждом пункте:

Времена с будущим значением

Кроме грамматических времѐн (будущее простое, будущее длительное, будущее совершенное, будущее совершенно-длительное + их модальные и прошедшие формы, настоящее простое, настоящее длительное) и лексико-грамматического оборота goingto, можно обозначать будущее лексически (глаголами и выражениями). Они часто заменяют будущие времена как менее точные, особенно на письме.

I‘m going to have a test next week. I‘ll look through all the material - На следующей неделе будет тест и я просмотрю весь материал

The train arrives from Boston at 7:30 – Поезд из Бостона прибывает в 7:30

I‘m flying to Moscow tomorrow morning – Завтра утром лечу в Москву

I‘m not sure when they‘ll come – Не уверен насчѐт времени их прихода

Be to + инфинитив (надлежит) Формальные планы, официальные приготовления, указания и запреты.

My friend is to pass an exam next Monday – В следующий понедельник мой друг будет сдавать экзамен

The Russian Ambassador is to meet the President at the Kremlin on Tuesday – Во вторник посол России встретит президента в Кремле

The factory is to open in 3 weeks after repairs – Завод открывается через 3 недели после ремонта

She is to become the youngest singer in this fest – Она должна стать самой молодой певицей на этом конкурсе

They‘re to be there by 9 o‘clock – Им надлежит быть здесь к 9 You‘re not to leave home without me – Не уходи из дома без меня

Be About to + инфинитив

Be on the Point of + герундий/существительное (только собираться, ближайшие намерения)

The plain is about to lend – Самолет вот-вот приземлится

The meeting is on the point of opening – собрание скоро откроется

Don‘t start asking them such questions now: they‘re about to leave – Не задавай им эти вопросы: они уже уходят

It was arranged that the children would play on the beach –Решено что дети будут играть на пляже

Mr Simon was about to resign but the manager offered him a better appointment– Господин Саймон как раз собирался уволиться, когда управляющий предложил ему должность выше

They were on the point of getting the bus when the taxi arrived – Такси приехало, когда они уже собирались уехать на автобусе

BeDue (to + инфинитив) (намечено, условленные договорѐнности (в расписаниях и маршрутах).

The ship‘s due to arrive in 2 hours – Пароход прибывает 2 часа

Their flight is due to arrive at 6:15 – Их рейс прибудет в 6:15

Clare‘s due to have her exam in 3 weeks‘ time –Экзамен Клэр намечен через 3 недели

The train is due in Glasgon at 7 PM – Поездбудет в Глазго в 7 вечера

I must go, I‘m due at MrsDwein at 7 o'clock – Я должен идти, у меня встреча у мисс Дуэйн в

7

Be Sure/Certain/Bound to + инфинитив (произойти наверняка) This experiment is sure to succeed – Этот опыт, несомненно, удастся

Be sure to call me – Не забудь потом позвонить

It is certain that they will arrive at the conference – Они наверняка приедут на конференцию Нежелание

Won‘t выражает нежелание, эмоциональный или технический отказ.

I‘ve told him not go there but he won‘t listen – Я запретил ему идти туда, а он и слушать не стал

The TV won‘t work – Телевизор не работает Wouldn‘t выражает это же в прошлом.

I asked him to help me but he wouldn‘t – Я попросил его помочь, но он отказал

Будущие глаголы

Plan/decide/arrange/mean/hope/agree/promise to + инфинитив intend/propose + герундий/инфинитив

планировать/решить/устроить/подразумевать/надеяться/согласиться/обещать/намереватьс я/ предлагать

They plan to build a new swimming pool in town – Они планируют постройку в городе нового бассейна

We intend to buy a house – Мы собираемся купить дом.

Учебно-методические материалы

Дополнительные упражнения по грамматике

PASSIVE VOICE

(Страдательный залог)

Ex 1. Перепишите предложения из активного залога в пассивный

1.Nobody has used this room for ages.

2.We will give you the keys tomorrow.

3.Someone is interviewing Dr Johnson at the moment.

4.By the time I arrived, someone had already opened all your letters.

5.We usually talk briefly about the problems of the family at dinner time.

Ex 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple Passive.

1. Bread (to eat) every day. 2. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 3. Nick (to send) to Moscow next week. 4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 5.I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday. 6. Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 7. This work (to do) tomorrow. 8. This text (to translate) at the last lesson. 9. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 10. Many interesting games always (to play) at our PT lessons. 11. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow. 12. We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday. 13. My question (to answer) yesterday. 14. Hockey (to play) in winter. 15. Mushrooms (to gather) in autumn. 16. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London. 17. His new book (to finish) next year. 18. Flowers (to sell) in shops and in the streets. 19. St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703.

Ex 3. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice, обращая внимание на место предлога.

E.g. We often speak about her. — She is often spoken about.

1. We thought about our friend all the time. 2. The doctor will operate on him in a week. 3. The teacher sent for the pupil's parents. 4. They looked for the newspaper everywhere. 5. Nobody slept in the bed. 6. The neighbour asked for the telegram. 7. Everybody listened to the lecturer with great attention. 8. The senior students laughed at the freshman. 9. The group spoke to the headmistress yesterday. 10. The young mothers looked after their babies with great care. 11. Nobody lived in that old house. 12. They sent for Jim and told him to prepare a report on that subject.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(Настоящее длительное время)

Ex 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous.

1.The boys (to run) about in the garden.

1.I (to do) my homework.

3.John and his friends (to go) to the library.

4.Ann (to sit) at her desk. She (to study) geography.

1.Mary is sleeping.

2.You are listening to the radio.

3.I am studying.

4.You are eating now.

5.We are drinking coffee at the moment.

PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

(Настоящее простое время)

Ex 1. Поставь глаголы в правильной форме. (Present Simple)

1.My sister (to get) up at eight o'clock.

2.She (to be) a school-girl. She (to go) to school in the afternoon.

3.Jane (to be) fond of sports. She (to do) her morning exercises every day

4.For breakfast she (to eat) two eggs, a sandwich and a cup of tea

5.After breakfast she (to go) to school.

6.She (to speak) French well.

7.It (to take) him two hours to do his homework

8.My working day (to begin) at seven o'clock.

9.I (to get) up, (to switch) on the radio and (to do) my morning exercises.

10.It (to take) me fifteen minutes

11.My father and I (to leave) home at eight o'clock.

12.He (to take) a bus to his factory

13.My mother (to be) a doctor, she (to leave) home at nine o'clock.

14.In the evening we (to gather) in the living-room.

15.We (to watch) TV and (to talk).

16.At half past seven we (to have) breakfast

Ex 2. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present simple

Мой дядя инженер. Он очень занят. Его рабочий день начинается рано утром. Он встает в семь часов. Он умывается, одевается и завтракает. После завтрака он идет на работу. Он работает в институте. Он любит свою работу. Он женат. Его жена врач. Она работает в больнице. Вечером она изучает французский язык. Она посещает курсы французского языка. Мой дядя не говорит по-французски. Он говорит по-русски и по-немецки. Он изучает английский язык. Вечером он посещает курсы английского языка. Сын моего дяди ученик. Он ходит в школу. В школе он изучает английский язык.

Постройте вопросительные предложения в Present simple

1.What/ she/ do?

2.He/ live/ in Kiev?

3.Your / father/ a doctor?

4.How/ old/ your/ brother?

5.What/ your/ favourite/ book?

6.How/much/ this/sweater/cost?

7.Where/ the/ Johnsons/ live?

ENGLISH TENSES (Английские времена)

I. Open the brackets using the proper sense of the verb

It was eight o'clock in the morning and time for me to go to work. I (to look) out of the window. It (to rain) hard. "You (to get) wet through if you (to go) out now," said my mother. "No, I ... ," I answered, "I (to take) an umbrella." We (to have) five umbrellas in the house, but when I (to want) to take one, I (to find) that there (to be) not one that I could use: they all (to be) torn or broken. So I (to take) them all and (to carry) them to the umbrella-maker, saying that I would call for the umbrellas on my way home in the evening. When I (to go) to have lunch in the afternoon, it still (to rain) very hard. I (to go) to the nearest cafe, and (to sit) down at a table. A few minutes later a young woman (to come) in and (to sit) down at the same table with me. When I (to finish) my lunch and (to be) ready to leave, I absent-mindedly (to take) her umbrella and (to start) for the exit. She (to stop) me saying that I (to take) her umbrella. I (to return) the umbrella with many apologies. In the evening I (to go) to the umbrella-maker, (to take) my five umbrellas and (to get) on the tram to go home. It so happened that the woman I (to meet) at the cafe (to ride) in the same tram. When she (to see) me with my five umbrellas, she (to say): "You (to have) a successful day today, (to have not) you?"

II.Translate the sentences using different tenses.

1.Сколько дней вы уже читаете эту книгу? 2. Только когда она была в поезде, она вспомнила, что оставила книгу дома. 3. Они живут в этом доме уже пять лет. 4. Моя сестра была больна уже несколько дней, когда я узнала об этом. 5. Ты знал, что он не написал сочинение? 6. Мы не получаем от нее писем уже несколько месяцев. 7. Сколько лет вы уже работаете на этом заводе? 8. Он уже ушел, когда Лена включила радио. 9. Я работаю над этой проблемой уже три месяца. 10. К счастью, дождь уже перестал, когда мы вышли. 11. Сколько лет вы работаете в этой школе? 12. В одиннадцать часов мы еще работали. 13. В одиннадцать часов мы уже работали три часа. 14. Я уже три раза говорил тебе, что надо переписать упражнение. 15. Я уже целый час читал после обеда, когда пришел пана. 16. Я не приду. Я буду писать сочинение весь вечер. 17. Где ты был с прошлой пятницы? 18 Я уже две недели живу у друзей. 19. Я уже две недели жил у друзей, когда получил письмо. 20. Вы должны отдохнуть. Вы слишком много работали сегодня. 21. Он был счастлив: он написал отличное сочинение. 22. Я ищу тебя весь вечер.

23.Я вдруг вспомнил, что ничего не ел с утра.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES (Согласование времен)

Ex 1. Use the verb in the principal clause in the PAST tense and make all the necessary changes:

1.My uncle says he has just come back from the Caucasus. 2. He says he has spent a fortnight in the Caucasus. 3. He says it did him a lot of good. 4. He says he feels better now. 5. He says his wife and he spent most of their time on the beach. 6. He says they did a lot of sightseeing. 7. He says he has a good camera. 8. He says he took many photographs while travelling in the Caucasus. 9. He says he will come to see us next Sunday. 10. He says he will bring and show us the photographs he took during his stay in the Caucasus.

Ex.2 Переведите на английский язык, соблюдая правило согласования времен.

1. Мы вчера узнали, что она больна. 2. Он думал, что она не придет в школу. 3. Я знал, что моя сестра изучает французский язык, и думал, что она поедет в Париж. 4. Мне сказали, что ты мне звонил. 5. Я думал, что ты в Москве. 6. Я не знал, что ты уже вернулся в Санкт-Петербург. 7. Я боялся, что заблужусь в лесу. 8. Она знала, что мы никогда не видели ее картины. 9. Ученый был уверен, что найдет решение проблемы. 10. Я знал, что ты приехал в Санкт-Петербург, и полагал, что ты навестишь меня. 11. Мы не думали, что он так рассердится. 12. Мы надеялись, что поедем в Лондон. 13. Учитель сказал, что наши друзья прислали письмо из Лондона. 14. Она сказала, что ее подруга пригласила ее в театр. .15. Мы боялись, что не купим билета в театр. 16. Мы увидели, что дети играют в песке. 17. Она сказала, что больше не будет купаться, потому что вода холодная. 18. Мой дедушка сказал, что в молодости он любил кататься на коньках. 19. Моя двоюродная сестра сказала, что любит оперу и будет рада пойти с нами в театр, хотя уже дважды слушала "Травиату."

ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ. КАТЕГОРИЯ ЧИСЛА КАТЕГОРИЯ ПАДЕЖА

Ex.1 Напишите следующие существительные во множественном числе:

A lion, a country, a tooth, a house, a way, a man, a match, a Negro, a bus, a foot, a knife, a deer, a tomato, a child, a goose, a wolf

Ex. 2 Замените, где возможно, существительное с предлогом of формой притяжательного падежа:

1. The room of my friend. 2. The questions of my son. 3. The wife of my brother. 4. The table of our teacher. 5. The poems of Pushkin. 6. The voice of this girl. 7. The new club of the workers. 8. The letter of Pete. 9. The car of my parents. 10. The life of this woman. 11. The handbags of these women. 12. The flat of my sister is large. 13. The children of my brother are at home. 14. The room of the boys is large. 15. The name of this girl is Jane. 16. The work of these students is interesting.

Ex.3. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Он показал мне письмо своей сестры. 2. Она взяла коньки своего брата. 3. Дайте мне тетради ваших учеников. 4. Принесите вещи детей 5. Вчера дети нашли птичье гнездо. 6. Это семья моего друга. Отец моего друга инженер. Мать моего друга преподаватель. 7. Чья это сумка? - Это сумка Тома. 8. Чьи это словари? - Это словари студентов. 9. Вы видели книгу нашего учителя? 10. Мне нравится почерк этого мальчика. 11. Я слышу голос моей сестры. 12. Она открыла окно и услышала смех и крики детей. 13. Она поставила мокрые сапоги мальчиков к печке. 14. Это бабушкино кресло.

PRONOUNS

(Местоимения)

Ex.1. Заполните пропуски соответствующими местоимениями.