25. What is the difference between eubacteria and archaebacteria?

The main difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria is that archaebacteria are usually found in extreme environmental conditions, whereas eubacteria are found everywhere on earth. Archaea is a single-celled or simple structure compared to eubacteria.

26. What adaptations have archaebacteria developed to survive in the extreme conditions of their habitat?

Archaean membranes differ from those of other domains in their composition and structure.Many of them are able to synthesize complex biological molecules from the simplest organic compounds. Archaea took the genes that were around, and they created all sorts of combinations. Creatures that could use acetate gained an advantage, their numbers increased, and they secured a new path of development.

27. What processes and mechanisms do bacteria use to obtain energy and nutrients?

Bacteria can obtain energy in two ways: by respiration and fermentation. Respiration is the process of obtaining energy in oxidation and reduction reactions, coupled with oxidative phosphorylation reactions, in which electron donors can be organic and inorganic compounds, and acceptors - only inorganic compounds. Fermentation is the process of obtaining energy, in which both the donor and acceptor of electrons are organic compounds.

28. What is the purpose of Gram staining?

In practical bacteriology, gram staining allows you to quickly determine the morphology of bacteria, as well as their relationship to dyes. This allows you to determine further research methods. Gram staining is of great importance in the systematics of bacteria, as well as for the microbiological diagnosis of infectious diseases.

29. How do bacteria reproduce? What is the difference between binary fis­sion and conjugation?

Bacteria reproduce asexually in two types: binary fission and conjugation. Binary fission refers to the process by which asexual reproduction occurs in organisms, while conjugation refers to the method of transferring genetic material between organisms. Also binary fission is a quick process but conjugation usually takes time.

30. What are the functions of bacteria in the environment?

Bacteria perform a variety of important functions in the environment. Among them, there are gas, concentration, energy and destructive functions. Thanks to reducing bacteria, dead organic matter is decomposed into simple inorganic components. Selective accumulation of substances dispersed in nature by living organisms is the implementation of the concentration function.

31. What is their significance for humans?

Among the bacteria, there are also many parasitic species that settle in the human body, plants and animals, provoke the development of various diseases. Bacteria are widely used in the human economy. So, since ancient times, man has used the ability of certain bacteria to cause fermentation to produce certain products. Certain groups of bacteria are also used in the microbiological industry to produce antibiotics, vitamins and some other substances. But Bacteria can cause harm to human economic activity, for example, spoil food.

32. By what ways can disease-causing bacteria damage the human organism?

From the patient to another body, bacteria can penetrate along with food, water, air, through the body's coverings. The most common way for bacteria to enter the human body is through airborne droplets. Pathogenic bacteria can also carry blood-sucking insects. So, the causative agent of the plague is carried by fleas, and typhus – by lice.