3969

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2. Повторите порядок слов в английском предложении. Приведите примеры простых безличных предложений, используя выученную лексику.

В английском предложении каждый член предложения, как правило, имеет свое определенное место. В простом распространенном повествовательном предложении на первом месте стоит

1) подлежащее, 2) сказуемое, 3) второстепенные члены предложения

(дополнение и обстоятельства образа действия, места, времени).

Например: 1) I, 2) gave, 3) mу brother, 3) a book, 4) yesterday.

Английские предложения отличаются от русских тем, что в них всегда есть подлежащее и сказуемое. Поэтому в безличных предложениях в качестве формального подлежащего используется местоимение it. Очень часто безличные предложения описывают явление природы, состояние погоды, обозначают время, расстояние:

It is cold today. Сегодня холодно. It rains. Идет дождь. It's nice to meet you. Приятно познакомиться. It is nine o'clock now. Сейчас девять часов.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы безличных предложений образуются по тем же правилам, что и вопросительные и отрицательные формы предложений с именным составным сказуемым. Частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола. Например: Is it cold? – Холодно? Wasn't it interesting? – Разве это не было интересно? Isn't it funny? – Разве это не смешно?

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Оборот there is / there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какоголибо предмета в определенном месте или в определенное время. Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существительного, следующего сразу за ним:

There is a chair and two armchairs in the room. – В комнате стул и два кресла. There are two armchairs and a chair in the room. – В комнате два кресла и стул.

Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is / there are строятся следующим образом:

Общий вопрос: Is there anything in the bag? Will there be lessons tomorrow? Специальный вопрос: What is there in the bag?

3.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

The units that are visible in any computer are the physical components of a data processing system, or hardware. Thus, the input, storage, processing and control devices are hardware. Not visible is the software – the set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation that make possible the effective operation of the computer system. Software programs are of two types: systems software and applications software.

System software are the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system. They do not solve specific problems. They are written to assist people in the use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as controlling all of the operations required, to move data into and out of a computer and all of the steps in executing and applications program. The person who prepares system software is referred to as a systems programmer. Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and important members in the architectural team.

Applications software are the programs written to solve specific problems (applications), such as payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis. The word program usually refers to as an applications program, and the word programmer is a person who prepares application software.

Often programs, particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory not used for applications software. The protected programs are stored in an area of memory called read-only memory (ROM), which can be read from but not written on.

Firmware is a term that is commonly used to describe certain programs that are stored in ROM. Firmware often refers to a sequence of instructions (software) that is substituted for hardware. For example, in an instance where cost is more important than performance, the computer system architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to multiply two numbers, but instead write instructions (software) to cause the machine to accomplish the same function by repeated use of circuits already designed to perform addition.

4. Укажите подлежащее, сказуемое и второстепенные члены в каждом предложении:

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1.The input, storage, processing and control devices are hardware.

2.System software are the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system.

3.They do not solve specific problems.

4.They are written to assist people in the use of the computer system by performing tasks.

5.Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and important members in the architectural team.

6.Applications software are the programs written to solve specific problems (applications), such as payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis.

7.Often programs, particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory not used for applications software.

8.Firmware is a term that is commonly used to describe certain programs that are stored in ROM.

9.The computer system architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to multiply to multiply two numbers.

10.The machine to accomplish the same function by repeated use of circuits.

5.Опровергните высказывания:

1.The physical components of a data processing system are visible in any computer.

2.They are written to assist people in the use of the computer system.

3.The person who prepares system software is referred to as a systems programmer.

4.Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and important members in the architectural team.

5.The word program usually refers to as an applications program.

6.The protected programs are stored in an area of memory called read-only memory (ROM).

7.Firmware is a term describing certain programs that are stored in ROM.

8.The computer system architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to multiply two numbers.

9.The computer system architect writes instructions to cause the machine to accomplish the same function.

6. Составьте повествовательные предложения, используя слова из таблицы:

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7. Напишите предложения в вопросительной форме (общий вопрос):

1.There is some lemonade for you.

2.There is a cheque on the desk.

3.There are some museums in the city.

4.There are some matches in the box.

5.There is a bar in this street.

6 There are a few questions to discuss now.

7.There is a nice place to visit in this country.

8.There are some traveller's cheques in the briefcase.

9.There is no river flowing through your town.

10.There are no questions to ask.

11.There is somebody here.

МОДУЛЬ 7

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING.

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

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2. Повторите основные типы вопросов в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Общий вопрос (general question) относится ко всему предложению в целом, и ответом на него будут слова yes или по:

Do you like ice-cream? – Yes, I do. Can you speak English? – Yes, I can. Have you bought a text book? – Yes, I have.

Порядок слов в общем вопросе:

1)вспомогательный (модальный, глагол-связка) глагол;

2)подлежащее (существительное или местоимение);

3)смысловой глагол (или дополнение).

Глагол to be может выполнять функции вспомогательного и смыслового глагола одновременно. Are you a schoolboy? – No, I am not.

Альтернативный вопрос (alternative question) начинается как общий вопрос, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса. Альтернативный вопрос предполагает выбор из двух возможностей:

Do you like coffee or tea? — Вы любите кофе или чай?

Специальный вопрос (special question) относится к какому-нибудь члену предложения или их группе и требует конкретного ответа:

What is your name? – My name is Peter. Where do you live? – I live in Rostov.

Специальный вопрос всегда начинается со специального вопросительного слова:

Порядок слов в специальном вопросе:

1)вопросительное слово (what, where, who, when, how и т. д.);

2)вспомогательный (модальный, глагол-связка) глагол;

3)подлежащее;

4)смысловой глагол;

5)дополнения;

6)обстоятельства (места, времени, образа действия и т.д.).

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В специальных вопросах, обращенных к подлежащему, в формах Present и Past Indefinite не употребляется вспомогательный глагол do (does, did) и сохраняется прямой порядок слов:

Who wants to go to the cinema? Whose pen is it? Who lives here?

Обратите внимание, что в специальных вопросах к подлежащему в форме Present Indefinite сказуемое согласуется с вопросительными словами what и who в 3-м лице ед. числа, если отсутствует упоминание о количестве действующих лиц:

The problems are very important. – What is very important?

Разделительный вопрос (Tail question)

Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей. Первая часть – это повествовательное предложение (утвердительное или отрицательное); вторая, отделѐнная запятой от первой – краткий вопрос:

You live in this house, don’t you?

Если в повествовательной части разделительного вопроса содержится утверждение, то во второй – отрицание. Если в повествовательной части – отрицание, то во второй, как правило – утверждение:

You are a student, aren’t you?

You are not a student, are you?

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Computer-oriented data processing systems or just computer data processing systems are not designed to imitate manual systems. They should combine the capabilities of both humans and computers. Computer data processing systems can be designed to take advantage of four capabilities of computers.

1.Accuracy. Once data have been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated, and the possibility of error is reduced. Computers, when properly programmed, are also unlikely to make computational errors. Of course, computer systems remain vulnerable to the entry by humans of invalid data.

2.Ease of communications. Data, once entered, can be transmitted wherever needed by communications networks. These may be either earth or satellite-based systems. A travel reservations system is an example of a data communications network. Reservation clerks throughout the world may make an enquiry about transportation of lodgings and receive an almost instant response. Another example is an office communications system that provides executives with access to a reservoir of data, called a corporate data base, from their personal microcomputer work stations.

3.Capacity of storage. Computers are able to store vast amounts of information, to organize it, and to retrieve it in ways that are far beyond the capabilities of humans. The amount of data that can be stored on devices such as magnetic disks is constantly increasing. All the while, the cost per character of data stored is decreasing.

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4. Speed. The speed, at which computer data processing systems can respond, adds to their value. For example, the travel reservations system mentioned above would not be useful if clients have to wait more than a few seconds for a response. The response required might be a fraction of a second.

Thus, an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems is to allow computers to do what they do best and to free humans from routine, error-prone tasks. The most cost-effective computer data processing system is the one that does the job effectively and at the least cost. By using computers in a cost-effective manner, we will be better able to respond to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial, information-dependent society.

5.Поставьте слова в утвердительных предложениях в нужном порядке:

1.Is, best, she, friend, my.

2.Learn, different, students, our, subjects.

3.The, is, Russia, the, in, country, the, largest, world.

4.In, the, we, city, live, a, flat, in, of, center, the.

5.Reading, is, my, of, best, son’s, fond, friend.

6.Computer, better, his, mine, is, than.

7.Write, are, going to, we, tomorrow, a test.

8.People, to, Black Sea coast, go, in, summer, many.

6.Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:

1.Computer data processing systems are designed to imitate manual systems.

2.They should combine the capabilities of both humans and computers.

3.Once data have been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the possibility of error is increased.

4.Computers, when properly programmed, seldom make computational errors.

5.A travel reservations system is an example of a data communications network.

6.Computers are not able to store vast amounts of information and to organize it.

7.The amount of data that can be stored on devices such as magnetic disks is constantly decreasing.

8.Computer systems are vulnerable to the entry by humans of invalid data.

9.An important objective in the design of computer data processing systems is to allow computers to do what they do best and to free humans from routine, error-prone tasks.

10.The most cost-effective computer data processing system is the one that does the job effectively and at the highest cost.

9.Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.What capabilities should data processing systems combine when designed?

2.What are the main advantages of computers?

3.What do you know about the computer accuracy?

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4.What is the function of communications networks?

5.What do you understand by capacity storage?

6.What other values of computer data processing systems do you know?

7.What is an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems?

8.What is the most effective computer data processing system?

9.What is the best way of responding to the challenges and opportunities in our post-industrial society?

7. Выпишите из текста 5 простых предложений и задайте к каждому из них по два вопроса: общий и разделительный.

8. Задайте специальный вопрос к каждому предложению:

1.Pete introduces Nick to David.

2.They shake hands and follow Nick to the car.

3.They see David and come up to him.

4.They look through the correspondence in the office.

8.He works as a manager.

9.Trade needs finance.

10.The Buyers always ask the Sellers to grant them a discount.

11.We discussed all these details.

12.English Immigration officers usually speak Russian.

14They have difficulty in answering questions.

15The steward says that flight is three hours long.

16.Next Friday David leaves Moscow for St-Petersburg.

17.The secretary answers the calls.

18.David promises to telephone to settle the problem.

19.They want to reduce the fee.

20.He never keeps his promise.

МОДУЛЬ 8

WORLD IN THE AGE OF COMPUTERS

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

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2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Времена английского глагола

Глаголы в формах Indefinite (Simple) описывают обычные, повторяющиеся действия как факт – безотносительно к их длительности или к результату действия:

I go to school every day. Я хожу в школу каждый день.

I went to school when I was a boy. Я ходил в школу, когда был мальчиком. I shall go to school when I grow up. Я буду ходить в школу, когда вырасту.

Для указания на повторный характер действия часто употребляются слова every day / week, month, year (каждый день / неделю, месяц, год), often (часто), seldom

(редко), always (всегда), usually (обычно), never (никогда).

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы в Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did с частицей not, краткая форма: don't, doesn't, didn't: We do not write much. – Do we write much?

He didn't like the film. – Did he like the film? – What film didn't he like?

По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в английском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные и неправильные (regular and irregular verbs). У правильных глаголов вторая и третья формы (Past Indefinite Tense и Past Participle – простое прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего времени) совпадают между собой и образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания -ed (-d):

to ask – asked, to change – changed, to receive – received to work – worked.

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При этом существует ряд особенностей:

а) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей согласной, то буква у меняется на i и добавляется окончание -ed: to supply – supplied, to apply – applied;

б) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей гласной, то буква у не меняется и добавляется окончание -ed: to stay – stayed, to play – played;

в) если глагол оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным звуком, то согласная на конце удваивается: to stop – stopped.

Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью формы различными способами, без четких правил. Эти формы следует сверять по словарю и учить наизусть. Для описания регулярно повторявшихся действий, которые происходили в прошлом, используются также глаголы used to или would:

I used to watch TV a lot. In summer we would get up early and go for a swim.

3. Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.It (is, was) Thursday yesterday.

2.Paul (drinks, drank) a cup of tea two hours ago.

3.She (listen, listened) to the music last week.

4.They (are, were) hungry after me last lesson.

5.There (was, were) no wine for breakfast.

6.Nobody (smokes, smoked) in the classroom last evening.

7.A few minutes later somebody (knocks, knocked) at the door.

8.Who (enter, entered) the room 10 minutes ago?

9.It (was, were) time to leave.

10.Mr. Snow (turns, turned) on the radio half an hour ago.

11.They (pay, paid) the bill and (leave, left) the hotel last Friday.

4.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Today the word ―electronics‖ is in general usage. Millions of people have electron watches. There are a lot of various radios and TV sets and tape recorders in our houses. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices and satellites circle the globe. In other words, we are living in an electronic world.

And the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate of a few square millimeters, an integrated circuit, or a chip, as it is more commonly known. The integrated circuit has undoubtedly become one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, science and technology. It is the heart of every electronic device and the more tape-recorders, TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits are required.

When we speak about the further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high technology and high speed. As the operation of an integrated circuit depends on microscopic ―components‖, the purity of all materials and the cleanness at the plant they are produced at must be of the highest quality. A continuous search is