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2. Повторите правила употребления вопросительных и неопределенных местоимений в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Вопросительные местоимения Эти местоимения употребляются в вопросительных предложениях.

What (что, какой, какая, какое, какие)

What is it? Что это такое? What book is it? Какая это книга?

Who (кто)

Who is this man? Кто этот человек?

Whose (чей)

Whose pencil is it? Чей это карандаш?

Which (который)

Which of these books is yours? Которая из этих книг твоя?

When (когда)

When does the lesson begin? Когда начинается урок?

Why (почему, зачем)

Why did you come here? Почему вы пришли сюда?

How (как)

How are you? Как поживаете?

How many (much) (сколько)

Вопросительное местоимение what относится к cловам, обозначающим вещи, предметы, явления. Вопросительное местоимение who относится к cловам, обозначающим людей. Однако, обратите внимание:

Who is he? Кто он? (как его зовут) Не is Mr Johnson. What is he? Кто он? (по профессии) Не is a broker.

Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное местоимение по и их производные

Употребление some и any, а также их производных определяется типом предложения. В утвердительном предложении употребляются, как правило, местоимение some и его производные:

Give me something to read, please. Дайте мне что-нибудь почитать, пожалуйста. I met him somewhere before. Я встречал его где-то раньше.

В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные:

Have you seen him anywhere? Вы видели его где-нибудь?

Is there anything I can do for you? Могу ли я что-нибудь для вас сделать?

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В отрицательных предложениях используется либо местоимение any и его производные:

I cannot find this book anywhere. Я не могу нигде найти эту книгу.

– либо отрицательное местоимение no:

There is nobody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.

There isn't anybody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.

Различия между местоимениями any и some – в степени неопределенности, поэтому иногда местоимение any можно встретить и в утвердительных предложениях:

You can find this book anywhere. Эту книгу вы можете найти где угодно.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

An analog computer is a device that simulates the behavior of another system – usually a physical system. A very simple and widely used analog computer is the sliderule on which distances are equivalent to logarithms of numbers. The devices known as analog computers are assemblies of electronic or electrical circuits the behavior of which is analogous to another (mechanical) system’s behavior.

The evolution of the adding machine has culminated in electronic digital computers in which electronic signals are used as the operative discrete signals. The simplest digital computer is the human hand, from which the decimal system is derived. The first man-made digital computer was probably the abacus, which is still used in many countries. The basic sections of digital computers are therefore:

Input: receives the ―raw data‖ and instructions from external sources and converts them into a suitable form for a computer to work on.

Store: memorizes numbers and instructions.

Calculator: does mathematic operations.

Control: initiates and follows the operations.

Output: presents the result of the calculations in an acceptable form.

When an ordinary desk calculating machine is used, the operator controls the sequence of operations. He supplies the input data and records the results. Also he may have to provide additional information from tables and other sources during the calculation. In the case of electronic computers working at extremely high speeds, the human operators are replaced by automatic devices. It is necessary to provide a store to hold both the numbers that are fed into the computer and the operating instruction. The digital computer differs from the analog computer in that it deals with numbers and not physical quantities.

Machines that combine both analog and digital capabilities are called hybrid

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computers. Many business, scientific, and industrial computer applications rely on the combination of analog and digital devices. The use of combination analog devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and microcomputers. An example of this growth is the trend toward installing control systems in household appliances such as microwave ovens and sewing machines. In the future we will have complete indoor climate control systems and robots to do our housecleaning. Analog sensors will provide inputs to the control centers of these systems, which will be small digital computers.

4. Определите истинность или ложность следующих предложений:

1.A digital computer is a device that simulates the behavior of another system, often a physical system, in all its stages.

2.A very complex widely used analog computer is the slide-rule on which distances are equivalent to logarithms of numbers.

3.The digital computer doesn’t differ from analog computer.

4.The second man-made digital computer was probably the abacus, which is still used in many regions.

5.A very simple and widely used analog computer isn’t the slide-rule on which distances are equivalent to logarithms of numbers.

6.The simplest digital computer isn’t the human hand.

7.The evolution of the adding machine has culminated in electronic digital computers in which electronic signals are not used as the operative discrete signals.

8.When an ordinary desk calculating machine is used, the operator can’t control the sequence of operations.

9.The human operators are replaced by automatic devices.

5.Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму:

1.An analog computer is a device.

2.The digital computer differs from the analog computer.

3.The first man-made digital computer was probably the abacus.

4.The human operators are replaced by automatic devices.

5.Store memorizes numbers and instructions.

6.Укажите исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные, выберите нужное слово из предложенных в скобках:

1.There are very (much, many) people in the restaurant.

2.There isn’t (many, much) beer in the bottle.

3.Is there (much, many) coffee in the cup?

4.Give me (a few, a little) travellers' cheques.

5.There are (many, much) visitors in Moscow now.

6.(A few, a little) passengers are going to the Departure Control

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7.He had (a little, a few) luggage with him.

8.Will you give me (a few, a little) wine, please?

9.There are very (few, little) restaurants in this street.

10.How (much, many) time have you got? I'll call you back in (a few, a little) minutes.

7. Изложите кратко содержание тем:

1)The advantages and disadvantages of analog and digital computers.

2)The evolution of computers.

3)The difference between analog and digital computers.

МОДУЛЬ 4

NETBOOKS AND NOTEBOOKS

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите правила образования степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Прилагательные обозначают признаки предметов и отвечают на вопрос какой?: а wide road – широкая дорога, а tall tree – высокое дерево, аn interesting book – интересная книга. Наречия отвечают на вопрос как?:

He speaks English well. – Он говорит по-английски хорошо. Прилагательные и наречия имеют три формы степеней сравнения:

положительную (positive degree), сравнительную (comparative degree), превосходную (superlative degree)

Формы сравнительной и превосходной степеней образуются двумя способами:

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1.Односложные прилагательные образуют форму сравнительной степени при помощи суффикса -er, а форму превосходной степени – с определенным артиклем the при помощи суффикса -est: strong – stronger – the strongest, cold – colder – the coldest. Подобным образом образуют степени сравнения и некоторые двусложные прилагательные: easy – easier – the easiest, clever – cleverer – the cleverest.

2.Многосложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную степень при помощи слова more, а превосходную степень – при помощи the most: famous – more (less) famous – the most (least) famous, interesting - more interesting – the most interesting.

Исключения при образовании степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий:

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

With the ever evolving technical world, computers are shrinking in size but still feature some of the most advanced operating systems. Today, people are required to travel around the world with their PC's in toll. But, one cannot move around with their desktops loaded on their backs. Thus, came the invention of laptops, also known as notebooks, that were easy to carry around, but expensive. Yet, people looked for smaller versions of laptops with specific features according to one's needs. This led to the creation of the ultralight, super small netbooks. Both these devices are the same basically - very personal hand held computers with distinctive features.

If you are someone always on the move, then you can think about getting yourself an ultralight netbook. The netbooks are very small and have a screen size of 12" or may be even smaller. You can carry around your netbook in your backpack or purse without having to worry about the weight factor. Netbooks may come with a CD or DVD drive that may help one watch a movie while traveling in a subway or bus (with headphones on). These devices are basically made for using the Internet, communicating and checking some data. They have a very good battery life that can last up to 12 hours. If you wish to check a few mails or read ebooks and stay connected with the virtual world, you can try using a netbook.

Notebooks are a bit larger than a netbook with a bigger screen size. They weigh about 5 pounds and are meant for some rather heavy work. They are very useful to those who want to create graphics, edit music and manage a large music and video library. It has a big hard drive that gives better speed and storage capacity. You can run heavy

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programs on a notebook. However, you will find the battery draining off faster than a netbook. As you can see, a notebook is a portable version of a desktop computer while a netbook on the other hand has limited usability.

Netbook vs Notebook

The following table will highlight some of the differences between notebooks and netbooks. Read through the following table for a better understanding of the two devices.

Netbook vs Notebook: Difference

4. Найдите в тексте прилагательные и наречия и образуйте с ними три степени сравнения.

5.Выберите из глаголов, данных в скобках, правильный вариант:

1.Computers (feature, are featured) some of the most advanced operating systems.

2.With the ever evolving technical world, computers (have been shrinking, are shrinking) in size.

3.A notebook (am, is) small and light enough for a person to rest on their lap.

4.A laptop (integrates, integrate) most of the typical components of a desktop computer.

5.Modern laptops (design, are designed) for all purposes.

6.Netbooks (is, are) small, light, economical, energy efficient.

7.Netbooks (suit, are suitable) for wireless communication and Internet access.

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8.Netbooks typically (have, has) less powerful hardware.

9.Netbooks (offer, are offered) advantages in educational settings.

10.People cannot (move, be moving) around with their desktops loaded on their backs.

6.Поставьте пять вопросов к тексту.

7.Составьте план текста и определите ключевые идеи по каждому из пунктов плана.

8.Выберите нужную форму наречия:

1.Would you like some more cake? – Yes, just_________, please.

a)a few b) a bit

2.We've got ___________work to do by the end of the week.

a)many b) a great deal of

3.There weren't___________ people in the street when the accident happened.

a)many b) a lot of

4.The sitting of the Committee was postponed because________people arrived. The number was not enough for the quorum.

a)a few b) few

5.Can I have an apple from this basket? – Yes, of course. Take ________you like.

a)some b) any

6.Would you like_________ beer, sir?

a)some b) any

7.We've got nothing in the fridge. I must go and get_____ food.

a)some b) any

8.I wondered how _________Alice had told him.

a)much b) many

9.In conclusion I'd like to say ________words about our meeting.

a)few b) a few

МОДУЛЬ 5

MEMORY

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

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2. Повторите числительные. Приведите примеры часто встречающихся в английском языке предлогов.

Числительные (Numerals) hundred, thousand, million не имеют окончания -s, когда перед ними стоит другое числительное. Когда числительные обозначают неопределенное количество, они употребляются во множественном числе с окончанием -s, за которым следует предлог of. Сравните:

Номера страниц, домов, квартир, транспорта, деловой документации обозначаются существительными без артикля и количественными: bus 72, page 15, house 40, flat 13, order 2154.

Даты читаются следующим образом:

1900 – nineteen hundred, in (the year) nineteen hundred,

2000 – two thousand, in (the year) two thousand.

April 12, 2015:

on the twelfth of April, two thousand ten или on April the twelfth, twenty ten.

Как читаются дробные числительные?

Предлоги, обозначающие место above (над)

There is a lamp above the table. – Над столом висит лампа. at (у, в, возле, рядом)

I am sitting at the table. – Я сижу у стола. I study at school. – Я учусь в школе. The pupils are at the lesson. – Ученики на уроке.

behind (за, позади, сзади)

There is a sport ground behind our school. – 3a нашей школой спортплощадка. between (между)

Between the tables. – Между столами. in (в)

Не is in the office. – Он в офисе. The books are in the bag. – Книги в портфеле. on (на)

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The book is on the desk. – Книга на столе. under (под)

The book is under the table. – Книга под столом. in front of (впереди, перед)

There is a telephone in front of him. – Перед ним стоит телефон. near (вблизи, около, рядом с, возле, за)

She is sitting near the table. – Она сидит за столом.

Предлоги, обозначающие движение to (к)

Come to me. – Подойдите ко мне. from (от, из, со)

Take this book from the table. – Убери книгу со стола. I come from Russia. — Я из России.

through (через, сквозь)

Не came in through the door. – Он вошел внутрь через дверь.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

It is interesting to note that memory, one of the basic components of the computer, is often called storage. It stores calculation programs, the calculation formulae, initial data, intermediate and final results. Therefore, the functions of the computer memory may be classified in the following way. Firstly, the computer memory must store the information transmitted from the input and other devices. Secondly, memory should produce the information needed for the computation process to all other devices of the computer.

Generally, memory consists of two main parts called the main, primary or internal, memory and the secondary, or external memory. The advantage of the primary memory is an extremely high speed. The secondary memory has a comparatively low speed, but it is capable of storing far greater amount of information than the main memory. The primary storage takes a direct part in the computational process. The secondary storage provides the information necessary for a single step in the sequence of computation steps.

The most important performance characteristics of a storage unit are speed, capacity, and reliability. Its speed is measured in cycle time. Its capacity is measured by the number of machine words or binary digits. Its reliability is measured by the numbers of failures per unit of time.

4.Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму:

1.Memory stores different programs, data and results.

2.The functions of the computer memory may be classified in the following way.

3.Memory should produce the information needed for the computation process to all other devices of the computer.

4.The advantage of the primary memory is an extremely high speed.

5.The secondary memory has a comparatively low speed.

6.The primary storage takes a direct part in the computational process.

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7.The secondary storage provides the information necessary for a single step in the sequence of computation steps.

8.The speed of the storage unit is measured in cycle time.

9.The most important performance characteristics of a storage unit are speed, capacity, and reliability.

5. Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:

1.Memory is not one of the basic components of the computer.

2.Memory stores calculation programs, the calculation formulae, initial data, intermediate and final results.

3.The computer memory must store the information transmitted from the output and other devices.

4.Memory should produce the necessary information.

5.The main parts of memory are called internal and external memory.

6.The disadvantage of the primary memory is an extremely low speed.

7.The secondary memory has a comparatively high speed.

8.The most important performance characteristics of a storage unit are speed, capacity, and reliability.

9.The capacity of a storage unit is measured by the quality of software.

6.Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.What is memory?

2.What is the function of memory?

3.What are the main parts of memory?

4.What are advantages and disadvantages of a storage unit?

5.What are their functions?

6.What are performance characteristics of the main and secondary memory?

7.What units are performance characteristics measured by?

7. Кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке.

МОДУЛЬ 6

HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND FIRMWARE.

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме: