Гольцева О.Ю. Международное право в официальных документах. Под ред. И.А. Горшеневой

201

new and new fields of interaction between the states, and the legal regulation becomes more intensive penetrating into the depth of such interaction. The development rates of international law grow constantly that becomes an exclusively complicated multi-sectoral system.

The formation of new branches is a significant line in the development of international law, they include: law of international security, international criminal law, etc. The existence of said branches is a characteristic feature of the law of international community. It is typical the circumstance that the concept of common heritage is aimed at the ensuring the interests of not only present, but future generations. A quite difficult task that international criminal law faces, is the necessity to meet the framework for settlement of international and non-international conflicts using the means that would not only promote the major aim of such settlement, but they should not violate these rights when they are applied. In the course of humanitarian actions that are one of the forms for combating terrorism and transnational crime today, from our viewpoint, rules and principles of international law should be necessary in principal in terms of the compliance with human rights, and these rules should be operative with respect to a wider and wider circle of international legal relations. The second problem immediately connected with the operation of rules and principles of international law is globalization. And as a result poverty, hunger, illiteracy that embraces lessdeveloped countries of the world.

According to its Statute approved at the Rome Diplomatic Conference of plenipotentiaries under the aegis of the United Nations Organizations on 17 July 1998 and established on a permanent basis for handling the gravest international crime the International Criminal Court may put an end to impunity. The International Criminal Court should act relying on the principles and rules of international law recognized by the world community. The jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court that has competence over the gravest international

202

crimes does not include such crimes as international terrorism and illegal narcotic drug trafficking.

Today terrorist organizations have grown out of the borders of the states, an international terrorist community is being formed. Crime uses largely the opportunities granted by the present-day community, its political and legal system, science, technology that hampers essentially a fight against it by an individual state. Terrorist organizations have their structural units nearly in each state, especially in Islamic countries, they help each other materially, and also in setting up of various training camps where they train terrorists. Terrorist organizations often take an active part in illegal drug trafficking worldwide. Narcotic drugs are an integral part in the upbringing of suicide terrorists whose victims are not only military, but civilians, society and the state. The process of uniting the international community for putting into practice of necessary measures for liquidation of criminal organization.

Exercise 3. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations.

Международное сотрудничество, борьба с международной преступностью, международные отношения, усиливающийся процесс глобализации, катастрофы, вызванные действиями человека, опасность для человечества, под эгидой ООН, средства для борьбы с международным терроризмом, осуществлять международное вторжение без согласия правительства, содействовать, существенные направления, расширение сферы действий, сферы взаимодействия между государствами, проникать, гарантировать интересы следующих поколений, столкнуться с трудной задачей, урегулирование конфликтов, нарушать права, применять, в соответствии с правами человека, на постоянной основе, иметь дело с самыми серьезными международными преступлениями, положить конец безнаказанности, мировое сообщество, затруднять борьбу.

203

Exercise 4. Cover the text above and fill in the correct prepositions.

1.International crimes make one of the most serious dangers ___ the mankind today.

2.Military intervention can be carried ___ in the territory of an individual state without consent of its top administration.

3.The legal regulation becomes more intensive penetrating ____ the depth of interaction between states.

4.The concept of common heritage is aimed ___ the ensuring the interests of future generations.

5.Principles of international law should be necessary

___ terms of the compliance ___ human rights, and these rules should be operative with respect ___ a wider and wider circle of international legal relations.

6.According ___ its Statute, the International Criminal Court should act relying ___ the principles and rules of international law recognized by the world community. The International Criminal Court has competence ____ the gravest international crimes.

7.Today terrorist organizations have grown ___ of the borders of the states.

Exercise 5. Do you agree with these statements?

Give your reasons.

1.Globalization promotes significant trends of the development of international law.

2.Globalization increases competition among companies.

3.Globalization creates cross-cultural problems.

4.Globalization lowers people’s living standards.

5.Globalization increases the power of governments.

6.Globalization could lead to big employment problems in the West.

7.Globalization brings many problems such as international terrorism and organized crime; poverty, hunger, illiteracy; ecological danger, catastrophes.

204

8.Globalization prevents governments from controlling their welfare systems.

9.Globalization units the international community.

OVER TO YOU

Are you for or against globalization? Write a short essay to express your opinion.

Exercise 6. Analyze the following information.

The Millennium Development Goals

The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – which range from halving extreme poverty to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education, all by the target date of 2015 – form a blueprint agreed to by all the world's countries and all the world's leading development institutions. They have galvanized unprecedented efforts to meet the needs of the world's poorest.

"We will have time to reach the Millennium Development

Goals – worldwide and in most, or even all, individual countries – but only if we break with business as usual.

We cannot win overnight. Success will require sustained action across the entire decade between now and the deadline. It takes time to train the teachers, nurses and engineers; to build the roads, schools and hospitals; to grow the small and large businesses able to create the jobs and income needed. So we must start now. And we must more than double global development assistance over the next few years. Nothing less will help to achieve the Goals."

United Nations Secretary-General Kofi A. Annan

Exercise 7. Study the following and give your estimate as to how achievable these targets look like.

1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources;

205

Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water;

Achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020.

2)Achieve universal primary education.

3)Promote gender equality and empower women.

• Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015.

4) Reduce child mortality.

5) Improve maternal health.

Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio.

6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.

• Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS;

• Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.

7) Ensure environmental sustainability.

Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources;

Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water;

Achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020.

8) Develop a global partnership for development.

Develop further an open trading and financial system that is rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory, includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction – nationally and internationally;

Address the least developed countries' special needs. This includes tariffand quota-free access for their exports; enhanced debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries; cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more gen-

206

erous official development assistance for countries committed to poverty reduction

Address the special needs of landlocked and small island developing States;

Deal comprehensively with developing countries' debt problems through national and international measures to make debt sustainable in the long term;

In cooperation with the developing countries, develop decent and productive work for youth;

In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries;

In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies – especially information and communications technologies.

Exercise 8. Give a written translation of the following report. Which facts impressed you most?

1)Численность малоимущего населения в Африке увеличивается. Задача – сократить вдвое за период 1990–2015 годов долю населения, имеющего доход менее 1 долл. США в день.

2)Неудачи в борьбе с голодом превышают достижения. Конфликты и стихийные бедствия усугубляют нищету и голод. Задача – сократить вдвое за период 1990– 2015 годов долю населения, страдающего от голода.

3)Восемь из десяти детей, не посещающих школы, живут в странах Африки или в Южной Азии. Задачи – обеспечить, чтобы к 2015 году у детей во всем мире – как у мальчиков, так и у девочек – была возможность получать в полном объеме начальное школьное образование

4)B странах Африки к югу от Сахары и Южной Азии среди учащихся средней школы на 100 мальчиков приходится менее 80 девочек. Задача – ликвидировать, желательно к 2005 году, неравенство между полами в

207

сфере начального и среднего образования, а не позднее, чем к 2015 году – на всех уровнях образования

5)Страны Африки продолжают лидировать по показателю смертности детей в возрасте до пяти лет. Задача – сократить на две трети за период 1990–2015 годов смертность среди детей и на ТРИ четверти за период 1990–2015 годов коэффициент материнской смертности

6)Масштабы распространения ВИЧ-инфекции в странах Африки сохраняются на высоком уровне, растет число новых больных. Малярия поражает беднейшие и наиболее беззащитные группы населения. Задача – остановить к 2015 году распространение ВИЧ/СПИДа, малярии и других основных болезней.

7)B мире, особенно там, где имеются тропические леса, происходит утрата лесного покрова. Энергопотребление и объем эмиссии углекислого газа увеличились. Продолжается исчезновение видов и среды обитания животных. Богатые страны производят наибольшее количество «парниковых газов». Задача – обратить вспять процесс истощения природных ресурсов.

8)Задача – Сократить вдвое к 2015 году долю населения, не имеющего постоянного доступа к чистой питьевой воде и основным санитарно-техническим средствам.

9)Темпы роста численности обитателей трущоб опережают темпы улучшения жизни в городских районах. Задача – к 2020 году обеспечить существенное улучшение жизни как МИНИМУМ 100 миллионам обитателей трущоб.

10)Задача – формирование глобального партнерства в целях развития.

11)Задача – удовлетворять особые потребности наименее развитых стран, не имеющих выхода к морю, и малых островных развивающихся государств.

12)Задача – в комплексе решать проблемы задолженности развивающихся стран.

13)Задача – разрабатывать и осуществлять стратегии, позволяющие молодым людям найти достойную и продук-

208

тивную работу, т.к. безработица среди молодежи является потенциальным источником социальных беспорядков.

(Источник: Доклад об осуществлении целей в области развития, сформулированных в Декларации тысячелетия, за 2005 год)

Exercise 9. Summarize the information of the text.

By Richard Black, Environment correspondent, BBC News, Bonn.

The first round of UN climate talks since December's bitter Copenhagen summit opens in Bonn on Friday with the future of the process uncertain.

Developing countries are adamant that the UN climate convention is the right forum for negotiating a global deal and want it done by the year's end.

But others, notably the US, appear to think this is not politically feasible.

Some delegates are concerned that the whole process could collapse, given the divisions and lack of trust.

"There is the political will among developing countries. They are working for an agreement that includes further emissions reductions under the Kyoto Protocol," Martin Khor, executive director of the South Centre, an intergovernmental organization of developing countries, told the BBC.

"Whether there is political will among the industrialized countries is another matter," he said.

Developing nations have been pressing to agree a series of preparatory meetings this year – as many as five – in order that outstanding differences on the text of a new agreement can be worked out in time for the next major summit in Mexico, in November and December.

But delegates here said that richer countries were resisting this, holding out for just one more meeting before November, which would leave no chance of agreeing a new global treaty or even agreeing a framework.

209

Analyses released since the end of the Copenhagen summit suggest that without further constraints soon, it will be very difficult to keep the rise in average global temperatures since pre-industrial times below 2C, a threshold commonly cited as indicating dangerous climate change.

Cross parties

The US, in particular, is in a sticky situation regarding domestic legislation.

An initial bill, introduced to the Senate last September, is widely seen as having no chance of passing.

A cross-party group of senators has been drawing up a new one, containing concessions to some states and industries.

But this version, if enacted, may reduce US emissions by considerably less than the 17 % figure (from 2005 levels by 2020) that President Barack Obama pledged when he addressed Copenhagen.

"There's considerable uncertainty about whether there is going to be a US domestic bill that follows through on the president's 17% commitment," said Alden Meyer, director of strategy and policy at the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS).

"The administration is very sceptical about the ability to get a full-blown legal deal that replaces the Kyoto Protocol or builds on it".

BASIC instinct

Immediately after the Copenhagen summit, the US appeared to have formed a powerful new alliance with the BASIC group of countries – Brazil, China, India and South Africa – that steered through the controversial and weak Copenhagen Accord on the summit's final day.

There were signs that this group saw the accord, with its voluntary nature, as more attractive than the traditional negotiations and supposedly binding commitments of the UN process.

210

Climate change – A pattern of change affecting global or regional climate as measured by yardsticks such as average temperature and rainfall, or an alteration in frequency of extreme weather conditions. This variation may be caused by both natural processes and human activity.

Global warming is one aspect of climate change.

However, the BASIC countries have now affirmed that the UN climate convention (UNFCCC) should be the sovereign body for international climate talks.

More than 120 countries have sent letters to the UNFCCC secretariat saying whether or not they endorse the accord.

A majority do endorse it, but many with the rider that they see it as just a political declaration leading to a fullblown treaty at some stage, and certainly not be a replacement for such a treaty.

Sources said the US was "bullying" small developing countries into endorsing the accord, claiming they would not be eligible for financial help from rich nations unless they did so.

Whereas this accusation appears to be straining relations that were already stretched, there are signs that the EU is preparing to give ground on one of the major demands of developing countries – that further emissions cuts for rich countries are made under the Kyoto Protocol.

In a strategy document released last week, the UK said it was prepared to consider the idea; and other EU leaders are also reportedly sympathetic.

"This is a pretty good first step," said Mr Khor. "It's not enough, but if more countries in the EU take this position, that could be the foundation of something that could be a salvation to this situation".

However, if the EU did formally move in this direction, it would put the bloc at odds with traditional allies such as the US, Canada and Japan.