Cosmology. The Origin and Evolution of Cosmic Structure - Coles P., Lucchin F

gluons, 135, 141 grand desert, 141

Grand Unified Theories (GUTs), 135, 138, 160, 162, 169, 170

gravitational instability, see also Jeans instability, 212, 213, 218, 219, 226, 229, 232, 241, 243, 248, 319, 323, 326–327, 330, 393, 405, 444

gravitational interaction, 135 gravitational lensing, 409, 448, 458 gravitational potential, 275, 276, 309, 393,

394, 412

gravitational waves, 164, 227, 278, 376, 379, 447, 458–459

gravitinos, 186, 325 gravitons, 459 Great Attractor, 92

growth factor, 219–221 Gunn–Peterson test, 428–430

hadron era, 114, 141, 167 hadrons, 134, 139, 167 Hamiltonian, 136, 137

Harrison–Zel’dovich spectrum, 156, 263, 274, 276, 278, 327

Hawking radiation, 125, 277 HDM scenario, 331

heat conduction, 235

Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 122 helicity, 131

helium, 177, 179–184, 186, 192 Herschel, 454

Hertzsprung–Russell (HR) diagram, 80, 84 hierarchical clustering, 296, 297, 324, 441 hierarchical cosmology, 55

hierarchical model, 346–350 Higgs boson, 135, 144 Higgs field, 138, 143–146 HII regions, 80

Hipparcos, 79, 450 Hopf–Cole substitution, 295 horizon, 5, 143

entry, 234, 276 mass, 233–234

problem, 155, 162, 163 hot Big Bang, 131–133

hot dark matter (HDM), 260–261, 309, 326, 328–330

universe, 262

Hoyle–Narlikar (conformal) gravity, 64 Hubble ‘tuning fork’, 69

Hubble constant, 14, 68, 75–79, 83, 109, 422–423

Hubble Deep Field, 441, 454 Hubble diagram, 78, 95 Hubble drag, 394

Hubble expansion, 22, 55, 92, 212 Hubble flow, 338

Hubble law, 13–15, 17, 47, 68, 75, 77, 338 Hubble parameter, 14, 17, 28, 35, 38 Hubble radius, 47

Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 82, 99, 452, 453

Hubble sphere, 46, 149 Hubble test, 21 Hubble time, 47, 83 Hyades, 80

Hydra, 92 Hydra-Centaurus, 103, 372

ideal gas, 34

IGM, 434, 438, 444 imperfect fluid, 120

induced symmetry-breaking, 137 inflation, 122, 150, 156, 160–163, 271,

276–278, 458

inflationary universe, 5, 29, 58, 59, 135, 156–160, 164, 251, 263, 327

Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), 75, 363, 373

infrared background, 434–437 intergalactic medium (IGM), 426, 428–434,

448, 457

intermediate vector bosons, 134 ionisation fraction, 194–196 irregular galaxy, 69

isocurvature fluctuations, 225, 231, 328, 375

isothermal perturbations, 140, 225, 230–231, 233, 235, 241, 249, 324

isotropy, 102

Jeans instability, 205, 209–212, 215, 224, 229, see also gravitational instability Jeans length, 205, 209, 211, 219, 232, 329 Jeans mass, 231–233, 248, 256–259, 310

Kaluza–Klein theory, 129, 163 Kantowski–Sachs solution, 52 Kasner solution, 54 K-correction, 82, 99

Keck telescopes, 453, 454

Kelvin circulation theorem, 292, 319

Killing vectors, 52, 53 Killing’s equation, 52 kiloparsec, 68 kinematic viscosity, 237

Lagrangian, 61, 121, 127, 133, 134, 157, 163

Landau damping, 212, 258

Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), 73, 418, 451 large-scale structure, 51, 92, 205, 374, 444 Las Campanas Redshift Survey, 75, 76

last scattering surface, 196, 197, 375, 383 latent heat, 138

Lemaître model, 29 lens equation, 414 lenticular galaxies, 70 LEP/CERN, 110

lepton era, 114, 117, 171–172, 179 lepton number, 169

leptons, 114, 134, 139–141, 167, 169–171, 173, 180, 467

Lick catalogue, 74, 348 light cone, 18

light elements, 176 lightlike interval, 10 LIGO, 459

Limber equation, 342–344 Limber hypothesis, 342, 344 linear bias model, 317 Liouville equation, 210, 245 LMC, 418

Local Group, 70, 73, 92, 93, 372, 373, 451 Local Supercluster, 360

look-back time, 43 Loytsianski’s theorem, 228

luminosity distance, 18, 42, 77, 79, 95, 97 luminosity function, 88, 99, 373, 388 Lyman limit system, 431

Lyman series, 112, 198 Lyman-α forest, 431, 457 Lyman-α systems, 438

M-theories, 128 M31, 73

Mach’s Principle, 4, 64 Madau Plot, 441

magnetic monopoles, 139, 143–145, 163, 252

magnetisation, 136 magnification tensor, 416 magnitude–redshift relation, 448

main sequence stars, 80 Malmquist bias, 82, 402 MAP, 104, 385, 456 mass function, 301–304 matter era, 195–197 matter universe, 34

matter–radiation equivalence, 112, 113, 117, 222, 330

matter-dominated universe, 37, 110, 118, 154, 221, 291

Mattig formula, 42 MAXIM, 450 MAXIMA, 104, 391

Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, 198 megaparsec, 68

mergers, 438 mesons, 134, 467

Meszaros e ect, 225–226, 241, 261 meteorites, 85

metric tensor, 6, 7, 10, 23 microlensing, 418–419 Milky Way, 4, 68, 418, 450

Minkowski (flat-space) metric, 24 Minkowski functionals, 364 Minkowski space–time, 6 mix-master universe, 5, 55, 148 monopole problem, 143–145, 159 moving cluster method, 79

Mt Palomar observatory, 453 Mt Wilson observatory, 453 multiplicity function, 301

Navier–Stokes equation, 236 N-body simulations, 304–310 neutrino degeneracy, 186, 187 neutrino oscillations, 87, 176

neutrinos, 87, 91, 110, 114, 116, 134, 153, 167, 171–174, 177, 178, 181, 186, 191, 225, 230, 231, 253–255, 257, 260

neutron–proton ratio, 178–179 neutrons, 178

new inflation, 156, 161 Newton’s spherical theorem, 24

Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), 452–454

no-boundary conjecture, 128 non-baryonic dark matter, 92, 185, 262,

325

non-Gaussian fluctuations, 284–285 normalisation, 328, 331, 337 novae, 80

nucleocosmochronology, 84–86

490 Index

nucleosynthesis, 87, 91, 92, 131, 142, 170, 171, 174, 176–188, 251

number-counts, 99, 437–438, 448 Nyquist frequency, 310

OCDM, 332

Olbers’ Paradox, 22–23 old inflation, 160–161, 163 open inflation, 162–163 open universes, 39

optical depth, 196

order parameter Φ, 136, 137, 157, 158 Ostriker–Vishniac e ect, 389 Overwhelmingly Large Telescope (OWL),

453, 454

Palomar Sky Survey, 74 pancakes, 290–292, 366 parallax distance, 19 parsec, 67

particle horizon, 5, 46, 148, 233 particle–mesh techniques, 306–309 particles-in-boxes spectrum, 273 percolation, 339, 359–361, 365 Perfect Cosmological Principle, 4, 57 perfect fluid, 7, 33–36

perihelion advance of Mercury, 63 perturbation spectrum, 264–266 phase mixing, 212, 258

phase transitions, 136, 138, 141, 147, 157, 256

Phoenix Universe, 162 photinos, 91, 186, 325 photo-ionisation, 112 photon di usion, 238, 239 pions, 134, 167, 467 Planck density, 123 Planck energy, 123

Planck era, 123–126 Planck length, 123, 129 Planck mass, 123, 124 Planck spectrum, 111

Planck Surveyor, 104, 147, 385, 456 Planck temperature, 123, 145, 151, 172 Planck time, 122–125, 142, 147, 152, 172,

271, 273

plasma era, 132, 192–194, 235, 237, 248 plasma frequency, 193

point sources, 387

Poisson’s equation, 8, 207, 294, 306, 393, 400, 402, 416

polarisation, 391, 456 polyspectra, 356–359 Population III, 187

post-recombination Universe, 425 POTENT, 400, 402

power spectrum, 265, 280, 285, 300–301, 327, 328, 339, 355–356, 365, 379, 383, 404

power-law inflation, 151 Press–Schechter theory, 302–304, 427 primary distance indicators, 80 primordial black holes, 251 Primordial Isocurvature Baryon (PIB)

model, 325 primordial spectrum, 263

proper distance, 13, 14, 18 proper time, 10

protons, 178 proximity e ect, 432 PSCz, 363

QDOT, 75

QSO, see quasar quadrupole, 103, 376, 378

quantum chromodynamics (QCD), 135 quantum cosmology, 126–128 quantum electrodynamics (QED), 133 quantum gravity, 120, 124, 127 quark–gluon plasma, 167

quark–hadron phase transition, 141, 147, 167–168

quarks, 134, 139–141, 467

quasars, 20, 29, 72, 183, 426–428, 430, 431, 433, 435, 443, 444

quasi-steady-state, 58

radiation drag, 240–241 radiation entropy per baryon, 170

radiation-dominated universe, 38, 227 radiative era, 179, 191–192

radiative fluid, 34 radiative models, 43–44 radiative universe, 35 radiative viscosity, 238 radio galaxies, 71 radio sources, 20

Rayleigh distribution, 279 Rayleigh–Jeans region, 198, 200 recombination, 112, 192, 194–195, 198,

215, 233, 237, 239, 246, 248, 260, 271, 287, 383

red supergiants, 80

redshift, 16–17 redshift space, 338, 374

redshift-space distortions, 402–405 Rees–Sciama e ect, 103

reheating, 138, 159 reionisation, 196 Ricci scalar, 8, 23, 127 Ricci tensor, 8, 23

Riemann–Christo el tensor, 8 Robertson–Walker metric, 9–13, 17, 18, 23,

27, 57, 58, 62, 95, 120, 153, 158, 245, 331, 412

ROSAT, 90 rotation curve, 88 RR Lyrae, 80

Ryle Telescope, 390

S0 galaxies, 70, 88

Sachs–Wolfe e ect, 103, 374–376, 379, 380, 382, 459

Saha equation, 192, 194, 195, 198 Sakharov oscillations, 382, 383 SAURON, 449

scalar curvature, 61

scalar field, 121, 156, 157, 160, 161, 164, 276

scalar mode, 227

scalar perturbations, 278 scale-invariant spectrum, 263, 274 Schechter function, 88, 303 Schwarzschild radius, 25, 124 Schwarzschild times, 124

Scott e ect, 82 SCUBA, 455 second order, 138

second-order phase transition, 137, 161 secondary distance indicators, 80 secular parallax, 79

self-similar evolution, 296–301 self-similarity, 296

semi-analytic galaxy formation, 320 Seyfert galaxies, 71

Shapley concentration, 75, 375 shear, 54, 82, 94, 417, 421

tensor, 417 viscosity, 120

shell-crossing, 292, 295 Silk mass, 239, 262 singularity, 86, 119, 120 skewness, 352, 353

Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), 75, 451

slow-rolling approximation, 161 slow-rolling phase, 158, 159

Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), 73, 451 smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH),

313, 314 softening length, 305 solar luminosity, 68 solar mass, 68

solar neutrinos, 176 spacelike, 10

spatial correlation function, 340 special relativity, 6

spectral index, 265 spectral moments, 266 spectral parameters, 266 speed-of-light sphere, 46

spherical harmonics, 368, 376 spinodal decomposition, 137, 161 spiral galaxies, 70, 81, 320, 439 spirals, 69

spontaneous symmetry breaking, 137–139, 146, 157

Square Kilometre Array (SKA), 456–458 stable clustering, 299–300

standard cold dark matter (SCDM) model, 332, 391

standard inflation, 151 starburst galaxies, 72, 433 statistical parallax, 80

steady-state model, 5, 57–58, 162, 165, 187 stochastic inflation, 162

streaming motions, 398 string cosmology, 128–129 strings, 143, 144

strong, 139

Strong Anthropic Principle, 165 strong energy condition, 120 strong lensing, 420

strong nuclear interactions, 134, 169 sub-inflation, 151 sum-over-histories, 127

Sunyaev–Zel’dovich distortions, 432, 455, 456

Sunyaev–Zel’dovich e ect, 82, 103, 200, 389–391, 426, 432

super-inflation, 151 superconductivity, 136 supercooling, 138 supergravity, 157 superheavy bosons, 141 SuperKamiokande, 175

492 Index

supernovae, 80, 85, 164, 459 superspace, 128 superstrings, 135, 157 supersymmetric particles, 186

supersymmetry, 135, 142, 147, 157, 162 synchronous gauge, 10, 245

TCDM, 333

Telstar, 101 tensor, 7

mode, 227 perturbations, 458

tertiary distance indicators, 80 textures, 143, 144

theory of everything, 136

thermal conduction, 213, 235, 237, 238 thermal conductivity, 120, 236 thermal di usion, 236, 237

thermal equilibrium, 131, 133, 142, 158, 171, 172, 177, 178, 195, 197, 237, 252 Thomson scattering, 112, 381, 388, 389,

391

tidal forces, 296 timelike, 10

Tolman–Bondi solution, 56 top-hat filter, 268 topological defects, 144 topology, 339, 361–366

transfer function, 328–330, 337, 378 tree codes, 309

trigonometric parallax, 79 Tully–Fisher relationship, 81, 457

two-point correlation function, 283, 315 type Ia supernovae, 95–97

variance, 265, 272, 273, 352 vector bosons, 141

vector mode, 227

vector perturbations, 458 velocity correlations, 396–398

velocity–density reconstruction, 400–402 Very Large Array (VLA), 455

Very Large Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), 455

Very Large Telescope (VLT), 455 Virgo cluster, 89, 92, 93, 319 Virgo supercluster, 75

virial theorem, 88, 89, 289 viscosity, 120, 213, 235, 295 visibility, 196

Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA), 453

void probability function, 354 voids, 75

vortical perturbations, 230

wavefunction, 126, 127

Weak Anthropic Principle, 61, 165 weak lensing, 420

weak nuclear interactions, 134, 169, 256, 464

Weiss domains, 136, 158 Wheeler–de Witt equation, 128 white-noise spectrum, 272 Wien region, 198, 200

Wiener–Khintchine theorem, 281, 355 window function, 267, 269, 270, 399

X-ray background, 433–434

XEUS, 450

XMM/Newton, 449

Zel’dovich approximation, 290–295, 303 Zel’dovich pancakes, 309

Zwicky catalogue, 75, 348