Прием генерализации
Генерализация – это замена слова, имеющего более узкое значение, словом с более широким значением. Этот прием прямо противоположен приему конкретизации. Например:
Some 40,000 mourners from all over the United States marched through the streets of Memphis in tribute to the memory of Dr. Martin Luther King, shot down in the city last Thursday.
При переводе этого предложения вряд ли уместно будет сказать: застреленного в этом городе. Глагол shoot имеет значение убивать из «огнестрельного оружия». Переводчику нужно произвести замену с помощью приема генерализации: убитого в этом городе. Глагол убить шире по значению, чем застрелить.
Еще один пример:
It was a stiff pull, but their weariness fell from them as they crouched low to the snow, whining with eagerness and gladness as they struggled upward to the last ounce of effort in their bodies. Втащить сани на крутой берег оказалось нелегко, но собаки забыли про свою усталость и, распластываясь на снегу, с нетерпеливым и радостным визгом из последних сил лезли вверх.
Словосочетание the last ounce of effort in their bodies уже по значению, чем русское соответствие из последних сил.
Как уже говорилось, для английского языка очень характерно употребление числительных, а также указание точных мер и весов для большей конкретизации описания. В русском переводе сохранение мер длины и веса – дюймов и унций – явилось бы буквализмом и нарушило бы стилистические нормы русского языка. Поэтому при переводе в этих случаях нужно пользоваться приемом генерализации.
Упражнение № 18
Переведите предложения и статью. Используйте прием генерализации при переводе выделенных слов и словосочетаний.
Two riot police were reported shot in clashes as the 66th armoured division patrolled the streets.
Coretta King said: “My husband faced the possibility of death with no bitterness or hatred. He knew that this was a sick society, totally infected with racialism and violence, that questioned his integrity, maligned his motives and distorted his views, which would ultimately lead to his death, and he struggled with every ounce of his energy to save that society from itself.”
Leading the cries for investigation of the slayings and for the protection of the black community were community spokesmen. Voices from the labour movement and the white community were also heard.
The dog sniffed every inch of the ground.
15 people missed death by inches yesterday when the top deck of a bus ripped off as it went under a railway bridge at Blackburn when the driver missed the correct route.
Even the seconds drifted past more slowly than the yellowed leaves.
Mr. Wilson came down heavily in favour of Common Market membership, in a move clearly designed to influence tomorrow’s debate, when he made his 75-minute-long and predictable attack on Mr. Heath’s first 100 days of no government.
Asked whether in his 100-minute talk with the Prime Minister on Tuesday he had invited him to visit Moscow, the Foreign Minister said: “Such a matter did not arise yesterday.”
Wants Heart Returned
Cape Town. South Africa. – The widow of Clive Haupt, the black mill-hand whose heart was transplanted into Dr. Philip Blaiberg’s chest, wants the heart returned. “I don’t want it preserved in a bottle,” Mrs. Dorothy Haupt said. “I want to make sure the heart is properly buried. I am not going to rest until I get back my husband’s heart.”
Kennedy Buried Near Former President
Senator Robert Kennedy, slain by an assassin’s bullet like his brother, was buried near the grave of President John F. Kennedy in Arlington National Cemetery late last night.
The 42-year-old New York Democratic Senator, a gaining aspirant for the Presidency when he was shot on Wednesday, was buried with quiet simplicity long after nightfall.
President Johnson, top Government leaders, Senators, Congressmen, foreign dignitaries and the tragedy-fated Kennedy family, their heads bowed under the glare of arc lights, watched silently.
Kissed Coffin
The dead Senator’s widow Ethel knelt for almost a full minute by the mahogany coffin, then kissed it gently. She was followed in turn by nine of their ten children, who also knelt and kissed the casket.
Just before the ten-minute graveside service ended President Johnson and his wife stepped forward to say a few quiet words to the family.
As the Harvard band played “America, the Beautiful”, the Stars and Stripes was taken from the coffin and presented to Senator Edward M. Kennedy, the dead man’s brother. He then gave it to Mrs. Kennedy.
Train Delayed
Tragedy continued to stalk the Kennedy family as they went through yesterday’s ceremonies. The funeral train took eight hours for the trip instead of the scheduled four.
Two people were killed by a passing train. They had strayed on to the track to get a better view of the funeral train on its way to Washington.
Three times the cortege was stopped near Resurrection City, the poor people’s shanty town, on its way to Arlington. A 130-voice choir on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial sang the “Battle Hymn of the Republic” and a death march by Henry Purcell.