7.2. Экзаменационные вопросы

1. Object of Lexicology. The connection of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics. Theoretical and practical value of Lexicology.

2. Basic units of the language.

3. The notion of lexical system. The theory of oppositions.

4. Word as a basic unit of language. Definition. Characteristics.

5. Morpheme as a basic unit of the language. Types of morphemes. Free and bound forms. Allomorphs.

6. Principles of morphemic analysis. Analysis into Immediate Constituents.

8. Derivational and functional affixes.

8. Classification of suffixes.

8. Stem. Types of stems.

9. Morphological classification of words.

10. Word composition. Compound words. The criteria of compounds. The “Stone-Wall” problem.

11. Classification of Compounds.

12. Minor ways of word-building. Shortening. Blending. Acronyms. Back-formation.

13. Conversion. Conversion in different parts of speech. Productivity of conversion.

14. Word meaning. Types of meaning. Grammatical meaning.

15. Structure of Lexical Meaning. Denotational and connotational components

of lexical meaning, their stylistic reference, evaluation, emotive charge.

8. Lexical meaning and the notion.

9. Polysemy. Semantic structure of polysemantic words.

10. Semantic change. Linguistic and extra-linguistic causes of semantic change. Nature of semantic change. Types of semantic change.

11. Different types of semantic transfer. Metaphor. Metonymy. Shifts of meaning through hyperbole, litotes, irony and euphemisms.

12. Set expressions. Classification.

13. Свободные словосочетания и фразеология.

14. Phraseological Units and idioms proper.

15. Homonyms. Classification. Sources. Polysemy and homonymy.

16. Synonyms. Sources of synonymy.

17. Synonyms. Types of synonyms.

18. Lexical variants and paronyms.

19. Antonyms and conversives.

20. The English vocabulary as an adaptive system. Neologisms.

21. English vocabulary as a system.

22. Types of non-semantic grouping. Morphological grouping. Lexico-grammatical groups.

23. Thematic and ideographic groups. The theories of semantic fields.

24. The opposition of emotionally coloured and emotionally neutral vocabulary. Core (Basic) vocabulary.

25. Terminological systems.

26. Learned words and official vocabulary.

27. Colloquial words and expressions.

28. Slang.

29. The origin of the English words. Words of native origin. Common Indo-European and Germanic word-stock. Characteristic features of native words.

30. History of loan words in English. Sources of loans.

31. Early borrowings in the English language. Celtic element. Latin borrowings. Norman-French. Borrowings. Borrowings from Spanish and Italian.

32. Structural types of loans. Proper borrowings. Calques: lexical and semantic.

33. Russian loans in the English language.

34. Assimilation. Types of assimilation. Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation.

35. Etymological doublets. International words.

36. Regional varieties of the English language. Standard variant and dialects. Accent and Dialect.

37. American English.

38. Canadian, Australian, Indian English.

39. History of British Lexicography.

40. History of American Lexicography.

41. Types of dictionaries.