Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

Methods of teaching foreign languages пәні бойынша сұрақтар:

1. Aims, content, principles of teaching foreign language

2. Teaching pronunciation

3. Teaching Grammar

4. Teaching reading

5. Teaching Listening

6. Testing

7. Error treatment

8. Planning a lesson

9. Teaching speaking

10. Role-play

11. Teaching Vocabulary

12. Error correction

13. Developing oral skills

15. Presenting and practicing speaking structures

16. Developing reading skills

17. Developing writing skills.

18. Placement test

19. Diagnostic test

20. Multiple choice test

21. Achievement test

22. Formative assessment

23. Summative assessment

24. Types of test

25. Types of reading

26. Productive skills

27. Nonproductive skills

28. Types of writing

29. Direct methods

30. Communicative approach

Lexicology пәні бойынша сұрақтар:

1. Lexicology is the branch of linguistics.

The Object of Lexicology. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics (the science of language) dealing with the vocabulary of a language. Thus, the literal meaning of the term Lexiсolоgу is ‘the science of the word’. The term vocabulary is used to denote the system formed by the sum total of all the words and word equivalents that the language possesses. The term word denotes the basic unit of a given language resulting from the association of a particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical employment. A word therefore is simultaneously a semantic, grammatical and phonological unit.

Phonetics, for instance, investigating the phonetic structure of language, i.e. its system of phonemes and intonation patterns, is concerned with the study of the outer sound form of the word.

Grammar is the study of the grammatical structure of language. It is concerned with the various means of expressing grammatical relations between words and with the patterns after which words are combined into word-groups and sentences.

Lexicology has its own aims and methods of scientific research. Its basic task is a study and systematic description of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use. Lexicology is concerned with words, variable word-groups, phraseological units, and with morphemes which make up words.

Distinction is naturally made between General Lexicology and Special Lexicology. General Lexicology is a part of General Linguistics; it is concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language. Special Lexicology is the Lexicology of a particular language (e.g. English, Kazakh, Turkish, etc.). Special Lexicology is based on the principles worked out and laid down by General Lexicology, a general theory of vocabulary.

The evolution of any vocabulary forms the object of Historical Lexicology. This branch of linguistics discusses the origin of various words, their change and development, and investigates the linguistic and extralinguistic forces modifing their structure, meanibg and usage. Descriptive Lexicology deals with vocabulary of a given language at a given stage of its development. Thus, there are two approaches in a study of vocabulary units as Diachronic and Synchronic approaches. These two approaches should not be contrasted or set one against the other. They are intrinsically interconnected and interdepended.