- •Қожа Ахмет Ясауи атындағы Халықаралық қазақ-түрік университеті
- •2015-2016 Оқу жылы «Шетел филологиясы» мамандығы бойынша магистратураға түсу үшін бағдар сұрақтар тізімі: Theoretical grammar пәні бойынша
- •3. Noun. The category of gender
- •4. Verb. Notional parts of speech
- •Verb as a Part of Speech
- •5. Functional parts of speech
- •6. Simple sentence
- •7. Complex sentence
- •8. Compound sentence
- •9. Sentence. General
- •Complication Contamination
- •Replacement – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
- •Ajoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •10. Noun. General
- •11. Verb. General
- •12. Parts of the sentence
- •13. Communicative types of the sentence
- •14. Compound sentence.
- •15. The category of Mood
- •16. Ways of clause connection
- •17. The category of voice
- •18. The category of tense
- •Present Past
- •Future I Future II
- •19. The categories of person and number
- •20. The aspective categories of the verb
- •21. Adjective
- •22. Adverb
- •23. Pronoun
- •24. Prepositions
- •25. Conjunctions
- •26. Numerals
- •27. Articles the use of articles in english
- •3. The introductory function
- •28. Conditionals
- •29. Reported speech
- •30. Passive voice Use of Passive
- •Form of Passive
- •Examples of Passive
- •Examples of Passive
- •Passive Sentences with Two Objects
- •Personal and Impersonal Passive
- •Methods of teaching foreign languages пәні бойынша сұрақтар:
- •2. The etymology of English words
- •3. Words of native origin
- •5. Semasiology
- •6. What is meaning?
- •7. Grammatical meaning.
- •8. Lexical meaning.
- •9. Denotational meaning.
- •10. Connotational meaning.
- •11. Classification of word
- •12. Hyponymic structures
- •13. Semantic equivalence and synonymy
- •14. Word-groups
- •15. Meaning of word-groups
- •§ 4. Lexical Meaning
- •16. Meaning and polysemy
- •18. Word-Formation
- •19. Affixation
- •20. Prefixation
- •21. Classification of prefixes.
- •22. Suffixation.
- •23. Classification of suffixes.
- •24. Phraseological units
- •25. Free wordgroups
- •26. Sources of homonyms.
- •27. Various types and ways of forming words.
- •28. Idioms
- •29. Lexicography
- •30. Local dialects
18. The category of tense
The category of tense is a verbal category that reflects the objective category of time. The essential characteristic of the category of tense is that it relates the time of the action, event or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance (the time of the utterance being 'now ' or the present moment). The tense category is realized through the oppositions. The binary principle of oppositions remains the basic one in the correlation of the forms that represent the grammatical category of tense. The present moment is the main temporal plane of verbal actions. Therefore, the temporal dichotomy may be illustrated by the following graphic representation (the arrows show the binary opposition):
Present Past
Future I Future II
Generally speaking, the major tense-distinction in English is undoubtedly that which is traditionally described as an opposition of past::present. But this is best regarded as a contrast of past:: non-past. Quite a lot of scholars do not recognize the existence of future tenses, because what is described as the 'future' tense in English is realized by means of auxiliary verbs will and shall. Although it is undeniable that will and shall occur in many sentences that refer to the future, they also occur in sentences that do not. And they do not necessarily occur in sentences with a future time reference. That is why future tenses are often treated as partly modal.
Other Categories of Verbs
Besides the already discussed categories of the verb, there are some other categories like
aspect, order, posteriority, tense and others.
These categories are very often mixed up: most authors consider them within the tense
category. To illustrate this we'll view the conception of Henry Sweet.
To H. Sweet (42) there are three tenses in English. "Tense is primarily the grammatical expression of
distinctions of time".
Every occurrence, considered from the point of view of time, must be either past (I was
here yesterday), present (he is here today), or future (he will be here tomorrow).
Simple and Compound Tenses: The present, preterite and future are simple tenses. All the perfect tenses are
referred by him to compound tense. These tenses combine present, past and future respectively with a time anterior
to each of these periods:
present perfect = preterite + preterite;
pluperfect (past p.) = pre-preterite + preterite;
future perfect = pre - future + future
Primary and secondary Tenses: He writes: “When we speak of an occurrence as past, we must have some
point of time from which to measure it.
When we measure the time of an occurrence from the time when we are speaking, that is, from the present,
the tense which expresses the time of the occurrence is called a primary tense. The present, preterite, future and
perfect (the present perfect) are primary tenses.
A secondary tense on the other hand, is measured not from the time when we are speaking, but from some
past or future time of which we are speaking and consequently a sentence containing secondary tense makes us
expect another sentence containing a verb in a primary tense to show the time from which that of the secondary
tense is to be measured. The pluperfect and future perfect are both secondary tenses.
He will have informed his friends by the time they (the quests) arrived.
He had informed his friends when the quests arrived.
Complete and Incomplete Tenses. The explanation of this classification of tenses by H. Sweet is vague and
confused because he mixes up the lexical and grammatical means, compare:
I have lived my life.
1 have lived here a good many years.
The first is complete and second is incomplete. As one can see there's no difference in the form of verbs.
He makes his division because of different distribution of the tense forms. But one point is clear in his conception.
He considers continuous tense to be also incomplete as for instance:
The clock is striking twelve while.
The clock has struck twelve. (complete)
Continuous Tenses are opposed to Point-Tenses:
I've been writing letters all day.
We set out for Germany.
Though even here we observe some confusion. Such examples are also considered to be
continuous or recurrent:
He goes to Germany twice a year.
Definite and Indefinite Tenses: the shorter a tense is, the more definite it generally is in duration. Long
times (continuous and recurrent) - are generally more indefinite:
I write my letters in the evenings.
I am writing a letter.
Q. Jespersen (34):
O. Jeperson’s view of the grammatical tenses in English is illustrated in the table below:
B
A_________________O_________________C
A B Future
Before past
Past
After past
Present
Before future
Future
After future
After-past time: I know of no language which possesses a simple tense for this notion. A usual meaning
“obligation” in English most often is expressed by “was to”:
Next year she gave birth to a son who was to cause her great anxiety.
After future. This has a chiefly theoretical interest, and I doubt very much whether forms like I shall be
going to rewrite (which implies nearness in time to the chief future time is of very frequent occurrence).
The Continuous tenses he calls expanded ones: is writing, will be asking, will have been asking ... or
composite tense-forms.
The categories of tense, aspect and order characterize an action from different points of
view.
The tense of a verb shows the time of the action; the aspect of a verb deals with the development of the
action, while order denotes the order of the actions.
When discussing grammatical categories we accepted that a grammatical category is a grammatical
meaning which has a certain grammatical means to be expressed.
The analyses of the following example will help us to make certain conclusions: When you
come he will have been writing his composition. The predicates of the sentence are in the
indicative mood. And, as has been stated, it is in this mood all the grammatical categories of the
verb are expressed. The tense is future and it is expressed by the auxiliary word/verb will. The
order is prior and it is expressed by the auxiliary verb have + -en or -ed. The aspect is continuous
and it is expressed by the auxiliary verb be + ing.
Since all these categories have their own means we may call them grammatical ones. And
as any category must have certain opposition (while defining the grammatical categories we
defined it as “at least having two individual forms”).
The category of tense is orientated with regard to the present tense. The tense category is
the system of three-member opposition. So the present tense may be called as the point of
measurement or orientation point.
The category of order is a system of two-member opposition: prior and non-prior. Compare:
I work - I have worked.
So the prior order marker have + ed is opposite to the zero of non-prior. As in English there are three
tenses. This grammatical category can be expressed in all of them. Present: I work – I have worked. Past: I worked –
I had worked. Future: I shall work – I shall have worked.
The category of aspect is a system of two-member opposition: Continuous – Non-continuous: I work – I
am working.
T o be - ing is the morpheme of the continuous meaning. This category is found in all the three tenses.
Present: I work – I am working
Past: I worked – I was working.
Future: I'll work – I'll be working.
The means of expression of these categories are arranged in a certain sequence. In the
active voice they are arranged in the following way:
Tense is expressed in the first component of the predicate: order – in first or second
(second if it is in the future tense), aspect – in the second or third components. The order means
always precede the aspect means if both are found in the predicate.
If the predicate is in the passive voice the tense is again expressed by the first component
of it while the means of the passive voice follows the means of the aspect and order categories.
Note: In the future tense the passive meaning and the aspect (continuous) is incompatible.
The form of the verb may show whether the agent expressed by the subject is the doer of the action or the recipient of the action (John broke the vase - the vase was broken). The objective relations between the action and the subject or object of the action find their expression in language as the grammatical category of voice. Therefore, the category of voice reflects the objective relations between the action itself and the subject or object of the action:
Relations of actions The category of voice
The category of voice is realized through the opposition Active voice::Passive voice. The realization of the voice category is restricted because of the implicit grammatical meaning of transitivity/intransitivity. In accordance with this meaning, all English verbs should fall into transitive and intransitive. However, the classification turns out to be more complex and comprises 6 groups:
1. Verbs used only transitively: to mark, to raise;
2.Verbs with the main transitive meaning: to see, to make, to build;
3. Verbs of intransitive meaning and secondary transitive meaning. A lot of intransitive verbs may develop a secondary transitive meaning: They laughed me into agreement; He danced the girl out of the room;
4.Verbs of a double nature, neither of the meanings are the leading one, the verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively: to drive home - to drive a car;
5.Verbs that are never used in the Passive Voice: to seem, to become;
6. Verbs that realize their passive meaning only in special contexts: to live, to sleep, to sit, to walk, to jump.
Some scholars admit the existence of Middle, Reflexive and Reciprocal voices. "Middle Voice" - the verbs primarily transitive may develop an intransitive middle meaning: That adds a lot; The door opened; The book sells easily; The dress washes well. "Reflexive Voice": He dressed; He washed - the subject is both the agent and the recipient of the action at the same time. It is always possible to use a reflexive pronoun in this case: He washed himself. "Reciprocal voice”: They met; They kissed - it is always possible to use a reciprocal pronoun here: They kissed each other.
We cannot, however, speak of different voices, because all these meanings are not expressed morphologically.