- •Московская финансово-промышленная академия
- •Unit 1. The Structure of English legal System
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Classification of English Law
- •Legal Personality
- •Natural persons
- •Corporations
- •Unincorporated associations
- •The Sources of English Law
- •Case law
- •Legislation
- •The Courts in Great Britain European Community Law
- •The direct applicability and direct effectivity of Community law
- •Legislation
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 2. Business Organisations
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading.
- •A. The Sole Trader
- •B. The Partnership
- •The existence of a business
- •Carried on in common
- •With a view of profit
- •Persons capable of being partners
- •Firm and the firm name
- •Illegal Partnerships
- •The Relations of Partners to One Another
- •Partnership Property
- •The rights of Partnership Inter Se
- •The expulsion of a partner
- •Duties of Partners Rendering true accounts and full information
- •Duty to account for secret profits
- •Duty not to compete with the firm
- •The relations of Partners to Persons dealing with Them Powers of partners to bind the firm
- •Liability for Debts and Contractual Obligations
- •Liability in Torts
- •Vicarious liability
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 3. Business Organisations The Registered Company
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. C. The Registered Company
- •Unlimited liability companies
- •Limited liability companies
- •Private and public companies limited by shares
- •Groups of Companies: Holding and Subsidiary Companies
- •Separate legal person
- •The Constitution of a Registered Company
- •The contents of the Memorandum
- •The name clause
- •Change of name
- •Common law restrictions on choice of name: ‘passing off’
- •The registered office clause
- •The capital clause
- •Company Promoters
- •Fiduciary duties of promoters
- •Pre-incorporation contracts
- •Provisional Contracts by Public Companies
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 4. Business Organisations The Registered Company as Itself
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Directors
- •The appointment of directors
- •The retirement of directors
- •Age restrictions on directors
- •Disqualification of directors
- •Duty to disqualify unfit directors of insolvent companies
- •The Company Secretary
- •The Enforcement of Directors’ Duties
- •Common law exceptions to the rule in Foss V. Harbottle
- •Illegal acts
- •Personal rights of a shareholder
- •The form of the minority action.
- •Statutory exceptions to Foss V. Harbottle
- •Just and equitable winding up
- •Department of Trade investigations.
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 5. Shares and Shareholders
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Shares and Shareholders
- •The rights and liabilities of the shareholder
- •Registered and bearer shares
- •Mortgages of shares
- •Classes of share
- •Variation of shareholders’ rights
- •Becoming a Member of a Company
- •Ceasing to be Member
- •Transfer of Shares
- •Restrictions on transfers
- •The Register of Members
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main point of the text.
- •Control of Rogue Dealers
- •Monopolies
- •Mergers
- •The Consumer Protection Act 1987
- •Defective product
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 7. Bankruptcy
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Bankruptcy
- •Persons who can be made bankrupt
- •The bankruptcy petition
- •The consequences of the bankruptcy order
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •Unit 8. The Law of Agency
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Definition of Agency
- •Types of Agent
- •The Authority of the Agent
- •By conscent of the principal
- •Ratification
- •Authority by operation of the law: agency of necessity
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 9. The Law of Tort
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •Tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
- •2. Text for reading.
- •Importance of Tortious Liability
- •Torts affecting the person
- •Torts affecting property
- •Torts affecting economic rights
- •Torts affecting reputation
- •Torts affecting rights generally
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 10. The Law of Contract
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Law of Contract
- •Essentials of a Contract
- •Contracts for the Sale of Goods
- •The Form of the Contract
- •The Implied Terms in a Contract for the Sale of Goods
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 11. Contracts of Employment
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Contracts of Employment The Contract for Service and the Contract for Services
- •The distinguishing criteria
- •The position of casual workers
- •The position of temporary workers
- •Vicarious Liability
- •Continuity of Employment
- •Formation of the Contract of Employment.
- •Terms implied into a contract of employment by the common law
- •Terms implied into contracts of employment by statute
- •Unfair dismissal
- •Remedies for unfair dismissal
- •Transfers of undertakings.
- •Fixed Term and Performance Contracts
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 12. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •Introduction into English Law of Real Property
- •Freehold estates
- •Leasehold estates
- •Equitable estates
- •Legal and equitable estates compared
- •Registered and Unregistered Conveyancing
- •Unregistered conveyancing
- •Registered conveyancing
- •The Classification of Estates and Interest in Land: Unregistered and Registered Unregistered land
- •Registered land
- •Choses in Possession
- •Choses in Action
- •Assignable choses in action
- •Negotiable choses
- •Negotiable instruments.
- •Intellectual Property Rights Trade marks and brand names
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 13. The Nature of Security
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. Securities for Loans The Nature of a Security
- •Mortgages of Land
- •Legal mortgages
- •Mortgage by demise.
- •Legal charge.
- •Priority and Protection of Mortgagees
- •Mortgage protection in unregistered conveyancing
- •Mortgage protection in registered land
- •3. Questions
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •Vocabulary a
- •Latin terms
4. Find the following sentences in the text.
Акционеры – владельцы компании, но они владеют активами компании, которые принадлежат компании, как отдельной независимой правовой единице.
Акция – это единица измерения интересов члена компании.
Акции могут быть заложены в качестве обеспечения для получения ссуды.
Прежде всего, все акции обладают одинаковыми правами.
Привилегированные акционеры всегда имеют приоритет перед обычными акционерами на выплату фиксированного дивиденда.
Существуют два условия членства: согласие стать членом и занесение в список членов.
Устав закрытых акционерных компаний может позволять директорам отказаться регистрировать передачу акций.
Каждая компания должна вести список членов.
5. Recite the main point of the text.
Unit 6. Consumer Protection
1. Words to be remembered.
merger– поглощение, слияние компаний
rogue – жулик, мошенник
contravention – нарушение (закона, права), противоречие (закону,
праву)
assurance – заверение, гарантия
accessory – соучастник (преступления)
contempt – неуважение, оскорбление (органа власти)
punish – наказывать
punishable – наказуемый
imprisonment – тюремное заключение
fine – штраф
void – недействительный
injure – причинять вред
refrain – воздерживаться от чего-либо
injury – вред, ущерб
2. Text for reading.
Aims of Competition Law
Competition law regulates the market power of companies and individuals, restraining them from entering agreements restricting competition by fixing the price of goods or services and dividing the available market between them. It also regulates mergers and prevents dominant companies from abusing their position through excessive pricing or discrimination against customers. This interference with the free market is in the interests of the consumer.
The Fair Trading Act 1973
This has been called the most comprehensive measure ever passed to protect the economic interests of the consumer. The Act establishes the position of the Director General of Fair Trading (DG), the Consumer Protection Advisory Committee (CPAC) and reconstitutes the Monopolies and Mergers Commission (MMC).
Under the Fair Trading Act the DG has the following main duties:
regulating monopolies, mergers and restrictive and uncompetitive practices;
supervising trading practices;
reporting bad trading practices to the DTI and making recommendations;
taking action against traders who are persistently unfair to the consumer;
encouraging trade associations to produce voluntary codes of practice;
publishing information and advice to consumers.
Control of Rogue Dealers
Under Part III of the Act the DG has a “bloodhound” as well as a “watchdog” function with regard to persons carrying on a business who persist in a course of conduct which (a) is detrimental to the interests of UK consumers, whether economic or relating to health, safety or otherwise, and (b) is to be regarded on the criteria stated as unfair to consumer. These criteria involve either contraventions of duties, prohibitions or restrictions imposed by the criminal law and also breaches of contract, or other breaches of duty enforceable by civil proceedings.
The DG’s first line of attack is to obtain a satisfactory written assurance that the trader will refrain from continuing the course of conduct and from carrying on any similar course of conduct in the course of that business. Should the DG fail to achieve the written assurance or if such an assurance is broken, he may either bring proceedings in the Restrictive Practices court or, in smaller cases, in the county court for the district in which the practice is carried on. The power of the courts specified include (a) the obtaining of an undertaking to refrain from the specified course of conduct or (b) the making of an order on similar terms. The court also has power to obtain undertakings from or make orders against accessories, directors or officers of companies and other members of a group of interconnected bodies corporate. Legal aid is generally available to defend these actions and appeals lie to the Court of Appeal. Breach of an undertaking given or order made constitutes contempt of court punishable by imprisonment or a fine.