9. Newspapers

A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication, usually print­ed on low-cost paper containing current news within a variety of topics. Those can include political events, crime, business reporting, sports, and weather forecasts. Newspapers increasingly use photographs to illustrate stories; they also often include comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords.

The general variety is issued every day (a daily newspaper), often with the exception of Sundays and some national holidays. Weekly newspa­pers, printed once a week, are also common; they tend to be smaller and less prestigious than daily papers.

Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local news­paper serving a city or region. In the United States and Canada, there are few truly national newspapers, with the notable exceptions of "The USA Today" and "The Wall Street Journal" in the United States and "The Globe and Mail" and "The National Post" in Canada. Large met­ropolitan newspapers with expanded distribution networks such as "The New York Times", "The Washington Post", and "The Los Angeles Times" can fullfil the role of "de facto" national newspapers.

The owner of the newspaper, or person in charge, is the publisher. The person responsible for content is the editor, editor-in-chief, or executive editor.

Almost all newspapers make nearly all their money from advertising. Publishers of commercial newspapers strive for higher circulation so that advertising in their newspaper becomes more effective, allowing the newspaper to attract more advertisers and charge more for the service.

Some newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases free access is only available for a matter of days or weeks, or readers must register and provide personal data.

The future of newspapers is cloudy, with overall readership slowly dining in most developed countries due to increasing competition from television and the Internet. The 57^th annual World Newspaper Congress, held in Istanbul in June 2004, reported circulation increases in only 35 of 208 countries studied. Most of the increase came in developing countries, notably China. Newspapers also face increased competition from Internet for classified ads, especially for jobs, which have long been source of revenue.

10. Bertrand russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell (May 18, 1872 - February 2, 1970) was one of the most influential math­ematicians, philosophers, and logicians of the modern age, working mostly in the 20^lh century. A prolific writer, Russell was also a populariser of philosophy and a commenta­tor on a large variety of topics, ranging from very serious issues to the mostly mundane. Russell's elegant prose, clarity of expression, and biting wit were widely admired. Continuing a family tradition in political affairs, _{he was an influential liberal activist for most} of his long life. Millions looked up to Russell as a prophet of the creative and rational life; at the same time, his stances on many topics were extremely controversial. Born at the height of Britain's economic and political ascendancy, he died of influenza nearly a century later when Britain's empire had all but vanished, and her power had dissipated in two victorious, but debilitating world wars. As one of the world's most well known intellectuals, Russell's voice carried enormous moral authority, even into his late nineties. Among his other political activities, Russell was an influential proponent of nuclear disarmament and an outspoken critic of the American war in Vietnam.

In 1950, Russell was made Nobel Laureate in Literature "in recogni­tion of his varied and significant writings in which he champions human­itarian ideals and freedom of thought".