- •Contents
- •The Future-In-The-Past Tense……………………………………………………………..45 the present indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Indefinite.
- •1. The Present Indefinite is formed from the infinitive without the particle to.
- •9. To denote future actions in adverbial clauses of time after conjunctions when
- •10. To denote future actions in adverbial clauses of condition after conjunctions if
- •In case
- •11. To denote future actions in adverbial clauses of concession after conjunctions
- •What do we do next?
- •The present continuous tense
- •III. The Present Continuous Tense is used to denote:
- •Actions or events which are in progress at the moment of speaking. To emphasize this, we often use adverbials like now, at the moment, just, etc.:
- •6. For a frequently repeated action, usually when the frequency annoys the speaker or
- •7. For an action which appears to be continuous:
- •8. To describe current trends:
- •Verbs not normally used in the continuous tenses
- •VII. Verbs denoting effect or influence: astonish, impress, please, satisfy, surprise. Feel, look, smell and taste used in the continuous forms
- •2. Look
- •3. Smell
- •4.Taste
- •See and hear used in the continuous forms
- •Think, assume and expect used in the continuous forms
- •The past indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Past Indefinite.
- •Verbs ending in -e add -d only:
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
- •Irregular verbs: form
- •If the period is over or reference is made to a particular past point of time within that
- •2. In narrations to express a succession of action of past actions.
- •3. To express recurrent actions. It is generally supported by the use of adverbial modifiers
- •4. To express the immediate past. We can sometimes use the simple past without a time
- •6. To express permanent actions which indicate continuous, uninterrupted processes in the past, giving a general characteristic of the person or thing denoted by the subject.
- •The past continuous tense
- •2. The Past Continuous is used to express an action going on at a given period of time in the past.
- •The future indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Indefinite Tense
- •1. The Future Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs shall/will
- •3. To denote future habitual actions which we assume will take place.
- •4. In sentences containing clauses of condition, time and sometimes purpose
- •The future continuous tense
- •The present perfect tense
- •III. The use of the Present Perfect
- •Have you been to Denmark?
- •Is this the first time you’ve been in hospital?
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •The past perfect tense
- •Had he not worked?
- •Hadn’t you worked?
- •The Squire was purple with anger before his son had done speaking.
- •With verbs not admitting of the Continuous form:
- •In negative sentences:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Had he not been working?
- •Hadn’t you been working?
- •III. The use of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •The future perfect tense
- •I. The formation of thePerfect Continuous Tense
- •Will he not have worked?
- •Shan’t we have worked?
- •III. The use of the Future Perfect
- •The future perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •The Future Perfect Continuous denotes an action begun before a definite moment in the future and continued into that future moment;
- •The future-indefinite-in-the-past
- •I. The formation of the Future-Indefinite-in-the-Past
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Shouldn’t I work/
- •III. The use of the Future-Indefinite-in-the-Past.
- •The future-continuous-in-the-past
- •I. The formation of the Future-Continuous-in-the-Past
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •I. The formation of the Future-Continuous-in-the-Past
- •I. The formation of the Future-Perfect-in-the-Past
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Should I not have been working?
- •Wouldn’t he have been working?
- •III. The use of the Future-Perfect-Continuous-in-the-Past
- •List of irregular verbs
- •Appendix
- •I. Some spelling rules
- •I. Doubling the final consonant.
- •II. Mute Final e.
- •III. Final -y and Its Modifications.
Міністерство освіти і науки України
Одеський національний університет ім. І. І. Мечникова
Інститут соціальних наук
О.М. Набока
Н.О. Коваль
ENGLISH TENSES
THEORY
«Астропринт»
Одеса
2006
Автори-укладачі: О.М. Набока , доцент кафедри іноземних мов гуманітарних
факультетів ОНУ;
Н.О. Коваль, викладач кафедри іноземних мов гуманітарних факультетів ОНУ;
Друкується за рішенням Вченої ради Інституту соціальних наук Одеського національного університету ім. І. І. Мечникова
Протокол № ____ від _________ 2006 р.
Contents
The Present Indefinite Tense……………………………………………………………….4
The Present Continuous Tense……………………………………………………………..8
The Present Perfect Tense……………………………………………………………….. 30
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense…………………………………………………….33
The Past Indefinite Tense…………………………………………………………………15
The Past Continuous Tense……………………………………………………………….20
The Past Perfect Tense……………………………………………………………………36
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense………………………………………………………39
The Future Indefinite Tense……………………………………………………………….26
The Future Continuous Tense…………………………………………………………….29
The Future Perfect Tense …………………………………………………………………41
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense …………………………………………………….43
The Future-In-The-Past Tense……………………………………………………………..45 the present indefinite (simple) tense
I. The formation of the Present Indefinite.
1. The Present Indefinite is formed from the infinitive without the particle to.
The third person singular adds –s; -es to the Infinitive.
2. The interrogative and the negative forms are formed by means of the Present
Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to do and the infinitive of the notional verb
without the particle to.
Affirmative Interrogative Negative
I work Do I work? I do not work
He works Does he work? He does not work
She works Does she work? She does not work
We work Do we work? We do not work
You work Do you work? You do not work
They work Do they work? They do not work
3. The contracted negative forms are:
I don’t work
He doesn’t work
They don’t work
4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
Do you not work?
Don’t you work?
Does he not work?
Doesn’t he work?
II. SPELLING NOTES
Verbs ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x and -о add es, instead of s alone, to form the third person singular:
I kiss, he kisses I box, he boxes
I rush, he rushes I do, he does
I watch, he watches I go, he goes
When -у follows a consonant we change the у into i and add -es:
I carry, he carries
I copy, he copies
I try, he tries
but verbs ending in у following a vowel obey the usual rule:
I obey, he obeys
I say, he says
III. The Present Indefinite is used in the following cases:
1. to denote habitual actions, to state facts in the present.
I live in St.-Petersburg.
Most dogs bark.
2. to state general rules or laws of nature, that is to show that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future.
Snow melts at 0 C.
Two plus two makes four.
3. to denote recurrent actions or everyday activity. This use is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often
seldom
sometimes
occasionally
always
never
ever
every year ( week, month, day )
usually
once ( twice, thrice ) a year
daily
on Sundays and the like
He usually wakes up around six o’clock and has his cup of coffee.
On Sundays we stay at home.
Do you often go to the dancing hall?
4. to denote actions and states continuing at the moment of speaking (with stative and relational verbs).
He wants to see you at the moment.
Who does the car belong to?
I do not understand you at all.
5. to express an instantaneous action which takes place at the moment of speaking but it is not viewed in its progress. The speaker just names the occurrence itself, the actions as such.
You leave me no choice.
I swear it to you.
I refuse to listen to you .You talk such nonsense.
6. to express declarations, announcements, etc. referring to the moment of speaking.
I declare the meeting open.
I agree to your proposal.
7. to express a succession of point actions taking place at the moment of speaking (in the outlines of novels, plays, stage directions, films, demonstrations, etc. It is often used by radio commentators at sports events).
Now I peel the apples, slice them and put them into the dish. (demonstration )
When the curtain rises, Juliet is writing at her desk. Suddenly the window opens and
a masked man enters. (the action of the play)
Now watch me closely: I take a match, light it, put it into the glass and … oh,
nothing happens!
8. to denote future actions. Mostly with verbs of motion ( to go, to come, to start, to leave, to return, to arrive, to sail, etc.) usually if the actions denote a settled plan and the future time is indicated:
I go to Moscow next. She leaves for England in two months