Exercise 18. Compose sentences according to the model:

Model: To repair an old car - to buy a new one. He had already repaired his old car when he bought a new one. or He had been repairing his old car for some years before he bought a new one.

1. to install apparatus - to close the laboratory.

2. to spread an information - to find out that it was false.

3. to provide with service - to understand that it wasn't necessary.

4. to widen the range of application - to find one more.

5. to increase the output of production - to receive an order for a new item.

6. to retire - to offer a new job.

7. to listen to an alarm clock - to get up.

8. to drive a car - to run into a truck.

9. to use this material - to find out that the other one is better.

10. to fail in mathematics - to be expelled from the university.

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences:

1. Він водив машину вже три роки, коли йому запропонували роботу водія.

2. Вчора я продав стару машину, тому що купив нову днями.

3. Прoїзд вже було цілком застопорено в зв'язку з аварією, коли приїхала поліція.

4. Випуск старих двигунів ще продовжувався, коли керівництво вирішило встановити нову лінію.

5. Я чекав у машині майже півгодини, коли прямування по вулиці нарешті відновилося.

6. Фургон уже півгодини їхав із швидкістю 70 км (kilometres per hour), коли водій побачив знак «50».

7. Майстер пропрацював цілий час, поки зрозумів причину поломки.

8. Скільки років вихлопні гази забруднювали повітря до того, як екологи почали боротися з цим?

9. До 40 років він домігся великого успіху.

10. Гальмовий ремінь остаточно ослабів, коли він доїхав до станції техобслуговування .

11. Люди залежали від коней, поки не з'явилися перші машини і вантажівки.

12. Автомобіль користувався великою популярністю вже на протязі багатьох років, коли з'явилися перші серйозні проблеми.

13. Розвиток парових двигунів уже набрав силу в Європі, коли була винайдена перша машина.

14. Винахідники вирішували цю проблему якийсь час, коли з'явилася нова.

TEXT 5 A

Task 1. Think over the answers to the following questions:

1. What are the conveniences that the car brought to our life?

2. What are the drawbacks of the car's interference in our life?

3. Would you prefer to live in a carless society?

4. Have you ever watched car racing?

5. Do you know anything from the history of the automobile?

6. Which country is the greatest car-producer?

7. What businesses are related with automobile industry?

8. Can you name the most popular car-models?

Task 2. Read an translate the text:

Automobile

Automobile is the most important means of personal transportation for many millions of people around the globe. Worldwide, there are more than 400 million passenger cars plus more than 100 million light trucks, such as vans and pickups. People depend on their cars and trucks to travel to and from work, to run errands, to visit friends and relatives, and to take vacations.

The United States, Canada, Japan, Western European countries, and other developed nations have the most automobiles. But even in developing countries, more and more people own cars, and bumper-to-bumper traffic clogs the streets of big cities in many of those countries.

The automobile helped give people the freedom to live, work, travel wherever they wanted. It ended the lonely lives of farm families by placing neighbours, cities and towns within by reach. The automobile led to the growth of suburbs, motels, shopping centres, superhighways, drive-in restaurants.

But along with all the glories of the automobile culture came serious problems. Car accidents killed and injured at an alarming rate, exhaust fumes fouled the air, and the roar of the city traffic became nerve-racking. Some people yearned for the old days before the automobile, when the life seemed simpler, slower, and gentler. But there could be no going back. The automobile has become woven into the fabric of modern life. And the auto industry itself has become basic to the economic well-being of developed countries. Today many developing nations also seek to set up an automotive industry because it generates and supports wide range of businesses and so can stimulate economic growth.

The first cars. During the late 1700s, the development of steam-powered engines progressed rapidly in Europe. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, a French military engineer, built the first self-propelled road vehicles in 1769 and 1777. One was designed to carry passengers, and the other was a three-wheeled steam tractor for hauling artillery.

Numerous attempts in England to promote the use and development of steam cars failed because of competition from railroad. Early steam cars damaged roads and sometimes blew up. They also made a terrible racket, dirtied the air with smoke and frightened the horses.

Steam cars had big disadvantages, at first, it took too long for the fire to heat the boiler. Inventors solved this problem but others remained. Besides, these engines cost much to build and to maintain.

Electric cars. About 1891, William Morrison built the first successful American electric car, a six-passenger vehicle powered by batteries under the seats. Electric cars were quiet, easy to operate and free of smelly fumes. But the batteries limited how far or fast electric cars could go.

Gasoline cars. The automobile, as we know it today, resulted from the development of the internal-combustion engine. Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir, a Belgian living in France, patented the first commercially successful internal-combustion engine in 1860. In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz, two Germans working separately, developed the first successful four-stroke gasoline engines. Their engines led to the development of those used in the most cars today.

The birth of the automobile industry occurred in 1885, the year Daimler and Benz built their successful gasoline engines. Until 1900, Europe led the world in automobile development and production. Many present-day European car companies began in the late 1800's. For example, Peugeot, a French firm, started making automobiles in 1890. Another French company, Renault, began producing cars in 1898. Fiat of Italy dates from 1899. France and Germany became the first large production centres. But Detroit of the US soon became the Automobile Capital of the world and the main reason for it was that this area had a large number of successful pioneer auto-makers. Ransom E. Olds – in 1901 his firm began to mass-produce Oldsmobile, a low-cost gasoline car. Henry Ford – he founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903. The key to his success was his moving assembly line, which tripled production. William Crapo Durant – he founded General Motors Company with the goal of making cars in a broad range of sizes and prices. The Dodge brothers made their own cars with all-steel body.

Technological advances came quickly after the birth of the auto industry and helped make cars safer, more comfortable and easier to operate. One major development was the introduction of the electric self-starter, which ended the need to insert a crank into the front of the engine and then turn the crank by hand until the engine started. Hand-cranking was difficult, troublesome and dangerous.

Economic impact. Economic importance of the auto extends far beyond making cars. The manufacture of motor vehicles alone provides millions of jobs worldwide. But supplier industries provide even more jobs than does manufacturing. And still more millions work in such related businesses as service stations, repair shops, and car agencies. For example, the auto industry and more than 500,000 related businesses in the US employ about 12 million workers – about a tenth of the US labour force.

Manufacturing jobs in the auto industry generally pay well and offer good benefits regarding vacations, insurance and retirement. Production workers earn the most money and receive the best benefits in developed countries. But even in developing nations, workers make two or three times more in automotive production than in other manufacturing activities.

The auto industry also aids many countries' economy by its huge consumption of the output of other industries. For example, the typical car requires more than 680 kilograms of steel, 230 kilograms of iron, 90 kilograms of plastics and 45 kilograms each of rubber and aluminum.

Automobile manufacturing can spur growth in developing countries because it generates and supports a broad range of businesses. Three main activities can be established – manufacturing, selling and servicing.

Major producing countries and companies. In the major of its products automobile industry leads all other manufacturing industries in Japan, the US and some other countries. Most developed nations produce motor vehicles. Many developing nations also manufacture cars and trucks or assemble them for auto-makers of other countries. In addition, more than 100 countries make parts and components.

Japan and the United States are the largest car producers. Other major producers are France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy and Spain. In general, the largest auto-making countries have the largest markets for cars. The largest US auto-makers are General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company and Chrysler Corporation. Japan's major producers are Toyota Motor Corporation, Nissan Motor Company, Honda Motor Company, Mitsubishi Motor Company and Mazda Motor Corporation.

European producers include Jaguar of Great Britain; Mercedes-Benz, Audi, Volkswagen, BMW, and Porsche of Germany; Saab and Volvo of Sweden; Peugeot and Renault of France; Fiat of Italy.