13. Answer the following questions:
What was the aim of psychological testing?
What specialists carried it out?
What are the main demands for the President's representative?
What demands do you consider to be of primary im portance? Give your arguments.
What kind of test were the senior people given?
Do you know the procedure of testing in accordance with the Luchaire test?
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Political science
W hat questionnaires supplemented the Luchaire test?
How many people were tested?
What form were the conclusions made in?
What three categories were obtained as a result of this testing?
How many representatives resigned?
Is such testing characteristic for the administration in advanced countries?
14. Agree or disagree with the following:
Implementation of such tests is a necessary measure.
Such kind of testing humiliates human dignity.
Self-reliance is the basic quality for the political leader.
High IQ scores are a criterion for a politician to take an office.
The Luchair test may give a subjective picture.
It is recommended sometimes to apply a lie-detector to find out the real intentions of the competitor for an office.
The Cattell and California psychological questionnaires are a useful technique in conducting such a testing.
The management grating is of significance as well.
A special programme for selecting politicians for the government administration should be created.
Information on the health and psychological condi tion of the future political leaders should be known to the public.
Definite criteria for a hypothetical candidate into the government should be elaborated.
15. Enumerate the basic qualities pertaining to the po litical leader. Some of them such as heightened responsi bility, purposefulness, persistence have already been iden tified in the article. Prolong the list, please.
16. Review the article.
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17. Read and translate the article:
WINSTON
«Denounced in turn as charlatan, braggart, turncoat and warmonger, he was many times defeated at the polls, swept from high office, made the scapegoat of others' failures. But if Churchill was sometimes wrong, on the great issues of his times he was most often right. History will forgive his faults; it can never forget the indomitable spirit that swept a people to greatness.»
The name summons up a host of images: the valiant leader of wartime Britain, whose bulldog countenance mirrored his nation's courage. The great orator, whose ringing words armored the Allies with the confidence to overcome Hitler's armies. The happy warrior, whose V-for-victory sign, homburg hat and ever-present cigar - even when seen amid the bombed-out rubble of Britain's House of Commons - evoked pride and defiance.
This is the man of legend, the Churchill of the 1940s. But behind the plaster statue there is a real person to discover — the Churchill of the 1930s. For before he rallied millions around the globe to his cause, Winston Churchill fought a lonely war of his own. For 10 years — while Adolf Hitler rose to power built his great war machine, ruthlessly expanded Germany's reach and made secret pacts with fellow dictators - Churchill was a lone voice, warning anyone who would listen of the dangers ahead.
Few did. Churchill was exiled from the mainstream of his party. He was branded a warmonger by peace-loving Britons, still scarred by the carnage of World War I. He was burdened with a crushing load of personal debts. He was troubled over the state of his marriage. He was scorned as an out-of-touch relic of a vanished Victorian age.
Churchill did not change; instead, events paved the way for his return to power - and the Allies' final triumph over Hitler. And this, perhaps, was his finest hour.
Taking Hitler's Measure. In the 1930s Winston Churchill was the only voice sounding the alarm against Hitler. His fellow Conservatives shunned him, and he was not offered a position in the government.
But Churchill was a man of action. Not content to sit on the sidelines as a spectator, he became England's foremost expert on the details of Hitler's plans. He assembled a personal network of intelligence agents, men who defied Britain's government and risked their careers to. provide secret information detailing Germany's resurgence: details on troops, production figures for arms factories, even advance copies of Hitler's speeches.
One of Churchill's most valuable contacts was Ralph Wilgram, the head of the central department of Britain's Foreign Office. Wilgram had a personal reason for fearing Nazism: his four-year-old son suffered from a mental disorder and would be treated as damaged goods under Hitler's master-race schemes.
At the Foreign Office, Wilgram and his team produced reports tracking the growing might of Hitler's armies, only to find - to their astonishment - that the information was ignored by government ministers. For years Wilgram's team secretly passed these documents to Churchill and the great communicator used them, to expose Hitler's plans.
Thanks to his secret espionage network, when Churchill finally assumed power - at the moment of Britain's greatest peril - he was the master of every detail of Hitler's war machine.
Living by the, pen. Churchill once proclaimed, «Human beings are divided into three categories: those who are billed to death, those who are worried to death and those who are bored to death.»
There was never a question of Churchill's being bored: his extreme energy drove him to become an accomplished amateur painter, a steady stonemason, and a bon vivant
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who
loved matching wits on politics and history over dinner with
a brilliant coterie of guests. But in the 1930s, the man
who appeared to live the life of a grand English lord was,
in reality, billed and worried to distraction.
Even as Churchill was consumed with sounding the alarm on Hitler, he had more immediate problems on the home front - including paying the bills and putting food on the table.
In exile from Britain's ruling circles, Churchill spent most of the 1930s at Chartwell, the historic estate in Kent he had bought in 1922. Here he felt imbued with the spirit of Britain's past. He wrote his great works of history in his study, the oldest part of Chartwell.
Though few knew it, he supported himself entirely on his earnings as a working journalist during the 1930s. An industrious freelancer, he completed 11 books and wrote more than 400 newspaper and magazine articles between 1931 and 1939 - while writing and delivering more than 350 major addresses in the House of Commons. Even so, Churchill the writer was hard-pressed to pay the bills run up by Churchill the country gentleman.
Returning to the Helm. As Churchill remained out of power, thundering warnings that were ignored by the government, Adolf Hitler's troops were on the march. In 1936 Hitler's soldiers occupied the Rhineland; in March 1938, they moved into Austria. The British, desperate to stay out of war, met Nazi aggression with an official policy of appeasement. In September 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler in Munich, and in exchange for a promise of peace, ceded control of Czechoslovakia to Germany.
Increasingly, attention turned to the man who for years had warned Britons they must prepare for war. Political cartoons depicted an angry Britannia pleading with Chamberlain to bring Churchill into the government: «Bring him back — it's your last chance.»
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Ironically it was Winston's great foe - Adolf Hitler -who hastened Churchill's return to power. When the Fuhrer invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, plunging Britain into war with Germany, Chamberlain summoned Churchill and asked him to serve as First Lord of the Admiralty - the office he had held with such distinction decades before.
As Churchill walked to the Admiralty building where he would take command, he and a friend found it had already been swathed in barbed wire to defend it from German attack. «What's that for?» the friend gasped. «That's to keep me out,» jested Churchill. But his days in exile were over: his return to lead the Royal Navy had already been flashed to every British ship at sea: «Winston is back!»
And back Churchill was, after a decade of exile. Eight months later he would become Prime Minister, and lead Britain and the Allies to victory. But as his close friend Brendan Bracken said of Churchill's 10 years in the wilderness: «I believe that his long, lonely struggle will prove to be the best chapter in his crowded life.»
(from «TIME», 2002)
18. Give Russian equivalents for:
A warmonger; to be defeated at the polls; to be swept from high office; great issues of one's time; to forgive one's fault; a host of images; to evoke pride and defiance; to fight a lonely war; peace-loving; to pave the way; a return to power; secret espionage network; to match wits on politics; a policy of appeasement.
19. Reproduce the sentences from the article where these word-combinations are used.