Содержание
ВВЕДЕНИЕ …………………………………………………………… 4
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. 5
UNIT 1 …………………………………………………………………. 9
UNIT 2 ………………………………………………………………….15
UNIT 3 ………………………………………………………………….22
UNIT 4 ………………………………………………………………….29
UNIT 5 ………………………………………………………………….36
UNIT 6 ………………………………………………………………….43
Bibliography…………………………………………………………….50
Введение
В данном образовательном продукте инновационно синтезированы основы продуктивных технологий, интегративные учебно-информационные стратегии, а также приемы закрепления языковых средств согласно контекстуально-коммуникативному принципу.
Практикум состоит из введения и шести разделов, каждый из которых включает предтекстовое изучение специальной лексики и предтекстовые информационные задания; аутентичные и специальные тексты, связанные с тематикой выбранного профиля; профильно-ориентированные упражнения; лексические и грамматические упражнения; учебно-речевые ситуации, содержащие проблемно-поисковые задачи и драматизацию через учебно-речевые ситуации, а также конструктивно-практические и информационно-исследовательские проекты.
Цель практикума – тренировать грамматические явления, характерные для технических текстов, а также усовершенствовать у студентов навыки чтения, понимания и перевода неадаптированной специальной литературы на английском языке, расширить терминологический словарный запас и закрепить навыки устной речи.
Тексты практикума отражают основные аспекты и проблемы высоких технологий и инновационных разработок в гидравлике. Перед каждым текстом дан перевод слов и выражений, вызывающих трудности при работе с текстом, а также предтекстовые упражнения. Работа с текстом предполагает следующее: самостоятельное изучение и проработка активной лексики, чтение и перевод текста, обсуждение рассматриваемых в нем вопросов. После текста рекомендуется выполнить задания, в которых, помимо вопросов, направленных на понимание текста, имеются задания на повторение грамматических и лексических правил.
Introduction
Read about the origin of the term «hydraulics» and together with your partner write as many words containing in the first part «hydro» as you can.
The word «hydraulics» originates from the Greek word ὑδραυλικός (hydraulikos) which in turn originates from ὕδραυλος meaning water organ which in turn comes from ὕδωρ (water) and αὐλός (pipe).
It is the branch of engineering that focuses on the practical problems of collecting, storing, measuring, transporting, controlling, and using water and other liquids. It differs from fluid mechanics, which is more theoretical and includes the study of gases as well as liquids; and from hydrology, which is the study of the properties, distribution, and circulation of the Earth's water.
(from http://www.answers.com/topic/hydraulics)
Do you know the basic principle of hydraulics? What is it? Read the information below and compare it with your knowledge.
The Basic Principle Of Hydraulics
The principle of hydraulics is based on Pascal's famous theory. It states
the pressure of the liquid produced in an enclosed structure has the capacity of releasing a force up to ten times the pressure that was produced earlier.
Through hydraulics, the basic result to be achieved is that with little pressure, a great force should be produced.
(from http://www.hydraulicmania.com/)
Words and phrases:
backbone суть, опора, основа
to reign править, царствовать
outlet выпускное или выходное отверстие, сток
padlock висячий замок / закрыть на замок
gurgling бульканье
drain дренаж, водосток, канализационная труба
sewer коллектор, канализационная труба
minor незначительный, второстепенный
brickwork кирпичная кладка
tile кафель, плитка
lead свинец
testimony свидетельство
majesty великолепие
circular круговой, дуговой, циркулярный
to depict изображать
silt ил, нанос / засоряться илом
decantation фильтрование, декантирование
Do you know any historical facts about the first hydraulics inventions?
Read the text first and think of the possible headline for it.
The backbone of Roman hydraulics and water systems is surely the Cloaca Maxima - the Great Drain - which ancient sources attribute to the mythical reigns of two of Rome's seven kings: Tarquinius Priscus (616-579BC) and Servius Tullius (579-535BC).
Part of the Cloaca maxima is still in use today. The outlet of a secondary artery of it is still visible near the Ponte Rotto, Pons Aemiliuse. When walking in the Forum there is a padlocked metal gate through which you can hear the water still gurgling through underground.
Drains and sewers ranged in size. The main drains of the Cloaca Maxima are big enough to allow a horse and cart through for maintenance inspection. Minor urban drains were rather smaller and were literally holes in the brickwork covered over by an inverted V-shaped arch made from two terracotta tiles.
The Romans also used an extensive network of pipes which allowed an efficient water distribution network throughout the city. These could take water into private homes, baths, fountains and toilets before being taken away by the drains and into the sewers. Pipes were often made of terracotta with lead seals to prevent seepage.
The Romans themselves went extremely proud of their sewers so much so that Pliny calls them «Opus omnium maximum» - the greatest work of all.
A testimony of Roman pride for their sewers and the majesty of this underground piece of civil engineering is the famous Mouth of Truth in the nearby church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin. This circular sculpture depicting a river god was actually a drain cover of the Cloaca Maxima.
One of the chief problems in the water systems was that of maintenance. The Romans built complex sets of tanks which would allow the water dirt to decant before flowing on. These decantation chambers were regularly cleaned up. Larger materials were stopped by barriers which acted as gross filters.
(abridged from http://www.mariamilani.com/ancient_rome/rome_building_water.htm)
Look through the text and answer the following questions:
What is the name of the main Roman water system?
What does it look like?
What kind of material was used for the pipes in those times?
Why Pliny was mentioned in the text?
Pair work. Imagine you are the two ancient Romans. Being so proud about your Great Drain tell the guests about it and make them understand what it is.
Translate from Russian into English:
Гидра́влика — это наука, изучающая законы равновесия и движения капельных жидкостей и газов.
Гидравлика, как прикладная наука, применяется для решения различных инженерных задач в области водоснабжения, водоотведения (канализации), при строительстве различных гидротехнических сооружений, а так же при конструировании различных устройств.
Гидравлика широко использует теоретические положения механики и данные экспериментов. В прошлом гидравлика носила чисто экспериментальный и прикладной характер, в последнее время её теоретические основы получили значительное развитие, это способствовало сближению её с гидромеханикой.
Гидравлика решает многочисленные инженерные задачи, рассматривает многие вопросы гидрологии. Этот комплекс вопросов объединяется речной гидравликой, которую можно рассматривать как самостоятельный раздел гидравлики.
По отношению к гидромеханике гидравлика выступает как инженерное направление, получающее решение многих задач о движении жидкости на основе сочетания эмпирических зависимостей, установленных опытным путем, с теоретическими выводами гидромеханики.
Unit 1
Text The Hydraulic Brake System
Can you think of some vehicle without a braking system? Is it so necessary for the vehicle to have brakes? What is the main feature of the brake hydraulic system?
Read the text and after answering the following questions render it:
What are the main components of the hydraulic brake system?
What a master cylinder is?
What is the main function of the hydraulic system?
Words and phrases (to be learnt by heart):
piston поршень
to undiminish не уменьшать, не ослаблять
resultant получающийся в результате; равнодействующий
to depress угнетать, понижать
master cylinder главный цилиндр
brake fluid тормозная жидкость
T-fitting крестовина
hose рукав; шланг; брандспойт
brake shoe тормозная колодка
brake drum тормозной цилиндр, тормозной барабан
to retard замедлять, тормозить, задерживать
to release выпускать, освобождать
disc brake дисковый тормоз
сaliper кронциркуль; нутромер; штангенциркуль
wheel cylinder рабочий тормозной цилиндр
split hydraulic system разделенная гидравлическая система
tandem master cylinder главный цилиндр, с двумя поршнями
pad прокладка, набивка, опора
rear задний, задняя сторона
leak утечка, течь
The hydraulic brake system used in the automobile is a multiple piston system. A multiple piston system allows forces to be transmitted to two or more pistons in the manner indicated in figure 1. Note that the pressure set up by the force applied to the input piston (1) is transmitted undiminished to both output pistons (2 and 3), and that the resultant force on each piston is proportional to its area. The multiplication of forces from the input piston to each output piston is the same as that explained earlier.
The hydraulic brake system from the master cylinders to the wheel cylinders on most automobiles operates in a way similar to the system illustrated in figure 2.
Figure 2.—Multiple piston system.
When the brake pedal is depressed, the pressure on the brake pedal moves the piston within the master cylinder, forcing the brake fluid from the master cylinder through the tubing and flexible hose to the wheel cylinders. The wheel cylinders contain two opposed output pistons, each of which is attached to a brake shoe fitted inside the brake drum. Each output piston pushes the attached brake shoe against the wall of the brake drum, thus retarding the rotation of the wheel. When pressure on the pedal is released, the springs on the brake shoes return the wheel cylinder pistons to their released positions. This action forces the displaced brake fluid back through the flexible hose and tubing to the master cylinder.
The force applied to the brake pedal produces a proportional force on each of the output pistons, which in turn apply the brake shoes frictionally to the turning wheels to retard rotation.
The hydraulic brake system on most automobiles operates in a similar way, as shown in figure 2.
Figure 2.—An automobile brake system.
(from http://www.tpub.com/fluid/ch1j.htm)
Read the text and fill in the gaps using the words given below:
booster calipers distribution box pedal assembly
master cylinder brakes make hydraulics connections
fluid installation
How to Install Hydraulics on a Car
Step 1. Put the car up on a lift because you don't want to install … on a car without one. If you don't have one, borrow a garage lift to make the job much easier.
Step 2. Remove the pedal assembly, the booster, then the… . In most cases, there is a clip that holds the pedal assembly to the … .
Step 3. Replace the brake lines with new and remove the … that are no longer attached to the old discs. Remove the distribution block after you have disconnected the line that feeds the rear … .
Step 4. Install a new booster, master cylinder and … . Follow the manufacturer's directions and make sure the part is compatible with your …, model and year of car. Clip the new booster to the … using the same clip. Install a "T" fitting to evenly distribute the … to both front brakes.
Step 5. Hook the lines up to the calipers, the "T" the master cylinder, the distribution box and the rear breaks. Check all … and bleed the brakes after …. Have a buddy inspect your work because with all those lines, it's easy to miss one.
(from http://www.ehow.com/how_2190925_install-hydraulicscar.html)
Make up a dialogue. A – is a newly-born mechanic who has just come to his work. B – is a professional mechanic who is giving his master-class and is trying to answer all the questions of the young but inexperienced specialist.