Grammar

IV. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the Infinitive:

1. He seized every opportunity (to appear) …………in public: he was so anxious (to talk ) …………….about.

2. They seem (to wait) ………..for ages.

3. He seems (to read) …………..now.

4. He seems (to read) …………..all the books in the library.

5. I hate (to bother)……. you, but the students are still waiting (to give) …….books for their work.

V. Paraphrase the following sentences with the help of the verb in brackets as to use the Complex Subject.

Example: The public do not walk on the grass (to expect).

The public is expected not to walk on the grass.

1. It is a mistake (to believe).

2. We don’t play tennis in winter (to suppose).

3.You are very punctual (to expect).

4. The theatre will go abroad next summer (announce).

5. The plane reached the Crimea in time (to report).

VI. Translate the following sentences using the Complex Object.

Example : Он хотел, чтобы мы посетили выставку.-

He wanted us to visit the exhibition.

1. Хотите, я дам вам мой словарь.

2. Я слышал, как он упомянул имя моей сестры.

3. Мы полагали, что этот ученый работает над этой проблемой.

VII. Translate the following sentences using For+Noun/Pronoun+Infinitive:

Example: Тут есть несколько писем, которые должен подписать управляющий. –

There several letters for the manager to sign.

1. Я хочу, чтобы мой сын поступил в университет.

2. Вот несколько книг для вашего чтения.

3. Ему принять это решение было нелегко.

UNIT 8

I. Memorize the following words:

managerial accounting – управленческий учет

cost-accounting – производственный учет; учет производственных издержек

mandatory – обязательный, принудительный

product cost – себестоимость продукции

period costs – расходы расчетного периода

direct costs – прямые расходы, затраты ,издержки

indirect costs – косвенные расходы, издержки, накладные расходы

variable costs – переменные издержки, расходы

fixed costs – фиксированные, постоянные расходы, постоянные издержки

controllable costs – регулируемые издержки

opportunity costs – альтернативные издержки, упущенная выгода

II. Translate the following words and word combinations:

To be charged with, controlling, jargon, inventory, however, infancy

III. Read and translate the text: managerial accounting

Managerial accounting (MA) involves using economic and financial information to plan and control many of the activities of the entity, and to support the management decision-making process. Cost-accounting is a subset of managerial accounting that relates primarily to the determination and accumulation of product, process, of service costs.

Managerial accounting is concerned with providing information to managers - that is, to those who are inside an organization and who are charged with directing and controlling its operations. We can identify major differences between financial and managerial accounting:

1. MA focuses on providing data for internal uses by the manager.

2. MA places more emphasis on the future.

3. MA is not governed by generally accepted accounting principles.

4. MA emphasizes the segments of an organization, rather than just looking at the organization as a whole.

5. MA is not mandatory.

As with financial accounting, managerial accounting and cost accounting have special terminology or, as many would say, jargon. Most of the terms relate to different types of costs. There are different costs for different purposes. Costs used for valuing inventory are different from the costs that should be considered when analyzing a product modification or potential new product. The cost classifications most frequently encountered are: product cost, period cost, direct cost, indirect cost, variable cost, fixed cost, controllable cost, noncontrollable cost, opportunity cost, etc.

Managerial accounting is in its infancy. Historically, it has played a secondary role to financial accounting, and in many organizations it still is little more than a by-product of the financial reporting process. However, the events of the last decades have shown the development of managerial accounting, and it is becoming widely recognized as a field of expertise separate from financial accounting.