VII. Complete the following sentences
1. The dome is regarded as the three - dimensional counterpart of__
a) The stanchone b) the roof c) the arch
2. The first primitive dome form, set on the ground, was a manmade spatial __
a) house b) tomb c) enclosure
3. The dome of__is the first renaissance double dome
a) Santa Croce b) Siena Cathedral c) Florence Cathedral
4. The Millennium Dome provides an enclosure for __
a) storage b) exhibition c) stadium
5. The Millennium Dome is the largest assembly building in__
a) Britain b) Europe c) In the world
6. The tensioned cables and cladding carry the loads by deflection accompanied by increase in__
a) compression b) tension c) thickness
VIII. Choose the right synonym.
1. The dome is regarded as the three dimensional counterpart of the arch
a) chosen b) considered c) calculated
2. The full development of the potential of the first freestanding dome owed much to Roman concrete
a) borrowed b) showed c) was indebted
3. The Dome of Florence Cathedral exceeded that of the Pantheon one a) resembled b) anticipated c) excelled
4. Between the cables, tensioned coated fabric is used as cladding
a) masonry b) covering c) reinforcement
5. Tensioned steel cables are arranged radially on the surface of the dome
a) settled b) selected c) moulded
IX. Choose the right preposition
1. Greenwich was chosen to be the place where the world should celebrate its step ____ the 21st century
a) at b) for c) into d) on
2. Roman builders constructed a dome ____ the Pantheon
a) in b) onto c) for d) over
3. The forces in the cables, 40 tonnes is each radial line have to be resisted ____ the centre
a) by b) at c) in d) from
4. _____ the edge the forces are resisted by vertical ground anchors
a) above b) on c) in d) at
5. The architect of the Millennium Dome, Richard Rogers is famous ____ such works as the Pompidou Centre
a) in b) of c) for d) about
6. Brunelleschi succeeded ____ compelling the dome without any centering
a) in b) at c) for d) by
X. Explain in English
a counterpart, an enclosure, to be arranged, radially, to be anchored
XI. Give the Russian equivalents
bedded rings
to be completely freestanding
by means of numerous related devices
Tensioned steel cables
to be held in space by hangar
XII. Retell the text
XIII. Discuss the factors, which can cause the roof collapse
XIV. Read the text about dome constructions Describe any structure of this type (mention its location, age, size, the architect, its peculiarity)
They have been called "the kings of all roofs," and they cover some of our most important buildings. Domes are curved structures — they have no angles and no corners — and they enclose an enormous amount of space without the help of a single column. Despite their thinness, domes are some of the strongest and stiffest structures in existence today.
Before domes, there were rectangular buildings.
A
lmost
all ancient buildings had roofs supported by forests of columns.
The
columns prevented the heavy roofs from collapsing, but they left very
little open interior space.
Columns and roof: Parthenon
Soon, ancient engineers began experimenting with arches.
Around 100 A.D., Roman builders rotated an arch in a circle and discovered that it created a strong three-dimensional shape --
the monolithic dome. In time, they were capping churches and mosques with this new and brilliant design.
The earliest domes were made of stone.
The earliest masonry dome, the Pantheon, was so heavy that engineers carved intricate shapes, called coffers, along the walls to reduce the weight of the enormous structure. They also gouged a hole, called an oculus, at the top, which created a daily light show for which the Pantheon is still famous.
Masonry dome: Pantheon
A
s
domes grew taller and taller they became heavier and heavier.
By 532 A.D., ancient engineers realized that they could lighten their domes by scooping out the spaces between the arches. This design allowed sunlight to pour into the dome without weakening the structure. The Mihrimah Mosque, built in 1555 by the great architect, Sinan, is pierced with 161 windows!
Sometimes, they become too heavy.
When the dome on St. Peter's Basilica began cracking in the early 18th century, Vatican engineers tied several iron rings, called tension rings, around the structure to prevent it from collapsing. Fortunately, their emergency fix stood the test of time.
Tensionrings:
St. Peter's Basilica
Take a look at the forces that affect ringed domes like St. Peter's!
I
n
the quest for height, engineers came up with a few tricks. By the
early 1400s, Roman engineers began building two domes in one to
create the illusion of even greater height. The U.S.
Capitol,
dome, built in 1793, gets its height from this engineering sleight of
hand. The large outer dome is a thin shell, held up by a ring of
curved iron
ribs.
Underneath it all is a smaller, self-supporting dome, visible only
from the inside.
The U.S. Capitol dome is also one of the earliest domes made of pre-1 fabricated cast-iron ribs. The switch from heavy masonry to lightweight
metal ribs in the late 18th century greatly reduced the weight of domes being built around the world.
Double domes:U.S. Capitol
B
ut
a 20th-century invention would change dome engineering forever.
In the 1950s, a radical new design — the geodesic dome — changed the way engineers looked at domes for the first time in 2,000 years. Invented by American engineer and architect Buckminster Fuller, the geodesic dome is a partial sphere shape structured from a series of triangles, rather than a series of arches.
Geodesic dome:
"Windstar"
Today, geodesic domes come in an almost endless variety of shapes and styles.
Possibly one of the most famous domes in the world, the Epcot Center in Orlando, Florida, is a geodesic dome.
Geodesic dome:
Epcot Center
A new generation of domes equipped with retractable roofs, like the Toronto SkyDome, has become a popular choice for sports stadiums throughout the world.
Нет рисунка
Retractable domed roof:
Toronto SkyDome
Now that you know a bit about the history of domes, test your knowledge in the Dome Challenge!