III. Practical task

Task I Point out all the objects and state of what type they are.

1. Tom gave up the brush with re1uctance in his face. 2. She will be glad of your company. 3. He presently took from the drawer a carefully tied bundle of letters... 4. Anthony looked forward eagerly to his mother’s letters. 5. And then Peggotty opened a little door and showed me my bedroom. 6. You must forgive me for coming at such an hour. 7. I was awakened by hearing my own name spoken in a whisper. 8. Soames smiled a sneering smile and said, “I wish you a good luck!” 9. The old couple has lived a long and happy life.

Task II. Change the place of the indirect object, where possible, making all other necessary changes.

1. I shall explain to you my viewpoint on the matter again some other time. 2. If he promised his help to you, you may be sure he’ll keep his word. 3. He can’t have offered you such a strange proposition. 4. The other day Peter told me a finny story. 5. The commander gave instruction to the scouts.

Task III. Analyze the complex object in the following sentences and translate them into Ukrainian.

1. He ordered his dinner to be served at 6.30 instead of 7 o’clock. 2 The manager asked for the newspaper to be brought in the morning. 3. If we could rely on him not to be late, we shouldn’t be so nervous now, when there are only twenty minutes left before the train starts. 4. I can’t believe myself to be the only person who could help them. 5. We won’t have you go there alone in the rain. 6. She ordered the door to be locked. 7. The doctor advised the room to be aired. 8. The policeman ordered every corner in the house to be searched.

Task IV. Consider the nouns, gerunds and infinitives used as objects to adjectives in the following sentences.

1. We were aware of strange activity going on around us. 2. Mr. Brown was indignant at his son’s having married Becky. 3. Why is he afraid to take the responsibility upon himself? 4. Persuading is always preferable to compelling. 5. The young inspector was proud of having resolved the mystery upon so little evidence. 6. Aren’t they tired of listening to his endless complaints? 7. She is certainly fond of art in all its manifestations. 8. His pictures are not only true to life, their chief merit lies in their concentrations on the typical.

The recommended list of literature

1. Blokh M.Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar / M.Y. Blokh. – М.: Высшая школа, 1983.

2. Morokhovskaya E.J. Fundamentals of Theoretical English Grammar / E.J. Morokhovskaya. – K.: Вища школа, 1984.

3. Каушанская Л.В. Грамматика английского языка. Морфология. Синтаксис / Л.В. Каушанская. – M.: Высшая школа, 2000.

4. Kobrina N.A. English Grammar. Morphology. Syntax / N.A. Kobrina. – M.: Просвещение, 1986.

5. Паращук В.Ю., Грицюк Л.Ф. Практикум з грамматики англійської мови / В.Ю. Паращук, Л.Ф. Грицюк. – Вінниця, 2002.

6. Хаймович Б.С., Роговская Б.И. Теоретическая граматика английского языка / Б.С. Хаймович, Б.И. Роговская. – М.: Высшая школа, 1967.

Seminar XI. The Secondary Parts of the Sentence.

The Attribute. The Adverbial Modifier

I. Theoretical questions for discussion

1. The attribute. Ways of expressing attributes.

2. The position of attributes in a sentence.

3. Detached and non-detached appositions.

4. The adverbial modifier. Ways of expressing adverbial modifiers.

5. Semantic classes of adverbial modifiers.

II. The material to be read for the seminar

The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence which denotes the qualities of a person or thing expressed by a noun (or pronoun) in any of its functions in the sentence. The modified part of a sentence may have several attributes of various kinds. An attribute may be expressed by an adjective, a participle, a pronoun, a numeral, a noun in the possessive case, an adjectivized noun, a noun or a pronoun with a preposition, and infinitive, a gerund, an adverb, a whole syntactical word-combinations.

The apposition is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun (sometimes a pronoun) which denotes the same person or thing as the head-noun. There are two kinds of appositions: a) a detached (loose) apposition and b) an undetached (close) apposition.

a) A detached apposition follows the head-noun in a rather loose connection and has the force of a descriptive attribute. It may modify a common noun or a proper noun: 1. The river rushed down the valley, a stream of molten bronze. 2. Lena, a very pretty girl, dreams to become an actress.

b) An undetached (close) apposition enters into such close relation with its head-noun that they form a group with one stress. The head-noun is often a proper noun, the name of a person; the apposition denotes rank, profession, relationship etc. The undetached apposition precedes the head-noun, except in some phraseological combinations where the apposition follows the head-noun (Richard the Lion Hearted, William the Conqueror). The stress is on the head-noun: 1. Major Brown looked at his watch impatiently. 2. Captain Smith told us an interesting story. 3. Aunt Becky was pleased to see us.

In geographical names the apposition follows the head-noun. The stress is on the apposition: Lake Baikal. The River Thames. Mount Everest.

The adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies the verb-predicate, or a verbal in any of its functions, denoting the time, place, manner etc. A verb-predicate may have a number of adverbial modifiers: 1. They walked on silently side by side for ten minutes. 2. He ran along the street at the swiftest pace. An adverbial modifier may be expressed by an adverb, a noun with a preposition, a noun without any preposition expressing extent, distance, definite and indefinite time, price etc., a participle, a gerund with a preposition, an infinitive, a whole syntactical word-combination: 1. He had slept unusually well. 2. The old man spoke with a quiet earnestness. 3. She had been hours in the garden. 4. On entering the room he greeted everyone cheerfully.

According to their meaning adverbial modifiers may be classified as follows:

1. Adverbial modifiers of place: Outside it was getting dark.

2. Adverbial modifiers of time: Yesterday he passed his exam.

3. Adverbial modifiers of manner: The gardeners were busily potting out spring flowers.

4. Adverbial modifiers of degree: He was completely happy.

5. Adverbial modifiers of cause: I was stiff with long sitting on the bench.

6. Adverbial modifiers of purpose: She strained her ears to catch the words.

7. Adverbial modifiers of measure (time, distance, cost, weight): 1) He stood still a long while, surveying the hillside. 2) She moved down the stream a few steps… 3) She was now a hundred yards from the water. 4) It weighs seventy-five pounds.

8. Adverbial modifiers of result: Ben was too busy to listen to him now.

9. Adverbial modifiers of condition: In case of your absence I shall leave you a note.

10. Adverbial modifiers of exclusion or substitution introduced by except, save, but, instead etc.: She made no comment on it, except by a scornful movement of the lips.

Thus, adverbial modifiers in Modern English as well as in Ukrainian may be expressed by adverbs, nouns with prepositions, participles, by the infinitive and by whole clauses. Adverbial modifiers modify a part of a sentence expressed by a verb, adjective or adverb and serve to characterize the action or property as to their quality or intensity, or to indicate the circumstances under which the action takes place or with which the manifestation of quality is connected.