Особенности перевода с листа (sight translation)

Переводящий получает незнакомый текст, иногда ему предоставляется несколько минут на ознакомление с ним. Затем он переводит вслух.

Факторы, усложняющие задачу (факторы-минус):

— необходимость сохранять ритм и равномерный темп говорения, избе­гая лишних пауз, повторов и исправлений, а также «мычания»;

— необходимость обеспечить повышенную скорость чтения (около 200 слов в минуту при средней скорости говорения 100 слов в минуту);

— необходимость одновременно читать, переводить и проговаривать свой перевод;

— необходимость членить текст или объединять фразы/предложения при чтении на такие отрезки, которые могут быть успешно переведены.

Факторы, облегчающие задачу (факторы-плюс):

— возможность получить несколько мгновений для подготовки;

— наличие зрительной опоры, позволяющей воспринимать следующий отрезок оригинала, самостоятельно определяя его величину;

— зрительное восприятие прецизионной информации, значительно об­легчающее перевод;

— возможность самостоятельно определять темп перевода.

Необходимые навыки и умения:

— быстрое переключение на язык перевода при широком использовании полуавтоматической подстановки готовых соответствий (клише, штампов);

— умение совмещать проговаривание перевода с чтением следующего от­резка оригинала;

— умение быстро читать про себя и видеть боковым зрением несколько следующих фраз.

{В.Комиссаров. «Теоретическиеосновы преподавания перевода». М., 1997г.)

Case Study – Plastic Surgery

Задание 1. Мнемотехника

1.1. Прочтите и повторите предложения с цифрами.

Plastic surgery rises by a third (2006)

1. The number of people having cosmetic surgery rose by more than a third last year, according to figures from BAAPS (British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons). Its members carried out 22,041 surgical procedures, up 35 per cent on 2004

2. The majority of procedures (89 per cent) were carried out on women, with 19,601 in 2005 compared with 15,019 in 2004

3. The number of men seeking surgical enhancement rose from 1,348 to 2,440 procedures

4. The top procedure for women was still breast enlargement, with 5,646 carried out in 2005, up 51 per cent on the previous year.

5. In men it was a nose job, with 735 compared with 462 in 2004

6. Anti-ageing procedures also continued to prove popular, with facelifts increasing 42 per cent to 2,279;

7. Eyelid surgery rising 50 per cent to 3,415 and brow lifts gaining by 34.8 per cent to 580.

8. Liposuction procedures — to get rid of unwanted fat — increased by almost 25 per cent to 1,436

Задание 2. Sight Translation.

Plastic Surgery in ancient times

1.Plastic surgery actually dates back to the 700s BC. In India, nose cutting off was very «popular» punishing action for those who dared to thieve, or make the unfaithful wife ugly or may be the faithful spouse as well to avoid the seduction for some neighbors to have affairs while the husband was away. Doctors began to use skin grafts for reconstructive work.

2.A well-known Physician named Sushruta Samhita documented detailed descriptions of rhinoplasty and otoplasty. In spite of the ancient time and wild customs, the mastership of the ancient Indian surgeons is of high appreciation and admiration, for the techniques they used two and a half thousand years ago are still used up to date.

3.The Romans were also involved in the beginning days of cosmetic surgery. There began performing surgeries to repair damaged ears around the 1st century BC. In 1st century A.D. there were first attempts noticed in Rome to perform liposuction, and yet they found a document in China dated back to X century A.D. depicting the procedure of surgery on correction of the hare lip.

4. Because of the dangers associated with surgeries of any form, especially those that involved the head or facial area, it wasn’t until the 19th and 20th centuries that this became more commonplace. World Wars I and II and post-war periods caused the procedure of plastic surgery improve. There were huge crowds of people injured and deformed during the wars who were ready for many actions to rehabilitate the natural appearance. Such surgery was available and affordable only to the wealthiest part of the world.

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Задание 3. Подготовьте краткое сообщение на английском языке.

Text.1. Plastic Surgery in 20^th century

First painkillers appeared to be the high-power pulse to improve the plastic surgery. This period is known for the fact that plastic surgery gradually turned from rehabilitation procedures into the cosmetic ones aimed to improvement of the esthetic appearance of the person, while the former procedure was assigned to rehabilitate the missing part of the body. It is strange now for us that the first patients who experienced the surgery were men in majority. The surgery to remove excess of fat from the mammas (gynecomastia) was highly demanded. Perhaps the minor number of women who risked having the services of plastic surgery is explained with the fact that such women were sharply accused by the society.

Today the demand for plastic surgery went to the heavens. Currently the plastic surgery is available not only to the skim of the society but to any average person with the average profit. The safety, high quality and a range of techniques available offer complete rehabilitation of any defect of the appearance giving confidence to the person and making them active in social life.

Plastic surgery has been around for ages and will continue to grow in popularity as new techniques are introduced. Some of the most popular procedures today include laser surgery, dermabrasion, liposuction, rhinoplasty (nose jobs), chemical peel, abdominoplasty (tummy tucks), rhytidectomy (face lifts), and breast augmentation (boob job).

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Text 2. Cons of Plastic Surgery

Here are some reasons why you should not buy plastic surgery.

• some procedures are not lifelong fixes. This means that not only will you have to go through all that pain again, but you’ll also have to pay for the surgery again. (Liposuction, for example, has a reputation for not lasting a long time; breast implants must be replaced every 10 years or so.)

• follow –up complications, such as infection, blood clots and necrosis, bleeding of the gel,

unknown allergic reactions and inflammation are not so rare;

• bruising or marks or spots on the body which can be rectified (sometimes can not be) by performing another plastic surgery

• skin discoloration, depigmentation, or numbness, and pain.

• nerve damage which makes the person’s face insensible; breast implant often removes sensitivity in the nipple area, or else makes the breast painful to the touch.

• implants can rupture. If you have implants you must be careful and protect your body more than you would have before.

• The suicide rate for women who have had breast implants is higher than the normal suicide rate for women of similar ages.

• and do not forget about simple human error (it happens every day in hospitals, doctor’s offices and surgical facilities around the globe: mistakes, such as a drug mix-up or dosage mistake or even mistaken identity (a patient goes in for an eye lift and winds up with someone else’s breast implants), do happen).

Try to be happy with what you have and if you have a partner, who isn’t happy about your appearance, find another one!

Text 3. Extreme Plastic surgery

Cat Man (Dennis Abner)	Inspired by a dream telling him to “follow the ways of the tiger” CatMan began his transformation at the age of 23. Over the years he has spent more than $150,000 and 2,000 hours of tattooing and surgery to transform him into what he is today. Beginning with tattooed eyes, CatMan (now his legal name) has since modified his upper lip, received tiger teeth caps, green contact lenses, clipped ears, a dozen six-inch long fiberglass whiskers permanently implanted in his face, and his whole body tattooed in stripes.
Lizard Man (Erik Sprague)	Demonstrating ultimate dedication to his craft, the Lizard Man, as he likes to be known, began his transformation over a decade ago as part of an ongoing body modification project. With more than 650 hours of tattooing, and an estimated $250,000 worth of modifications. The lizard man has had his ears and septum pierced and stretched. Additionally, he has had five Teflon horns subdermally implanted above each of my eyes to form horned ridges. Four of his teeth have been filed into sharp fangs and his tongue has been bifurcated. (he was the first to ever do it.)
Cindy Jackson, "Barbie"	Cindy Jackson grew up in a small Ohio farming community, never having the physical beauty she desired, Cindy has made it her life's goal to replicate in herself what she sees as the ultimate symbol of female perfection: Barbie. In 1988 she was left with an inheritance and began her journey from homely young woman to a barbie look alike. Cindy holds the world record for having more cosmetic surgeries than anyone else in the world. She has undergone more than 30 procedures including: One full face-lift, three "mini" face-lifts, three eyelid surgeries, one upper lip lift, liposuction on her knees, thighs, abdomen, waist, and jaw-line; two nose operations, breast augmentation and many more.
Tim Whitfield-Lynn "Miles Kendall"	Friend of, and inspired by Cindy Jackson, Tim Whitfield-Lynn embarked on tens of thousands of dollars worth of plastic surgery including a nose job, eyebrow lifted, lips reshaped, dental surgeries and teeth capped, cheek implants, laser skin peels, eye shaping, jaw bone sculpting- and wears bright blue contact lenses. Tim indeed became Ken to Cindy's Barbie. He also legally changed his name to Miles Kendall; "Miles", he says, because he "looks miles better" and "Kendall for Ken-doll."

2. Cosmetic surgeons condemn cut-price 'beach body' operations

A medical group's sales pitch offering Thomas Cook discount vouchers for people who book pre-holiday tummy tucks and breast resizing has angered consultants A MARKETING campaign designed to lure people into having serious cosmetic surgery with offers of cut-price holidays and multiple operation discounts has been condemned by doctors’ leaders. Patients are being warned against opting for surgery as a result of such promotions, which include a package holiday voucher if they book a “beach body” overhaul. The Transform medical group, which has been criticised previously for its incentives, has also launched a VIP “privilege club” where customers can collect “surgery points”.

The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (Baaps) dismissed the offers as absurd marketing gimmicks and said that people should not be encouraged to undergo operations for flimsy “summer body” reasons. The association added that it was particularly concerned by offers of multiple operations “under one anaesthetic”, which carried significantly higher health risks.

Under the scheme, patients who book the bikini body transformation package — which involves breast augmentation, fat removal and body sculpting or a tummy tuck and fat removal during one operation — are given a Thomas Cook voucher. This entitles them to £100 off a Mediterranean holiday or £200 off a holiday from the Thomas Cook faraway places brochure.

The press release for the offer suggests that “cosmetic surgery is as easy and accepted as going on a summer holiday” and it is also publicised on the company website.

Задание 4. Article: read the article and be ready for roundtable discussion.

Girls take to surgery so they can face university

STUDENTS are resorting to breast surgery before starting university because they fear they will otherwise lack the confidence to meet new friends and succeed in their studies. They are also turning to plastic surgery to plump up their cheeks, enhance their lips and reshape their nose. Surgeons are reporting a booming demand from female students for the breast enlargement procedure, which costs about £3,000 — coincidentally the price of top-up fees from the start of the 2006 academic year. Some surgeons report that several students a week are turning to them in a drastic attempt to boost their self-esteem. They say that students, traditionally indifferent to personal grooming, are now becoming obsessed with their appearance. There are concerns that some surgeons may be trading on the insecurities of young students who should be left free to develop their sense of identity without commercial pressures.

Professor Kefah Mokbel, a consultant breast surgeon at the Princess Grace private hospital in London, has been so concerned by the trend that he is now carrying out a study of 600 female university students to find out the percentage of undergraduates who have gone under the knife.

Mokbel, who is also a breast surgeon at St George’s hospital in London and professor at the Brunel Institute of Cancer Genetics, said: “We have observed a lot of female students coming for consultations, particularly from the first year at university. “Some of these women see university as the starting point of their career. Looks are now much more important in society and they see this as helping them achieve more in their education and careers. These young women see a good body image being linked to success.” Mokbel fears that while cosmetic surgery may be helpful in some cases, it can cause profound damage to others. “When a young person is vulnerable, surgeons should be very careful and identify whether this young woman is having surgery for the right reasons.”

He cites as an example the television series Nip/Tuck, in which Joely Richardson plays a plastic surgeon’s wife. She decides to have breast implants to make her husband pay greater attention to her.

Freshers are also paying for a range of other procedures to enhance their looks.

At Glancey Medical Aesthetics in Essex, Dr Lucy Glancey, the medical director, has two to three students a week requesting fuller lips. One of her clients, Vickie Potter, 23, from Ipswich, has just had lip augmentation in preparation for life as a psychology undergraduate at York University. “I was always concerned looking at photographs that my lips were too thin,” said Potter. “I wanted to make the most of myself before I meet new people. They are not going to know what I looked like before.”

Apostolos Gaitanis, who practises in Harley Street, believes the reason for the rise in cosmetic surgery among freshers is that it enables them to reinvent themselves. “University marks a change in their life and they want to make a new start. They want to improve their looks in order to feel more confident,” he said.

Jas Deep, who will be 18 next month, has just had her nose reshaped by Gaitanis ahead of going to Stourbridge College in the West Midlands to study drama and possibly law. Deep said she was bullied at school because of her long nose and felt self-conscious. “I think looks do determine the group of friends people end up with. I didn’t want other students to say, ‘She is not very pretty, I don’t want to be her friend’.”

2. Cosmetic surgeons condemn cut-price 'beach body' operations

A medical group's sales pitch offering Thomas Cook discount vouchers for people who book pre-holiday tummy tucks and breast resizing has angered consultants A MARKETING campaign designed to lure people into having serious cosmetic surgery with offers of cut-price holidays and multiple operation discounts has been condemned by doctors’ leaders. Patients are being warned against opting for surgery as a result of such promotions, which include a package holiday voucher if they book a “beach body” overhaul. The Transform medical group, which has been criticised previously for its incentives, has also launched a VIP “privilege club” where customers can collect “surgery points”.

The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (Baaps) dismissed the offers as absurd marketing gimmicks and said that people should not be encouraged to undergo operations for flimsy “summer body” reasons. The association added that it was particularly concerned by offers of multiple operations “under one anaesthetic”, which carried significantly higher health risks.

Under the scheme, patients who book the bikini body transformation package — which involves breast augmentation, fat removal and body sculpting or a tummy tuck and fat removal during one operation — are given a Thomas Cook voucher. This entitles them to £100 off a Mediterranean holiday or £200 off a holiday from the Thomas Cook faraway places brochure.

The press release for the offer suggests that “cosmetic surgery is as easy and accepted as going on a summer holiday” and it is also publicised on the company website.

Activity - Roundtable discussion

Comments

A roundtable has multiple participants, a moderator and doesn’t require an audience. It is best described as a guided conversation which is not very formal. The conversation is guided by a moderator who facilitates the discussion and keeps the agenda moving. It may be described as a talk-show with special quests, well-known people and experts. The goal is to allow for a spontaneous and free-flowing discussion. It is a non-prepared activity.

Student A: You are a moderator of a roundtable discussion Your responsibilities include: beginning and ending the discussion on time; defining the purpose of the discussion; making introductions; keeping the participants on topic; summarizing the discussion; making sure that each participant gets an opportunity to speak.

Student B,C,D ….: You are a participant in a roundtable discussion Your responsibilities include voice your views; challenge opinions of other participants

Задание 5. Text for written translation

Choppers and change

Fools rush in when spending billions on defence

Not for the first time, a British politician stands accused of an unlikely infatuation with the idea of British-built helicopters — and of losing sight of broader goals in the process. Eighteen years after Michael Heseltine resigned as Defence Secretary during the Westland helicopter saga, Lord Bach, the Minister for Defence Procurement, has followed him to the defence of the fabled Westland plant in Yeovil. Now under Italian ownership as part of Agusta-Westland, the plant hopes to build the lion’s share of £3 billion of helicopters to be delivered to Britain’s Armed Forces over the next ten years. No other contractors have been invited to bid, and other potential bidders fear that they will be excluded on the ground that, as Britain’s only surviving helicopter manufacturer, the Yeovil facility is a strategic asset deserving preferential treatment. Lord Bach, a new Labour peer, may also have electoral considerations in mind: 4,000 high-tech jobs are said to be at stake. But even taken at face value, the justification offered for a non-competitive “partnership” between Agusta-Westland and the Ministry of Defence is deeply flawed. It denies taxpayers the value for money that only open competition can guarantee and that even sensitive defence contracts must be expected to deliver. Even more importantly, such a partnership would allow the Government to claim to be moving briskly forward on a vital programme of hardware renewal, when it should be doing precisely the opposite. Bitter experience, and the latest research, show conclusively that too much haste and too little investment in the early stages of such programmes vastly increase the risk of cost and time overruns later on — and of delivering faulty or simply inappropriate equipment.

WORLD POLITICS

UNIT 2

Задание 1. Мнемотехника

1.1. Последовательное повторение числа с изменением (+1; +2; -10; -1).

12	28	34	56	48	95	76	83	99	56
115	312	256	322	586	732	422	891	630	920
456	23	567	9129	7538	82	8723	2	346	192

14	46	28	49	50	17	68	37	28	88
122	345	894	67	897	34	568	356	982	678
386	46	238	9347	8923	64	73 692	5	378	259

1.2. Цепочка цифр без перевода и с переводом (с мнемообразом «вагончики»)

32, 43, 54, 65 35, 87, 67, 88 286, 545, 384, 23 346, 286, 34, 545 879, 456, 234, 589

42, 53, 64, 75 39, 89, 69, 89 282, 539, 392, 28 886, 986, 64, 578 887, 439, 789, 385

1.3. Repeat after listening or reading.

I before E, except after C.

Unfortunately this rule does not always apply. One common exception is the word weird, which has prompted some people to use the extended version of this mnemonic:

I before E, except after C. And "weird" is just weird.

But just don't rely on this one for spelling words like weir and seize and neighbor and weigh!

Spelling Acronyms

The following mnemonics are sentences or phrases in which the initial letters of the words spell out a word which many people find rather tricky to spell.

BECAUSE - Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants

ARITHMETIC -A Rat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream

RHYTHM - Rhythm Helps Your Two Hips Move

NECESSARY- Not Every Cat Eats Sardines (Some Are Really Yummy)

Order of colours in the rainbow, or visual spectrum: (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet) Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain.

The order of planets in average distance from the Sun: (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto) My Very Easy Method: Just Set Up Nine Planets.

Palindromes

Madam I'm Adam - Do geese see God? - Murder for a jar of red rum;

Some men interpret nine memos – Аргентина манит негра - Don't nod;

Dogma: I am God -Rats live on no evil star - -Ah, Satan sees Natasha;

God saw I was dog - Satan, oscillate my metallic sonatas!;

Задание 2. Response rate

1А Развертывать войска – to withdraw troops – продвигаться вперед – loss-making enterprises – работать без прибыли – to give loan/ release credit – проводить опрос – to run into troubles over smth – отправиться в путь/побуждать/намереваться – to pay arrears – амнистировать – it is rumoured that/ rumour has smb do smth – широкий полномочия – to shoot on sight – говорят, что он уехал – blood feud – расхождение во взглядах – line-item veto power – вычеркнуть из документа – (social) welfare (system) – получать пособие – to lift the ban – наложить эмбарго – to deprive smb of smth- (иметь глубокие расхождения по вопросу) – to shoot point-blank

1В To deploy troops – выводить войска – to press ahead – убыточные предприятия – to be in the red – предоставить заем – to poll – столкнуться с трудностями – set off – выплатить задолженности – to grant amnesty – ходят слухи, что – sweeping powers – стрелять без предупреждения – he is rumour to have escaped to another country – родовая вражда – clash of opinions – право выборочного(постатейного) вето – to delete – социальное обеспечение – to be on the dole – снять запрет- to impose an embargo against smb – лишить чего-либо – to be far apart on smth – стрелять в упор

Задание 3. Sight Translation

News in Brief 1 (World Events)

1. Last troops of the Italian-led peacekeeping mission, which had supervised elections and ensured the delivery of food aid left Albania. The government sent soldiers to southern towns to confront (resist) the gangs that have controlled them since last year.

2. The Romanian government pressed ahead with plans to close 17 large loss-making state-owned companies, despite violent street protests. The IMF demanded the closures in return for releasing further credits.

3. A court in the German state of Lower Saxony blocked the introduction of a controversial plan to modernise German spelling. After a similar judgment in the state of Hesse, the constitutional court may now have to rule on the proposed reforms.

4. Less than half the British people support the royal family, according to an opinion poll in the Guardian newspaper. Over the past three years the number of Britons thinking their country would be worse off without the royals has fallen from 70% to 48%.

5. Dennis Ross, America's special envoy, went to Israel to try to resuscitate the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Claiming a modest success in increased security co-operation, he may have cleared the way for a new visit by the US secretary of state, in a week or two.

6. A group of 44 Arab-Israelis, including several parliamentarians, visited Syria and were assured by the foreign minister that his country still seeks peace despite the policies of the Israeli government. But Israel's ambassador to Washington accused Syria of preparing for war.

7. Muhammad Khatami, Iran's president, presented his cabinet for parliamentary approval; two-thirds of his ministers are left-wingers. He will probably run into trouble over his choice of a liberal minister of Islamic guidance.

8. Bill Richardson, America's man at the United Nations, set off round the world to sell America's ideas on UN reform and plans for paying (or not paying) its own arrears (задолженность).

9. Janusz Walus and Clive Derby-Lewis, who murdered Chris Hani, the then leader of South Africa's Communist Party, in 1993, have asked the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to grant them amnesty. Many blacks — and the ANC — hope it will refuse.

10. Fighting between supporters of Congo-Brazzaville's President Lissouba and his predecessor, Sassou-Nguesso, broke out again in the capital.

11. Nelson Mandela, why not P.W.Botha? South African rumour had the 81-years-old white ex-president, recently widowed, about to marry a glamorous 46-years-old. (He did, eventually).

12. Pakistan's parliament gave the police sweeping new powers, including the right to shoot terrorist suspects on sight. More than 360 people have died in political feuds (clashes) this year, most of them in Karachi, the country's most important commercial city.

Задание 4. Грамматические трудности перевода